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Brotherton M, Stancliffe RJ, O'Loughlin K, Wilson NJ. From mainstream employment to mainstream retirement: A randomised controlled trial of a transition to retirement intervention for adults with intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2023; 36:1013-1024. [PMID: 37106266 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated a transition to retirement intervention that adapted strategies used to support employment of people with intellectual disability in mainstream workplaces. The intervention facilitated their independent participation in mainstream community groups and volunteering. METHODS We randomised 29 older Australians who currently/previously worked in mainstream employment into an intervention group or wait-list control group. Hours of independent participation in target activities were collected before and after the 13-week initial intervention/waiting period, and at 52 weeks for intervention participants. RESULTS Six of the 12 intervention participants selected an activity and increased hours of independent participation following 13 weeks in the Keeping Active (KA) program and eight were independently accessing their selected activity at 52-week follow-up. None of the 19 wait-list participants increased their independent participation after 13 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The intervention was effective and highlighted the need to account for factors such as participant choice in evaluation of individualised programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kate O'Loughlin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nathan J Wilson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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Clune S, Rayner J, McAuliffe L, Fetherstonhaugh D. A snapshot of social activities programs in residential aged care facilities in Victoria: A brief report. Australas J Ageing 2023; 42:592-597. [PMID: 37726923 DOI: 10.1111/ajag.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To capture current opportunities for social participation for older people living in residential aged care in Victoria, Australia. METHODS A postal survey of all 766 Victorian residential aged care facilities. Respondents were asked to outline the nature of social participation opportunities available to residents, any potential barriers to inclusion and organisational commitments such as funding allocations and staff fractions. RESULTS Surveys were returned by 153 facilities, representing a response rate of 20%. All facilities had a dedicated social program, although just over half (57%; 87 of 153) offered the social program over the weekend, usually on a Saturday morning only (90%). Barriers to older people's opportunities for social participation included their ineligibility to continue attending external community programs once entering residential aged care (86%), their illness (71%), carer availability (50%) and lack of funding (42%). Funding for almost all programs (128 of 153; 84%) was described as internal and ad hoc, and staff allocations for the program were almost entirely fractional. Only 12 (8%) facilities reported that they had a dedicated full-time coordinator for the social participation program. CONCLUSIONS Social participation programs are available in Victorian residential aged care facilities. However, limited funding and staff allocations reduce the opportunities for older people to engage in meaningful social participation with others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Clune
- Australian Centre for Evidence Based Aged Care, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jo Rayner
- Australian Centre for Evidence Based Aged Care, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda McAuliffe
- Australian Centre for Evidence Based Aged Care, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deirdre Fetherstonhaugh
- Australian Centre for Evidence Based Aged Care, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Boland G, Guerin S. Supporting Social Inclusion in Neighbourhoods of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: Service Providers' Practice Experiences. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2023; 27:291-314. [PMID: 35446739 PMCID: PMC10164231 DOI: 10.1177/17446295221085479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Deinstitutionalisation has increased the likelihood of adults with intellectual disabilities residing in neighbourhoods either in staff-supported accommodation or in their family home. However, it raises the question of whether national policies on disability have translated into practice actions by service providers that result in positive social inclusion outcomes for individuals. This study examined the practice initiatives supporting social inclusion in neighbourhoods in specialist state-funded service providers for adults with intellectual disabilities. Using a mixed methods design, CEOs/service leaders of 40 organisations completed an online survey. Follow-up interviews were completed with a randomised sample. Shifting towards new service models and strategic links with mainstream organisations were most often mentioned as furthering social inclusion goals. A wide range of service initiatives were reported, with positive outcomes alongside a range of challenges. Service providers play an important role in providing individualised supports that foster local engagement. However, the service context is complex and service leaders have reported many challenges that may impede progress on social inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Boland
- UCD Centre for Disability Studies, UCD School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Guerin
- UCD Centre for Disability Studies, UCD School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Ankori G, Yaacovi Y, Carmeli E. Should inclusion have an expiry date? Older people's attitudes on intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2022; 36:87-95. [PMID: 36156835 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older people with intellectual disabilities represent a new and neglected population in need of services, yet it may be problematic to include them in generic services without having a clear idea of how elderly people from the general population feel towards them. To the best of our knowledge, this topic has not been addressed quantitatively. METHOD Seventy-three participants over 63 years of age (23 females and 50 males) from the general population without an intellectual disability completed two valid measures: the CLAS-MR and the WHOQOL-OLD. RESULTS Level of education and quality of life were positively associated with attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities. Age was negatively associated with knowledge regarding intellectual disability. CONCLUSIONS When preparing for the inclusion of older people with intellectual disabilities in generic services, attention should be given to members' level of education, quality of life, and knowledge regarding intellectual disabilities. Sensitivity should be applied to potential tendencies to shelter people with intellectual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galia Ankori
- Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel.,Child and Adolescence Mental Health Clinic of Maccabi Health Services, Netanya, Israel
| | - Yehonatan Yaacovi
- Economics and Management Department, Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Eli Carmeli
- Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt Carmel, Israel
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Giummarra MJ, Randjelovic I, O’Brien L. Interventions for social and community participation for adults with intellectual disability, psychosocial disability or on the autism spectrum: An umbrella systematic review. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 3:935473. [PMID: 36189003 PMCID: PMC9397886 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.935473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveThis umbrella systematic review examined the effectiveness, facilitators, and barriers of interventions for social, community and civic participation for adults on the autism spectrum, or with intellectual or psychosocial disability.Data SourcesEight databases were searched to identify eligible reviews defined by the: Sample (≥50% adults on the autism spectrum or with intellectual or psychosocial disability), Phenomena of Interest (interventions in community settings that aimed to improve social, community or civic participation, or capacity to participate), Design (any), Evaluation (any method that evaluated impacts on participation or capacity to participate), and Research type (reviews as journal articles, dissertations or in grey literature, in English, published 2010-2020).Review MethodsRapid review methods were used. One researcher screened 27,890 records and 788 potentially eligible full texts. A second reviewer independently screened 20% of records, and ambiguous full text publications. Study quality was extracted, and review quality was assessed with the Assessing Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) checklist. Data from 522 studies in 57 eligible systematic reviews were extracted for narrative synthesis. The Corrected Covered Area (CCA) was calculated to indicate overlap between reviews.ResultsThere was a pooled sample of 28,154 study participants, predominantly from studies in North America, the UK and Europe. There was very low overlap between reviews (CCA = 0.3%). Reviews were predominantly low quality: 77.2% of reviews met <50% of AMSTAR criteria. Most studies were low (45.4%) or moderate (38.3%) quality. Three broad intervention categories improved participation, inclusion and belonging outcomes: (1) interventions to help people identify and connect with participation opportunities (e.g., person centred planning); (2) participation opportunities or activities (e.g., joining a community group, sports or outdoor activities, or arts-based activities); and (3) supports to build skills and capacity to participate socially and in the community.ConclusionsThe evidence highlighted that improved social and community participation requires purposeful strategies that identify meaningful participation preferences (e.g., where, when, how, and with whom) and provide support to build capacity or enable ongoing participation. Community capacity building, peer support and advocacy may also be needed to make the community more accessible, and to enable people to exercise genuine choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melita J. Giummarra
- Research and Evaluation Branch, Digital Design and Strategy Division, National Disability Insurance Agency, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Correspondence: Melita J. Giummarra
| | - Ivana Randjelovic
- Research and Evaluation Branch, Digital Design and Strategy Division, National Disability Insurance Agency, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa O’Brien
- Research and Evaluation Branch, Digital Design and Strategy Division, National Disability Insurance Agency, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
- Department of Nursing and Allied Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
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Santos FH, Zurek J, Janicki MP. Efficacy of Healthy Aging Interventions for Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2022; 62:e235-e252. [PMID: 33220058 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnaa192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There is a lack of information on intervention strategies employed for health promotion and disease prevention for older adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs), who usually experience poorer health compared to their peers without IDDs. We carried out the first systematic review to scrutinize the impact of intrinsic factors (e.g., cognitive, mental, and physical health) on the health status of older adults with IDDs. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To assess the efficacy of such interventions, we examined 23 articles including prospective "healthy aging" interventions designed for adults with IDDs. Searches were carried out in the databases Web of Science, Scielo, and PsycINFO in April 2020. Articles were organized in thematic areas: (a) physical activity and health nutrition (n = 10), (b) health education and health screening (n = 6), (c) social inclusion and community participation (n = 3), and (d) multicomponents (n = 4). Except for 5 randomized controlled trial studies, the designs were mainly nonrandomized, involving small sample sizes (Nrange = 8-379 participants), and lacking follow-up. RESULTS The studies included 2,398 men and women with IDDs (ranging in age from 18 to 86 years [mean age: 44.3 years]). Overall, intervention outcomes were mostly positive; however, some negative outcomes were reported. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS In brief, healthy aging interventions for people with IDDs remain scarce, incipient, and sporadic. We recommend that more attention needs to be given to active health promotion with people with IDDs as a program practice among organizations and as a focal public policy among governments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia H Santos
