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Lu Y, Zhang L, Liu X, Lan Y, Wu L, Wang J, Wu K, Yang C, Lv R, Yi D, Zhuo G, Li Y, Shen F, Hou R, Yue B, Fan Z. Red pandas with different diets and environments exhibit different gut microbial functional composition and capacity. Integr Zool 2024; 19:662-682. [PMID: 38420673 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is a distinctive mammal known for its reliance on a diet primarily consisting of bamboo. The gut microbiota and overall health of animals are strongly influenced by diets and environments. Therefore, conducting research to explore the taxonomical and functional variances within the gut microbiota of red pandas exposed to various dietary and environmental conditions could shed light on the dynamic complexities of their microbial communities. In this study, normal fecal samples were obtained from red pandas residing in captive and semi-free environments under different dietary regimes and used for metabolomic, 16S rRNA, and metagenomic sequencing analysis, with the pandas classified into four distinct cohorts according to diet and environment. In addition, metagenomic sequencing was conducted on mucus fecal samples to elucidate potential etiological agents of disease. Results revealed an increased risk of gastrointestinal diseases in red pandas consuming bamboo shoots due to the heightened presence of pathogenic bacteria, although an increased presence of microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites appeared to facilitate intestinal balance. The red pandas fed bamboo leaves also exhibited a decrease in gut microbial diversity, which may be attributed to the antibacterial flavonoids and lower protein levels in leaves. Notably, red pandas residing in semi-free environments demonstrated an enriched gut microbial diversity. Moreover, the occurrence of mucus secretion may be due to an increased presence of species associated with diarrhea and a reduced level of microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites. In summary, our findings substantiate the influential role of diet and environment in modulating the gut microbiota of red pandas, offering potential implications for improved captive breeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Lan
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixia Wu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kongju Wu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chaojie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruiqing Lv
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dejiao Yi
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guifu Zhuo
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fujun Shen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong Hou
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenxin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Yu L, Yue J, Dai Y, Zhang L, Wang Q, Yuan J. Characterization of color variation in bamboo sheath of Chimonobambusa hejiangensis by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and RNA sequencing. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:466. [PMID: 37803268 PMCID: PMC10557168 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimonobambusa hejiangensis (C.hejiangensis) is a high-quality bamboo species native to China, known for its shoots that are a popular nutritional food. Three C.hejiangensis cultivars exhibit unique color variation in their shoot sheaths, however, the molecular mechanism behind this color change remains unclear. METHODS We investigated flavonoid accumulation in the three bamboo cultivar sheaths using metabolomics and transcriptomics. RESULTS UPLC-MS/MS identified 969 metabolites, with 187, 103, and 132 having differential accumulation in the yellow-sheath (YShe) vs. spot-sheath (SShe)/black-sheath (BShe) and SShe vs. BShe comparison groups. Flavonoids were the major metabolites that determined bamboo sheath color through differential accumulation of metabolites (DAMs) analysis. Additionally, there were 33 significantly differentially expressed flavonoid structural genes involved in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway based on transcriptome data. We conducted a KEGG analysis on DEGs and DAMs, revealing significant enrichment of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. Using gene co-expression network analysis, we identified nine structural genes and 29 transcription factors strongly linked to anthocyanin biosynthesis. CONCLUSION We identified a comprehensive regulatory network for flavonoid biosynthesis which should improve our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms responsible for color variation and flavonoid biosynthesis in bamboo sheaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang District, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Jinjun Yue
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang District, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Yaxing Dai
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang District, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Forestry and Bamboo Bureau of Changning County, Sichuan Province, 644300, China
| | - Qiu Wang
- Forestry and Bamboo Bureau of Changning County, Sichuan Province, 644300, China
| | - Jinling Yuan
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang District, Hangzhou, 311400, China.
