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Braidot M, Sarnataro C, Spanghero M. Dynamics of in vitro rumen methane production after nitrate addition. Arch Anim Nutr 2023; 77:512-523. [PMID: 38230435 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2023.2282348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the dynamics of rumen methane (CH4) production following the addition of NaNO3. This was done using an in vitro rumen fermentation system that ensures continuous gas and methane assessments. Four different levels of NaNO3 were used to get the final nitrate concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/ml of rumen fluid. For each dose, corresponding controls contained sodium chloride and urea were realised to ensure comparable levels of sodium and nitrogen. The addition of nitrates had slight effect on the intensity of fermentation because the total gas produced minus CH4 (total methane-free gas) only went down at the highest dose (2.0 mg/ml), and the final concentrations of SCFA were the same at all doses. The most evident effect was a modification of the SCFA profile (low concentrations of propionate and valerate, progressive increments of acetate, and decreases of butyrate) and a reduction in overall CH4 production. The CH4 yield for the 0.5 mg/ml dose was not different from control in the entire fermentation. Yield of the 1.0 mg/ml dose was significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05) only within the initial 24-h period, and higher dosages (1.5 and 2.0 mg/ml) were lower during the entire fermentation (p < 0.01). Methane yields were well fitted with the Gompertz model, but only the highest level of nitrate inclusion had a significant impact on the majority of model parameters (p < 0.01). The linear regressions between CH4 yields (y) and the amounts of nitrates (x) at progressive fermentation durations (e.g. 6, 12, 24, and 48 h) produced equations with increasing absolute slopes (from -0.069 to -0.517 ml/mg of nitrate). Therefore, nitrate reduced rumen CH4 yield in a dose-dependent manner: the impact of low doses was primarily observed at the initial stages of fermentation, whereas high doses exhibited effectiveness throughout the entire fermentation process. In conclusion, in batch fermentation systems, the dose effect of nitrates on methane yield was time dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Braidot
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio, Italy
| | - Chiara Sarnataro
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio, Italy
| | - Mauro Spanghero
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio, Italy
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Spanghero M, Braidot M, Sarnataro C, Fabro C, Piani B, Gallo A. In vitro aflatoxins recovery after changing buffer or protozoa concentrations in the rumen fermentation fluid. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:1311-1319. [PMID: 37016476 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
This study simulates in vitro the effects of (i) rumen acidity and (ii) change in rumen protozoa numbers on the recovery of aflatoxins (AFs). Two 24-h fermentation experiments were carried out using the same batch in vitro fermentation systems and substrate (dried corn meal) containing 11.42, 2.42, 7.65 and 1.70 µg/kg of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 respectively. In Experiment 1, two buffer concentrations (normal salts dosage or lowered to 25%) were tested. Buffer reduction decreased gas production (730 vs. 1101 mL, p < 0.05), volatile fatty acids (VFA) and NH3 concentrations in the fermentation liquid (39.8 vs. 46.3 mmol/L, and 31.7 vs. 46.5 mg/dL respectively, p < 0.01). Recovery of all four AFs types was higher (p < 0.01) in the reduced buffer fermentation fluid, both as a percentage of total AF incubated (73.6% vs. 62.5%, 45.9% vs. 38.1%, 33.6% vs. 17.9% and 18.9% vs. 6.24% for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 respectively) and as amounts relative to VFA production (163.4 vs. 123.5, 22.1 vs. 15.7, 48.8 vs. 22.5 and 6.16 vs. 1.86 ng/100 mmol of VFA, for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 respectively). In Experiment 2, Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni extracts (S) or a Camphor essential oil (Cam) were added to fermenters and compared to the control (no additives, C). S and Cam addition resulted in a 25% reduction (p < 0.05) and a 15% increase (p < 0.05) in protozoa counts respectively, when compared to C. Both plant additives slightly reduced (p < 0.05) AFB1 recovery as a percentage of total AFB1 incubated (68.5% and 67.7% vs. 74.9% for S, Cam and C respectively). Recoveries of all other AFs were unaffected by the additives. In conclusion, the rumen in vitro AFB1 recovery (63%-75%) was higher than other AFs (3%-46%) and the acidic fermentation environment increased it. In our conditions, changes in protozoa numbers did not affect AFs recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Spanghero
