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Berezowska M, Sharma P, Pilla Reddy V, Coppola P. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic modelling of drugs in pregnancy: A mini-review on availability and limitations. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2024; 38:402-409. [PMID: 37968879 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling in pregnancy is a relatively new approach that is increasingly being used to assess drug systemic exposure in pregnant women to potentially inform dosing adjustments. Physiological changes throughout pregnancy are incorporated into mathematical models to simulate drug disposition in the maternal and fetal compartments as well as the transfer of drugs across the placenta. This mini-review gathers currently available pregnancy PBPK models for drugs commonly used during pregnancy. In addition, information about the main PBPK modelling platforms used, metabolism pathways, drug transporters, data availability and drug labels were collected. The aim of this mini-review is to provide a concise overview, demonstrate trends in the field, highlight understudied areas and identify current gaps of PBPK modelling in pregnancy. Possible future applications of this PBPK approach are discussed from a clinical, regulatory and industry perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Berezowska
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Venkatesh Pilla Reddy
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paola Coppola
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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Khan D, Badhan R, Kirby DJ, Bryson S, Shah M, Mohammed AR. Virtual Clinical Trials Guided Design of an Age-Appropriate Formulation and Dosing Strategy of Nifedipine for Paediatric Use. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020556. [PMID: 36839878 PMCID: PMC9961156 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid onset of action of nifedipine causes a precipitous reduction in blood pressure leading to adverse effects associated with reflex sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation, including tachycardia and worsening myocardial and cerebrovascular ischemia. As a result, short acting nifedipine preparations are not recommended. However, importantly, there are no modified release preparations of nifedipine authorised for paediatric use, and hence a paucity of clinical studies reporting pharmacokinetics data in paediatrics. Pharmacokinetic parameters may differ significantly between children and adults due to anatomical and physiological differences, often resulting in sub therapeutic and/or toxic plasma concentrations of medication. However, in the field of paediatric pharmacokinetics, the use of pharmacokinetic modelling, particularly physiological-based pharmacokinetics (PBPK), has revolutionised the ability to extrapolate drug pharmacokinetics across age groups, allowing for pragmatic determination of paediatric plasma concentrations to support drug licensing and clinical dosing. In order to pragmatically assess the translation of resultant dissolution profiles to the paediatric populations, virtual clinical trials simulations were conducted. In the context of formulation development, the use of PBPK modelling allowed the determination of optimised formulations that achieved plasma concentrations within the target therapeutic window throughout the dosing strategy. A 5 mg sustained release mini-tablet was successfully developed with the duration of release extending over 24 h and an informed optimised dosing strategy of 450 µg/kg twice daily. The resulting formulation provides flexible dosing opportunities, improves patient adherence by reducing frequent administration burden and enhances patient safety profiles by maintaining efficacious levels of consistent drug plasma levels over a sustained period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilawar Khan
- Aston Pharmacy School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Raj Badhan
- Aston Pharmacy School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Daniel J. Kirby
- Aston Pharmacy School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Simon Bryson
- Proveca Ltd., No. 1 Spinningfields, Quay Street, Manchester M3 3JE, UK
| | - Maryam Shah
- Proveca Ltd., No. 1 Spinningfields, Quay Street, Manchester M3 3JE, UK
| | - Afzal Rahman Mohammed
- Aston Pharmacy School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
- Correspondence:
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Burhanuddin K, Badhan R. Optimising Fluvoxamine Maternal/Fetal Exposure during Gestation: A Pharmacokinetic Virtual Clinical Trials Study. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121281. [PMID: 36557319 PMCID: PMC9782298 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluvoxamine plasma concentrations have been shown to decrease throughout pregnancy. CYP2D6 polymorphisms significantly influence these changes. However, knowledge of an optimum dose adjustment according to the CYP2D6 phenotype is still limited. This study implemented a physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling approach to assess the gestational changes in fluvoxamine maternal and umbilical cord concentrations. The optimal dosing strategies during pregnancy were simulated, and the impact of CYP2D6 phenotypes on fluvoxamine maternal and fetal concentrations was considered. A significant decrease in fluvoxamine maternal plasma concentrations was noted during gestation. As for the fetal concentration, a substantial increase was noted for the poor metabolisers (PM), with a constant level in the ultrarapid (UM) and extensive (EM) metabolisers commencing from gestation week 20 to term. The optimum dosing regimen suggested for UM and EM reached a maximum dose of 300 mg daily at gestational weeks (GW) 15 and 35, respectively. In contrast, a stable dose of 100 mg daily throughout gestation for the PM is sufficient to maintain the fluvoxamine plasma concentration within the therapeutic window (60-230 ng/mL). Dose adjustment during pregnancy is required for fluvoxamine, particularly for UM and EM, to maintain efficacy throughout the gestational period.