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Fan L, Hu J, Guo Z, Chen S, He Q. Shoot Nutrition and Flavor Variation in Two Phyllostachys Species: Does the Quality of Edible Bamboo Shoot Diaphragm and Flesh Differ? Foods 2023; 12:foods12061180. [PMID: 36981107 PMCID: PMC10048675 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
For their quality evaluation, it is essential to determine both bamboo shoot nutrition and palatability, which will have a decisive effect on their economic value and market potential. However, differences in shoot nutrition and flavor variation among bamboo species, positions, and components have not been scientifically validated. This study assessed nutritional and flavor differences in two components (i.e., shoot flesh (BSF) and diaphragm (BSD)) of two Phyllostachys species (i.e., Phyllostachys edulis and Phyllostachys violascens) and analyzed any positional variation. Results showed that BSF protein, starch, fat, and vitamin C contents were comparatively higher. Nutrient compounds in the upper shoot segment of Ph. edulis were higher and contained less cellulose and lignin. However, both species’ BSD total acid, oxalic acid, and tannin contents were comparable. BSD soluble sugar and sugar:acid ratio were higher than upper BSD total amino acid, four key amino acids (i.e., essential amino acid, bitter amino acid, umami amino acid, and sweet amino acid flavor compounds), and associated ratios were all higher than BSF while also being rich in amino acids. The content and proportion of BSF essential and bitter amino acid flavor compounds in Ph. edulis were high relative to Ph. violascens. Conversely, the content and proportion of BSD umami and sweet amino acid flavor compounds were comparable to that of Ph. edulis. Our results showed that bamboo shoot quality was affected by flavor compound differences and that interspecific and shoot components interact. This study offers a new perspective to determine the formative mechanisms involved in bamboo shoot quality while providing a basis for their different usages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Fan
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Junjing Hu
- Hangzhou Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Ziwu Guo
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Shuanglin Chen
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Qijiang He
- Hangzhou Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310005, China
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Mustafa GR, Li C, Zhao S, Jin L, He X, Shabbir MZ, He Y, Li T, Deng W, Xu L, Xiong Y, Zhang G, Zhang H, Huang Y, Zou L. Metagenomic analysis revealed a wide distribution of antibiotic resistance genes and biosynthesis of antibiotics in the gut of giant pandas. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:15. [PMID: 33413128 PMCID: PMC7792088 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiome is essential for the host's health and serves as an essential reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). We investigated the effects of different factors, including the dietary shifts and age, on the functional characteristics of the giant panda's gut microbiome (GPs) through shotgun metagenome sequencing. We explored the association between gut bacterial genera and ARGs within the gut based on network analysis. RESULTS Fecal samples (n=60) from captive juvenile, adult, and geriatric GPs were processed, and variations were identified in the gut microbiome according to different ages, the abundance of novel ARGs and the biosynthesis of antibiotics. Among 667 ARGs identified, nine from the top ten ARGs had a higher abundance in juveniles. For 102 ARGs against bacteria, a co-occurrence pattern revealed a positive association for predominant ARGs with Streptococcus. A comparative KEGG pathways analysis revealed an abundant biosynthesis of antibiotics among three different groups of GPs, where it was more significantly observed in the juvenile group. A co-occurrence pattern further revealed a positive association for the top ten ARGs, biosynthesis of antibiotics, and metabolic pathways. CONCLUSION Gut of GPs serve as a reservoir for novel ARGs and biosynthesis of antibiotics. Dietary changes and age may influence the gut microbiome's functional characteristics; however, it needs further studies to ascertain the study outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Raza Mustafa
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Caiwu Li
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration (SFGA) on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, The China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda (CCRCGP), Dujiangyan, 611830, China
| | - Siyue Zhao
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xueping He
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- Institute of Microbiology, The University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Yongguo He
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration (SFGA) on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, The China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda (CCRCGP), Dujiangyan, 611830, China
| | - Ti Li
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration (SFGA) on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, The China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda (CCRCGP), Dujiangyan, 611830, China
| | - Wenwen Deng
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration (SFGA) on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, The China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda (CCRCGP), Dujiangyan, 611830, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration (SFGA) on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, The China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda (CCRCGP), Dujiangyan, 611830, China
| | - Yaowu Xiong
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration (SFGA) on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, The China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda (CCRCGP), Dujiangyan, 611830, China
| | - Guiquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration (SFGA) on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, The China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda (CCRCGP), Dujiangyan, 611830, China
| | - Hemin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration (SFGA) on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, The China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda (CCRCGP), Dujiangyan, 611830, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration (SFGA) on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, The China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda (CCRCGP), Dujiangyan, 611830, China.