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environment and Animal Science (DI4A), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Matteo Braidot
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environment and Animal Science (DI4A), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Chiara Sarnataro
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environment and Animal Science (DI4A), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Carla Fabro
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environment and Animal Science (DI4A), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Barbara Piani
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environment and Animal Science (DI4A), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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Luan J, Feng X, Yang D, Yang M, Zhou J, Geng C. Effects of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) on in vitro rumen fermentation, methane production, and nutrient digestibility under low- and high-concentrate diets. Anim Sci J 2023; 94:e13818. [PMID: 36864691 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different dosages and types of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) on rumen fermentation in vitro under low- and high-concentrate diets. For this purpose, two in vitro experiments (Exp.) were conducted. In Exp. 1, the concentrate-roughage ratio of the fermentation substrate [total mixed rations (TMR), dry matter (DM) basis] was 30:70 (low-concentrate diet), while in Exp. 2, it was 70:30 (high-concentrate diet). Three types of MCFAs with octanoic acid (C8 ), capric acid (C10 ), and lauric acid (C12 ) were added accounting for 1.5%, 6%, 9%, and 15% of the in vitro fermentation substrate weight (200 mg or 1 g, DM basis) based on control group, respectively. The results showed that the addition of MCFAs all could significantly reduce methane (CH4 ) production and the number of rumen protozoa, methanogens, and methanobrevibacter under the two diets with the dosages increased (p < 0.05). In addition, MCFAs had a certain degree of improvement on rumen fermentation and influenced in vitro digestibility under low- and high-concentrate diets, and their effects were related to the dosages and types of MCFAs. This study provided a theoretical basis for the selection of types and dosages of MCFAs in ruminants production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Luan
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Dongxu Yang
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Jinying Zhou
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Chunyin Geng
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
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Foggi G, Terranova M, Conte G, Mantino A, Amelchanka SL, Kreuzer M, Mele M. In vitro screening of the ruminal methane and ammonia mitigating potential of mixtures of either chestnut or quebracho tannins with blends of essential oils as feed additives. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2130832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Foggi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Conte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantino
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Michael Kreuzer
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Mele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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In Vitro Screening of Plant Materials to Reduce Ruminal Protozoal Population and Mitigate Ammonia and Methane Emissions. FERMENTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7030166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative feed sources can be utilized to reduce enteric methane (CH4) emissions, a major greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. This study aimed to evaluate the potential use of tropical plants to improve digestibility, reduce protozoal populations, improve rumen fermentation, and minimize methane emissions from ruminants. The plants considered herein grow in tropical climates, are easily accessible in large quantities, and are directly related to human food production. Nine plants that grow naturally in tropical climates were assessed. Plant supplementation substantially enhanced accumulative gas production at 24 h (p < 0.05). The apparent organic matter digestibility (AOMDvt) of the diet was not affected by five of the nine plants. With the addition of the plant material, ammonia nitrogen concentrations were reduced by up to 47% and methane concentrations were reduced by 54%. Five of the nine plant materials reduced methane production in terms of CH4/dry matter and CH4/digestibility of the organic matter by 15–35% and 8–24%, respectively. In conclusion, supplementation with plants with high tannin contents was shown to be a viable strategy for improving rumen fermentation, reducing protozoal populations, and limiting methane emissions. In this regard, the leaves of Piper sarmentosum, Acmella oleracea, Careya arborea, and Anacardium occidentale were especially promising.