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Poweleit EA, Cinibulk MA, Novotny SA, Wagner-Schuman M, Ramsey LB, Strawn JR. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Pharmacokinetics During Pregnancy: Clinical and Research Implications. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:833217. [PMID: 35281909 PMCID: PMC8916222 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.833217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy and associated physiologic changes affect the pharmacokinetics of many medications, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors—the first-line pharmacologic interventions for depressive and anxiety disorders. During pregnancy, SSRIs exhibit extensive pharmacokinetic variability that may influence their tolerability and efficacy. Specifically, compared to non-pregnant women, the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes that metabolize SSRIs drastically changes (e.g., decreased CYP2C19 activity and increased CYP2D6 activity). This perspective examines the impact of pharmacokinetic genes—related to CYP activity on SSRI pharmacokinetics during pregnancy. Through a simulation-based approach, plasma concentrations for SSRIs metabolized primarily by CYP2C19 (e.g., escitalopram) and CYP2D6 (e.g., fluoxetine) are examined and the implications for dosing and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan A. Poweleit
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Research in Patient Services, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Margaret A. Cinibulk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sarah A. Novotny
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Melissa Wagner-Schuman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Laura B. Ramsey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Research in Patient Services, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Strawn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey R. Strawn,
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Türk D, Fuhr LM, Marok FZ, Rüdesheim S, Kühn A, Selzer D, Schwab M, Lehr T. Novel models for the prediction of drug-gene interactions. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:1293-1310. [PMID: 34727800 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1998455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are among the leading causes of death, and frequently associated with drug-gene interactions (DGIs). In addition to pharmacogenomic programs for implementation of genetic preemptive testing into clinical practice, mathematical modeling can help to understand, quantify and predict the effects of DGIs in vivo. Moreover, modeling can contribute to optimize prospective clinical drug trial activities and to reduce DGI-related ADRs. AREAS COVERED Approaches and challenges of mechanistical DGI implementation and model parameterization are discussed for population pharmacokinetic and physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. The broad spectrum of published DGI models and their applications is presented, focusing on the investigation of DGI effects on pharmacology and model-based dose adaptations. EXPERT OPINION Mathematical modeling provides an opportunity to investigate complex DGI scenarios and can facilitate the development process of safe and efficient personalized dosing regimens. However, reliable DGI model input data from in vivo and in vitro measurements are crucial. For this, collaboration among pharmacometricians, laboratory scientists and clinicians is important to provide homogeneous datasets and unambiguous model parameters. For a broad adaptation of validated DGI models in clinical practice, interdisciplinary cooperation should be promoted and qualification toolchains must be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Türk
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | - Simeon Rüdesheim
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna Kühn
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dominik Selzer
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies," University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lehr
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Precision dosing of methadone during pregnancy: A pharmacokinetics virtual clinical trials study. J Subst Abuse Treat 2021; 130:108521. [PMID: 34118695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methadone use for the management of opioid dependency during pregnancy is commonplace. Methadone levels are altered during pregnancy due to changes in maternal physiology. Despite this, a paucity of data exist regarding the most appropriate optimal dosing regimens during pregnancy. METHODS This study applied a pharmacokinetic modeling approach to examine gestational changes in R- and S-methadone concentrations in maternal plasma and fetal (cord) blood. This study did so to derive a theoretical optimal dosing regimen during pregnancy, and to identify the impact of Cytochromes P450 (CYP) 2B6 and 2C19 polymorphisms on methadone maternal and fetal pharmacokinetics. RESULTS The study noted significant decreases in maternal R- and S-methadone plasma concentrations during gestation, with concomitant increases in fetal levels. At a dose of 90 mg once daily, 75% (R-) and 94% (S-) of maternal methadone trough levels were below the lower therapeutic window at term (week 40). The developed optimal dosing regimen escalated doses to 110 mg by week 5, followed by 10 mg increments every 5 weeks up to a maximum of 180 mg once daily near term. This increase resulted in 27% (R-) and 11% (S-) of subjects with trough levels below the lower therapeutic window at term. CYP2B6 poor metabolizers (PM) and either CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers (EM), PM, or ultra-rapid (UM) metabolizer phenotypes demonstrated statistically significant increases in concentrations when compared to their matched CYP2B6 EM counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Specific and gestation-dependent dose titrations are required during pregnancy to reduce the risks associated with illicit drug use and to maintain fetal safety.