| | - Likou Zou
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Wang Y, Chen J, Wang D, Ye F, He Y, Hu Z, Zhao G. A systematic review on the composition, storage, processing of bamboo shoots: Focusing the nutritional and functional benefits. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Hu X, Wang G, Shan L, Sun S, Hu Y, Wei F. TAS2R20 variants confer dietary adaptation to high-quercitrin bamboo leaves in Qinling giant pandas. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:5913-5921. [PMID: 32607200 PMCID: PMC7319149 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitivity to bitter tastes provides animals with an important means of interacting with their environment and thus, influences their dietary preferences. Genetic variants encoding functionally distinct receptor types contribute to variation in bitter taste sensitivity. Our previous study showed that two nonsynonymous sites, A52V and Q296H, in the TAS2R20 gene are directionally selected in giant pandas from the Qinling Mountains, which are speculated to be the causative base-pair changes of Qinling pandas for the higher preference for bamboo leaves in comparison with other pandas. Here, we used functional expression in engineered cells to identify agonists of pTAS2R20 (i.e., giant panda's TAS2R20) and interrogated the differences in perception in the in vitro responses of pTAS2R20 variants to the agonists. Our results show that pTAS2R20 is specifically activated by quercitrin and that pTAS2R20 variants exhibit differences in the sensitivity of their response to the agonist. Compared with pTAS2R20 in pandas from other areas, the receptor variant with A52V and Q296H, which is most commonly found in Qinling pandas, confers a significantly decreased sensitivity to quercitrin. We subsequently quantified the quercitrin content of the leaves of bamboo distributed in the Qinling Mountains, which was found to be significantly higher than that of the leaves of bamboo from panda habitats in other areas. Our results suggest that the decreased sensitivity to quercitrin in Qinling pandas results in higher-quercitrin-containing bamboo leaves to be tasting less bitter to them and thus, influences their dietary preference. This study illustrates the genetic adaptation of Qinling pandas to their environments and provides a fine example of the functional effects of directional selection in the giant panda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Laboratory MedicineBoston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Lei Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and BiotechnologyCollege of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Shuyan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yibo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and GeneticsChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Fuwen Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and GeneticsChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
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Cabana F, Yusof O, Kawi J, Li D, Huang Y, Wang P, Tay T. Seasonal diet switching in captive giant pandas. URSUS 2020. [DOI: 10.2192/ursus-d-17-00023.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Cabana
- Wildlife Reserves Singapore, 80 Mandai Lake Road, Singapore, 729826
| | - Omar Yusof
- Wildlife Reserves Singapore, 80 Mandai Lake Road, Singapore, 729826
| | - Josephine Kawi
- Wildlife Reserves Singapore, 80 Mandai Lake Road, Singapore, 729826
| | - Desheng Li
- China Conservation and Research Centre for the Giant Panda (CCRCGP), 1275 Xiongmao Ave, Chengua, Chendu, Sichuan, China, 610016
| | - Yan Huang
- China Conservation and Research Centre for the Giant Panda (CCRCGP), 1275 Xiongmao Ave, Chengua, Chendu, Sichuan, China, 610016
| | | | - Trisha Tay
- Wildlife Reserves Singapore, 80 Mandai Lake Road, Singapore, 729826
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Yung DTC, Jani R, Azizi R, Ramli MN, Haidi Y, Zainudin AN, Samsuddin AH, Hashim NH, Afiq Ramlee MN, Zahidin MA, Mohd Raffi MA, Lola MS, Abdullah MT. Data on diet and growth by giant panda in zoo Negara, Malaysia. Data Brief 2020; 29:105082. [PMID: 31993462 PMCID: PMC6971374 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.105082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this data article we present the determinations of the diet preference and growth of a pair of the giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca (David, 1869) from Zoo Negara Malaysia. Once considered as endangered, the captive giant pandas were given with nine species of local bamboo in separate indoor enclosures. We recorded data between May 25, 2014 and December 31, 2016 and analysed it based on food preference, the pattern toward food consumption and body weights using SPSS v25.0 (IBM, USA). Data on the bamboo preference, daily average bamboo provided and consumed, and factors predicting of body weight per individual are reported in this article. The data highlight correlation between panda growth (kg) to the part of bamboo consumed (kg) and exhibit the pattern of preferred part of food (i.e.: either the leaf, culm or shoots of bamboo variety) for panda consumptions. The food consumption toward the body weight was modelled using logistic regression analysis to help determine the pattern of food consumption and body weight of giant panda in the future and based on regression model 1, only consumed variable is significance to the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Ten Choon Yung