- UCD Centre for Disability Studies, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Matthew P Janicki
- Department of Disability and Human Development, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
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A scoping review to characterize bridging tasks in the literature on aging with disability. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20:170. [PMID: 32131826 PMCID: PMC7057667 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-5046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bridging involves improving knowledge sharing and collaboration across different fields, such as aging and disability. The objectives of this review were to describe: 1) the contexts where bridging has occurred in relation to delivery of health services for adults aging with neurological or developmental conditions; and 2) characterize and map bridging tasks, stakeholders involved, and outcomes discussed in peer-reviewed literature. Methods Seven databases were searched around the core concepts of “bridging,” “aging,” and “disability.” In total, 10,819 articles were screened with 49 meeting the inclusion criteria of discussing aging with developmental or neurological disability, explicitly describing bridging tasks, published in English and a peer-reviewed publication. Bibliographic information, sample characteristics, and data on bridging was extracted and included in the qualitative synthesis. Results Intellectual and/or Developmental disabilities were the most studied population (76% of articles), and most articles were published in the United States (57%). Twenty-two bridging tasks were identified, and categorized into three domains: health and social service delivery (e.g., care coordination tasks), policy (e.g., policy change), and research and training (e.g., mentoring). Stakeholders involved ranged from health care professionals to policy makers and organizations in aging and disability services. Conclusions The resulting matrix will assist in the specification of bridging in research and practice. Future work should evaluate specific models of bridging and their effects on health service delivery.
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McCausland D, Stancliffe RJ, McCallion P, McCarron M. Longitudinal use and factors associated with public transport and other travel options for older people with an intellectual disability in Ireland. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2019; 33:442-456. [PMID: 31746061 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transport is an important basis for social participation. Challenges to accessing and using transport for people with intellectual disabilities increase their risk of exclusion and loneliness. METHOD Data from a nationally representative study of older people with intellectual disabilities (n = 708) were used to examine longitudinal changes in transport usage and factors associated with using public transport and other travel options. RESULTS Findings confirmed that this population depends on others for transportation. The most frequently used mode, staff-supported transport, showed no significant longitudinal change. Public transport was secondary, with only moderate continued use between data collection points. Level of intellectual disability most strongly predicted public transport use, while community residence most strongly predicted using public transport to attend work or day programmes. CONCLUSIONS Transport usage is associated with demand and supply factors linked to the person's environment, including having somewhere to go that requires transport and availability of transport options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren McCausland
- Centre for Ageing and Intellectual Disability, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roger J Stancliffe
- Centre for Disability Research and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Mary McCarron
- Centre for Ageing and Intellectual Disability, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Schepens HRMM, Van Puyenbroeck J, Maes B. How to improve the quality of life of elderly people with intellectual disability: A systematic literature review of support strategies. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2018; 32:483-521. [DOI: 10.1111/jar.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bea Maes
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Bigby C, Anderson S, Cameron N. Identifying conceptualizations and theories of change embedded in interventions to facilitate community participation for people with intellectual disability: A scoping review. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2017; 31:165-180. [PMID: 28799696 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little progress has been made towards community participation of people with intellectual disability despite it being a policy aim since the 1980s. We aimed to identify the features of programmes designed to support community participation. METHOD A scoping review was conducted of peer-reviewed literature between 2000 and 2015, about interventions to support community participation for adults with intellectual disability. RESULTS A small body of evidence relates to the design and effectiveness of interventions to enhance community participation. Seventeen studies reported programmes reflecting three conceptualizations of community participation (as social relationships, as convivial encounter and as belonging) that used strategies such as active mentoring, facilitative support worker practice and arts-based programmes. CONCLUSIONS Studies showed the diverse and person-centred nature of community participation and demonstrated the need for larger-scale studies of promising interventions that include details of costs, and strategies to guide implementation of policies to support community participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bigby
- Living with Disability Research Centre, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Vic., Australia
| | - Sian Anderson
- Living with Disability Research Centre, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Vic., Australia
| | - Nadine Cameron
- Living with Disability Research Centre, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Vic., Australia