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Shalimova A, Babasieva V, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB, Mwinyi J. Therapy response prediction in major depressive disorder: current and novel genomic markers influencing pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacogenomics 2021; 22:485-503. [PMID: 34018822 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2020-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is connected with high rates of functional disability and mortality. About a third of the patients are at risk of therapy failure. Several pharmacogenetic markers especially located in CYP450 genes such as CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 are of relevance for therapy outcome prediction in major depressive disorder but a further optimization of predictive tools is warranted. The article summarizes the current knowledge on pharmacogenetic variants, therapy effects and side effects of important antidepressive therapeutics, and sheds light on new methodological approaches for therapy response estimation based on genetic markers with relevance for pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and disease pathology identified in genome-wide association study analyses, highlighting polygenic risk score analysis as a tool for further optimization of individualized therapy outcome prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Shalimova
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, 751 24, Sweden.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Viktoria Babasieva
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, 751 24, Sweden.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Institute of Translational Medicine & Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, 751 24, Sweden.,Institute of Translational Medicine & Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, 751 24, Sweden
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Yu H, Singh Badhan RK. The Pharmacokinetics of Gefitinib in a Chinese Cancer Population Group: A Virtual Clinical Trials Population Study. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3507-3519. [PMID: 34015277 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gefitinib, a selective inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase, is used to treat non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung cancer rates are high in China and are expected to increase over the next decade. CYP 2D6 intermediate metaboliser (IM) phenotypes are more prevalent in the Chinese population compared to Caucasians; the increased risk of drug-drug interactions (DDI) with chemotherapy polypharmacy may lead to different clinical pharmacokinetics outcomes for Chinese patients. This study developed and validated a virtual Chinese cancer population for the pragmatic assessment of gefitinib DDI as a victim drug in Chinese and Caucasian cancer populations. When assessing the impact of 2D6 phenotypes on bupropion mediated CYP 2D6 DDI in Chinese cancer population, we found that AUC increased by at least 60% in extensive metabolizers (EM) and 30% in IM. As a result, fmCYP2D6 was reduced by 15% in IM in the presence of bupropion, translating into > 70% of EM subjects and > 48% of IM subjects with trough concentrations at steady state (Ctrough,ss) below the gefitinib target trough level. The PBPK model predicted that a 500 mg once daily dose in both EM and IM subjects successfully reduced the percent of subjects below the Ctrough,ss. Such changes in Ctrough,ss warrant further investigation and highlight the ability of pharmacokinetic modelling to investigate populations that may be difficult to recruit for traditional clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Yu
- Aston Pharmacy School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Raj K Singh Badhan
- Aston Pharmacy School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom.