- Department of Wildlife and National Park Peninsular Malaysia, KM10, Jalan Cheras, 56100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Corresponding author. Department of Wildlife and National Park Peninsular Malaysia, KM10, Jalan Cheras, 56100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Rohana Jani
- Department of Applied Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Corresponding author. Department of Applied Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ridza Azizi
- Department of Applied Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mat Naim Ramli
- Veterinary Department, Zoo Negara Malaysia, Hulu Kelang, 68000, Ampang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yang Haidi
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Dujiangyen, China
| | - Ahmad Nizam Zainudin
- Veterinary Department, Zoo Negara Malaysia, Hulu Kelang, 68000, Ampang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Akmal Hadi Samsuddin
- Veterinary Department, Zoo Negara Malaysia, Hulu Kelang, 68000, Ampang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Hashida Hashim
- Center of Matriculation Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Noor Afiq Ramlee
- Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Aidil Zahidin
- Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Akmal Mohd Raffi
- Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Safiih Lola
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Tajuddin Abdullah
- Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Corresponding author. Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia.
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Nirmala C, Bisht MS, Bajwa HK, Santosh O. Bamboo: A rich source of natural antioxidants and its applications in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Zhang M, Zhang Z, Li Z, Hong M, Zhou X, Zhou S, Zhang J, Hull V, Huang J, Zhang H. Giant panda foraging and movement patterns in response to bamboo shoot growth. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:8636-8643. [PMID: 29322387 PMCID: PMC5854758 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0919-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diet plays a pivotal role in dictating behavioral patterns of herbivorous animals, particularly specialist species. The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is well-known as a bamboo specialist. In the present study, the response of giant pandas to spatiotemporal variation of bamboo shoots was explored using field surveys and GPS collar tracking. Results show the dynamics in panda-bamboo space-time relationships that have not been previously articulated. For instance, we found a higher bamboo stump height of foraged bamboo with increasing elevation, places where pandas foraged later in spring when bamboo shoots become more fibrous and woody. The time required for shoots to reach optimum height for foraging was significantly delayed as elevation increased, a pattern which corresponded with panda elevational migration patterns beginning from the lower elevational end of Fargesia robusta distribution and gradually shifting upward until the end of the shooting season. These results indicate that giant pandas can respond to spatiotemporal variation of bamboo resources, such as available shoots. Anthropogenic interference of low-elevation F. robusta habitat should be mitigated, and conservation attention and increased monitoring should be given to F. robusta areas at the low- and mid-elevation ranges, particularly in the spring shooting season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchun Zhang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Dujiangyan, Sichuan, 611870, China
| | - Zhizhong Zhang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Dujiangyan, Sichuan, 611870, China
| | - Zhong Li
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Dujiangyan, Sichuan, 611870, China
| | - Mingsheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, China West Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhou
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Dujiangyan, Sichuan, 611870, China
| | - Shiqiang Zhou
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Dujiangyan, Sichuan, 611870, China
| | - Jindong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, China West Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637009, China
| | - Vanessa Hull
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jinyan Huang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Dujiangyan, Sichuan, 611870, China
| | - Hemin Zhang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Dujiangyan, Sichuan, 611870, China.