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Colombini S, Rota Graziosi A, Parma P, Iriti M, Vitalini S, Sarnataro C, Spanghero M. Evaluation of dietary addition of 2 essential oils from Achillea moschata, or their components (bornyl acetate, camphor, and eucalyptol) on in vitro ruminal fermentation and microbial community composition. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:224-231. [PMID: 33997351 PMCID: PMC8110856 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of 2 Achillea moschata essential oils extracted from plants collected in 2 different valleys of the Italian Alps and 3 pure compounds of oils - bornyl acetate (BOR), camphor (CAM), and eucalyptol (EUCA) - on in vitro ruminal fermentation and microbiota. An in vitro batch fermentation experiment (Exp. 1) tested the addition of all of the substances (2 essential oils and 3 compounds) in fermentation bottles (120 mL) at 48 h of incubation, whereas a subsequent in vitro continuous culture experiment (Exp. 2) evaluated the pure compounds added to the fermenters (2 L) for a longer incubation period (9 d). In both experiments, total mixed rations were incubated with the additives, and samples without additives were included as the control (CTR). Each treatment was tested in duplicate and was repeated in 3 and 2 fermentation runs in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. Gas production (GP) in Exp. 1 was similar for all of the treatments, and short chain volatile fatty acid (SCFA) production was similar in both experiments except for a decrease of SCFA produced (P = 0.029) due to EUCA addition in Exp. 2. Compared to CTR, BOR and CAM reduced the valerate proportion (P = 0.04) in Exp. 1, and increased (P < 0.01) the acetate proportion in Exp. 2. All treatments increased (P < 0.01) total protozoa counts (+36.7% and +48.4% compared to CTR on average for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively). In Exp. 1, all of the treatments lowered the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and increased the Proteobacteria relative abundances (P < 0.05), whereas in Exp. 2, the EUCA addition increased (P = 0.012) the Ruminococcus. In Exp. 1, methane (CH4) as a proportion of the GP was lowered (P = 0.004) by the addition of CAM and EUCA compared to CTR, whereas in Exp. 2, EUCA reduced the amount of stoichiometrically calculated CH4 compared to CTR. Overall, essential oils extracted from A. moschata and the pure compounds did not depress in vitro rumen fermentation, except for EUCA in Exp. 2. In both experiments, an increase of the protozoal population occurred for all the additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Colombini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Rota Graziosi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Pietro Parma
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Vitalini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Sarnataro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università Degli Studi di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Mauro Spanghero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università Degli Studi di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Del Bianco S, Natalello A, Luciano G, Valenti B, Campidonico L, Gkarane V, Monahan F, Biondi L, Favotto S, Sepulcri A, Piasentier E. Influence of dietary inclusion of tannin extracts from mimosa, chestnut and tara on volatile compounds and flavour in lamb meat. Meat Sci 2020; 172:108336. [PMID: 33091724 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tannins are compounds able to form complexes with proteins limiting their ruminal degradation and thus the synthesis of some odour-active compounds may be inhibited. Tannins are broadly divided in condensed tannins (CT) and hydrolysable tannins (HT). The study aimed to assess the influence of dietary inclusion of three commercial tannin extracts, namely mimosa (Acacia mearnsii; CT), chestnut (Castanea sativa; HT) or tara (Caesalpinia spinosa; HT) on volatile profile and flavour of meat and kidney fat from lambs. Comisana male lambs were divided into four groups (n = 9 each) and fed for 75 days with a concentrate-based diet (CON) or CON supplemented with 4% of one of the tannin extracts. Tannins reduced "pastoral" odour in perirenal fat of lambs the meat of which was characterized by a very low perception of this attribute. It may be assumed that p-cresol and 8-methylnonanoic acid mostly contributed to "pastoral" odour expression in the diet without condensed or hydrolysable tannins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Del Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali (DI4A), University of Udine, Via Sondrio, 2/A, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Antonio Natalello
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Luciano
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Bernardo Valenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali (DSA3), University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Campidonico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Vasiliki Gkarane
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Frank Monahan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Luisa Biondi
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Saida Favotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali (DI4A), University of Udine, Via Sondrio, 2/A, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Angela Sepulcri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali (DI4A), University of Udine, Via Sondrio, 2/A, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Edi Piasentier
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali (DI4A), University of Udine, Via Sondrio, 2/A, 33100 Udine, Italy
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