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Dean EE, Fisher KW, Shogren KA, Wehmeyer ML. Participation and Intellectual Disability: A Review of the Literature. INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 54:427-439. [PMID: 27893310 DOI: 10.1352/1934-9556-54.6.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Participation is a central aspect of human functioning and a key focus of research and practice in the intellectual disability field. However, there is not an accepted definition of participation that guides research and practice. To inform the development of a definition, a scoping review of the intellectual disability literature from 2001-2015 was conducted. Findings suggest that existing research rarely uses definitions of participation, but does examine participation across multiple domains and addresses issues of access and inclusion. Less focus was placed on individual aspects of participation such as meaning, responsibility, and choice. Based on the findings, implications for future research and practice are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan E Dean
- Evan E. Dean, University of Kansas; Kim W. Fisher, Arizona State University; Karrie A. Shogren, University of Kansas; and Michael L. Wehmeyer, University of Kansas
| | - Kim W Fisher
- Evan E. Dean, University of Kansas; Kim W. Fisher, Arizona State University; Karrie A. Shogren, University of Kansas; and Michael L. Wehmeyer, University of Kansas
| | - Karrie A Shogren
- Evan E. Dean, University of Kansas; Kim W. Fisher, Arizona State University; Karrie A. Shogren, University of Kansas; and Michael L. Wehmeyer, University of Kansas
| | - Michael L Wehmeyer
- Evan E. Dean, University of Kansas; Kim W. Fisher, Arizona State University; Karrie A. Shogren, University of Kansas; and Michael L. Wehmeyer, University of Kansas
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Goods N, Millsteed J. Understanding retirement for ageing adults with a disability in supported employment. Br J Occup Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0308022616662051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Employees with disabilities in supported employment are ageing and, as their retirement from work approaches, it is critical to consider how they perceive their occupational roles might change. They need to consider what activities they choose to engage in, and what service or supports might be necessary to make a successful transition to retirement. The aim of this study was to understand how ageing employees with disabilities perceive retirement, and how their occupational roles might change. Method A qualitative study was conducted with 10 participants working in a supported employment service, for whom transitioning from work to retirement was imminent. Findings Participants perceived retirement to be boring, full of meaningless activities and lonely. It also meant a reduced income that would result in hardship, and a loss of self-esteem at losing their employee role. They had limited knowledge about alternative activities in retirement. Conclusion Participants perceived significant barriers to making the transition from employee to retiree. Occupational therapy can provide support with pre-retirement planning and evidence-based strategies such as a client-centred approach, mapping new routines, and training staff and mentors. They could also advocate for changes in service delivery to improve practices that will encourage active ageing for people with disabilities in retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Goods
- Injury Management Consultant, STAR Injury Management Services Perth, Australia
| | - Jeannine Millsteed
- Professor in Occupational Therapy, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
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Stancliffe RJ, Bigby C, Balandin S, Wilson NJ, Craig D. Transition to retirement and participation in mainstream community groups using active mentoring: a feasibility and outcomes evaluation with a matched comparison group. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2015; 59:703-718. [PMID: 25496307 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper reports on the feasibility and outcomes of a transition to retirement programme for older adults with disability. Without activities and social inclusion, retirees with disability are likely to face inactivity, isolation and loneliness. METHODS Matched intervention and comparison groups each consisted of 29 older individuals with disability. There were 42 men and 16 women with a mean age of 55.6 years While attending their individual mainstream community group 1 day per week, intervention group participants received support from community group members trained as mentors. We assessed participants' loneliness, social satisfaction, depression, life events, quality of life, community participation, social contacts, and work hours before and 6 months after joining a community group. RESULTS Twenty-five (86%) of the intervention group attended their community group weekly for at least 6 months. They increased their community participation, made an average of four new social contacts and decreased their work hours. Intervention participants were more socially satisfied post-intervention than comparison group members. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that participation in mainstream community groups with support from trained mentors is a viable option for developing a retirement lifestyle for older individuals with disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Stancliffe
- Centre for Disability Research and Policy, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Bigby
- School of Social Work and Social Policy, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Balandin
- School of Health & Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - N J Wilson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D Craig
- School of Social Work and Social Policy, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Bigby C, Wiesel I. Mediating Community Participation: Practice of Support Workers in Initiating, Facilitating or Disrupting Encounters between People with and without Intellectual Disability. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2015; 28:307-18. [PMID: 25565134 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bigby
- Living with Disability Research Centre; La Trobe University; Vic; Australia
| | - Ilan Wiesel
- City Futures; University of New South Wales; NSW Australia
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