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Almurjan A, Macfarlane H, Badhan RKS. The application of precision dosing in the use of sertraline throughout pregnancy for poor and ultrarapid metabolizer CYP 2C19 subjects: A virtual clinical trial pharmacokinetics study. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 42:252-262. [PMID: 33851424 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sertraline is known to undergo changes in pharmacokinetics during pregnancy. CYP 2C19 has been implicated in the interindividual variation in clinical effect associated with sertraline activity. However, knowledge of suitable dose titrations during pregnancy and within CYP 2C19 phenotypes is lacking. A pharmacokinetic modeling virtual clinical trials approach was implemented to: (i) assess gestational changes in sertraline trough plasma concentrations for CYP 2C19 phenotypes, and (ii) identify appropriate dose titration strategies to stabilize sertraline levels within a defined therapeutic range throughout gestation. Sertraline trough plasma concentrations decreased throughout gestation, with maternal volume expansion and reduction in plasma albumin being identified as possible causative reasons. All CYP 2C19 phenotypes required a dose increase throughout gestation. For extensive metabolizer (EM) and ultrarapid metabolizer (UM) phenotypes, doses of 100-150 mg daily are required throughout gestation. For poor metabolizers (PM), 50 mg daily during trimester 1 followed by a dose of 100 mg daily in trimesters 2 and 3 are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminah Almurjan
- Medicines Optimisation Research Group, Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hannah Macfarlane
- Medicines Optimisation Research Group, Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Raj K S Badhan
- Medicines Optimisation Research Group, Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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Sychterz C, Galetin A, Taskar KS. When special populations intersect with drug-drug interactions: Application of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling in pregnant populations. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 42:160-177. [PMID: 33759451 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy results in significant physiological changes that vary across trimesters and into the postpartum period, and may result in altered disposition of endogenous substances and drug pharmacokinetics. Pregnancy represents a unique special population where physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling (PBPK) is well suited to mechanistically explore pharmacokinetics and dosing paradigms without subjecting pregnant women or their fetuses to extensive clinical studies. A critical review of applications of pregnancy PBPK models (pPBPK) was conducted to understand its current status for prediction of drug exposure in pregnant populations and to identify areas of further expansion. Evaluation of existing pPBPK modeling efforts highlighted improved understanding of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated changes during pregnancy and identified knowledge gaps for non-CYP enzymes and the physiological changes of the postpartum period. Examples of the application of pPBPK beyond simple dose regimen recommendations are limited, particularly for prediction of drug-drug interactions (DDI) or differences between genotypes for polymorphic drug metabolizing enzymes. A raltegravir pPBPK model implementing UGT1A1 induction during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy was developed in the current work and verified against clinical data. Subsequently, the model was used to explore UGT1A1-related DDI risk with atazanavir and rifampicin along with the effect of enzyme genotype on raltegravir apparent clearance. Simulations of pregnancy-related induction of UGT1A1 either exacerbated UGT1A1 induction by rifampicin or negated atazanavir UGT1A1 inhibition. This example illustrated the advantages of pPBPK modeling for mechanistic evaluation of complex interplays of pregnancy- and drug-related effects in support of model-informed approaches in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Sychterz
- Cellular Biomarkers, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Abduljalil K, Badhan RKS. Drug dosing during pregnancy-opportunities for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2020; 47:319-340. [PMID: 32592111 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-020-09698-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Drugs can have harmful effects on the embryo or the fetus at any point during pregnancy. Not all the damaging effects of intrauterine exposure to drugs are obvious at birth, some may only manifest later in life. Thus, drugs should be prescribed in pregnancy only if the expected benefit to the mother is thought to be greater than the risk to the fetus. Dosing of drugs during pregnancy is often empirically determined and based upon evidence from studies of non-pregnant subjects, which may lead to suboptimal dosing, particularly during the third trimester. This review collates examples of drugs with known recommendations for dose adjustment during pregnancy, in addition to providing an example of the potential use of PBPK models in dose adjustment recommendation during pregnancy within the context of drug-drug interactions. For many drugs, such as antidepressants and antiretroviral drugs, dose adjustment has been recommended based on pharmacokinetic studies demonstrating a reduction in drug concentrations. However, there is relatively limited (and sometimes inconsistent) information regarding the clinical impact of these pharmacokinetic changes during pregnancy and the effect of subsequent dose adjustments. Examples of using pregnancy PBPK models to predict feto-maternal drug exposures and their applications to facilitate and guide dose assessment throughout gestation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abduljalil
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK.
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