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Knott KK, Christian AL, Falcone JF, Vance CK, Bauer LL, Fahey GC, Kouba AJ. Phenological changes in bamboo carbohydrates explain the preference for culm over leaves by giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) during spring. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177582. [PMID: 28614359 PMCID: PMC5470666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal changes in the foodscape force herbivores to select different plant species or plant parts to meet nutritional requirements. We examined whether the search for calorie-rich carbohydrates explained giant panda’s selection for bamboo culm over leaves during spring. Leaves and culms were collected from four Phyllostachys bamboos (P. aurea, P. aureosulcata, P. glauca, and P. nuda) once per month over 18–27 months. Monthly changes in annual plant part nutrients were examined, and compared to seasonal foraging behaviors of captive giant pandas. Although total fiber was greater (p<0.0001) in culm (85.6 ± 0.5%) than leaves (55.3 ± 0.4%) throughout the year, culm fiber was at its lowest in spring (79–85%) when culm selection by giant pandas exceeded 70% of their overall diet. Culm starch also was greatest (p = 0.044) during spring (5.5 ± 1.1%) and 2.5-fold the percentage of starch in leaves (2.2 ± 0.6%). The free sugars in spring culm consisted of a high proportion of glucose (35%) and fructose (47%), whereas sucrose made up 42% of the total free sugar content of spring leaves. Bound sugars in culm consisted of 60% glucose and 38% xylose likely representative of hemicellulose. The concentrations of bound sugars (hemicelluloses) in spring culms (543.7 ± 13.0 mg/g) was greater (p<0.001) than in leaves (373.0 ± 14.8 mg/g). These data help explain a long-standing question in giant panda foraging ecology: why consume the plant part with the lowest protein and fat during the energetically intensive spring breeding season? Giant pandas likely prefer spring culm that contains abundant mono- and polysaccharides made more bioavailable as a result of reduced fiber content. These data suggest that phenological changes in bamboo plant part nutrition drive foraging decisions by giant pandas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina K. Knott
- Conservation and Research Department, Memphis Zoological Society, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amelia L. Christian
- Conservation and Research Department, Memphis Zoological Society, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Animal Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Josephine F. Falcone
- Conservation and Research Department, Memphis Zoological Society, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Carrie K. Vance
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Bauer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - George C. Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Kouba
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
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A Diet Diverse in Bamboo Parts is Important for Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) Metabolism and Health. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3377. [PMID: 28611401 PMCID: PMC5469786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the metabolic response in giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) to the consumption of certain parts of bamboo above ground growth. Giant pandas were provisioned with three species of bamboo: Phyllostachys bissetii, of which they only consume the culm (culm group); Bashania fargesii, of which they only consume the leaves (leaf group); and Qiongzhuea opienensis, of which they only consume the shoots (shoot group). The “culm” group absorbed the highest amount of calories and fiber, but was in short energy supply (depressed tricarboxylic acid cycle activity), and high fiber level diet might reduce the digestibility of protein. The “culm” and “leaf” groups absorbed less protein, and had a lower rate of body mass growth than the “shoot” group. Digestion of fiber requires energy input and yields low caloric extraction from the culm and leaf, and protein intake is important for increasing body mass. However, long-term consumption of shoots may have a potentially negative effect on the health because of high protein composition. Therefore, a balanced diet consisting of diverse plant parts of bamboo is important for the overall metabolic function and health of captive giant pandas.
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Lv Y, Yu T, Lu S, Tian C, Li J, Du FK. Development of microsatellite markers for Fargesia denudata (Poaceae), the staple-food bamboo of the giant panda. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2016; 4:apps1600005. [PMID: 27347452 PMCID: PMC4915919 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY There is a need for microsatellite primers to analyze genetic parameters of Fargesia denudata (Poaceae), the staple-food bamboo of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). METHODS AND RESULTS Using next-generation sequencing technology, we obtained a 75-Mb assembled sequence of F. denudata and identified 182 microsatellites. Primer pairs for 70 candidate microsatellite markers were selected and validated in four individuals, and 42 primer pairs generated reliable amplicons. Fourteen of 16 tested markers were found to be polymorphic in 72 individuals from four F. denudata populations. The number of alleles ranged from two to 19 per locus; the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0 to 1 and from 0 to 0.87, respectively. The transferability of these 16 novel microsatellite markers was validated in five related species. CONCLUSIONS These markers will be useful for examining the genetic diversity, genetic structure, and cloning of F. denudata, the staple-food bamboo of the giant panda, and related bamboo species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lv
- College of Forestry, Key Laboratory for Forest Resources and Ecosystem Processes of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Yu
- College of Forestry, Key Laboratory for Forest Resources and Ecosystem Processes of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sihai Lu
- College of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Tian
- College of Forestry, Key Laboratory for Forest Resources and Ecosystem Processes of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junqing Li
- College of Forestry, Key Laboratory for Forest Resources and Ecosystem Processes of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang K. Du
- College of Forestry, Key Laboratory for Forest Resources and Ecosystem Processes of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
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