1
|
Van Hassel WHR, Abdallah MF, Gracia Guzman Velasquez M, Miles CO, Samdal IA, Masquelier J, Rajkovic A. Experimental accumulation and depuration kinetics and natural occurrence of microcystin-LR in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123715. [PMID: 38462191 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a hepatotoxic metabolite that naturally occurs during some cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic waterbodies, and irrigation of edible plants with MC-LR-contaminated water causes bioaccumulation of the toxin. However, sufficient information about accumulation and depuration mechanics in hydroculture-grown herb plants is still lacking. This work aimed at 1) investigating bioaccumulation and depuration of MC-LR in basil, 2) verifying the possible MC-LR detoxification mechanisms in the plant, and 3) detecting the natural occurrence of MC-LR in basil (n = 50) collected from the Belgian market. Basil plants grown in a hydroculture were exposed to MC-LR (5, 20, and 50 μg L-1) spiked in a Hoagland solution for seven days. MC-LR depuration was also studied by transferring the plants to a non-contaminated Hoagland solution after exposure to MC-LR for another seven days. MC-LR concentrations in Hoagland solution, basil leaves, and roots were quantified using a validated UHPLC-MS/MS method. In addition, ELISA and LC-HRMS (only basil leaves) were used for confirmation. The results showed an increase in the accumulated levels of MC-LR at higher exposure doses, with higher MC-LR levels in roots than in leaves for all the treatment conditions. For MC-LR depuration, significant reductions were observed in all the treatment conditions for roots only. No MC-LR conjugates, potentially related to metabolism, were detected by LC-HRMS. Finally, MC-LR was detected in one store-bought basil sample, representing the first occurrence of cyanotoxins in an edible crop from Belgium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wannes Hugo R Van Hassel
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, 9000, Belgium; Sciensano, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, Tervuren, 3080, Belgium; InBios- Centre for Protein Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Allée du six Août 11, Liège, 4000, Belgium.
| | - Mohamed F Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, 9000, Belgium; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Maria Gracia Guzman Velasquez
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, 9000, Belgium; Sciensano, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, Tervuren, 3080, Belgium
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada; Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Postboks 64, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Ingunn A Samdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Postboks 64, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Julien Masquelier
- Sciensano, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, Tervuren, 3080, Belgium
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, 9000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baev V, Apostolova E, Gotcheva V, Koprinarova M, Papageorgiou M, Rocha JM, Yahubyan G, Angelov A. 16S-rRNA-Based Metagenomic Profiling of the Bacterial Communities in Traditional Bulgarian Sourdoughs. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030803. [PMID: 36985376 PMCID: PMC10058899 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sourdoughs (SDs) are spontaneously formed microbial ecosystems composed of various species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and acid-tolerant yeasts in food matrices of cereal flours mixed with water. To date, more than 90 LAB species have been isolated, significantly impacting the organoleptic characteristics, shelf life, and health properties of bakery products. To learn more about the unique bacterial communities involved in creating regional Bulgarian sourdoughs, we examined the metacommunities of five sourdoughs produced by spontaneous fermentation and maintained by backslopping in bakeries from three geographic locations. The 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing showed that the former genus Lactobacillus was predominant in the studied sourdoughs (51.0-78.9%). Weissella (0.9-42.8%), Herbaspirillum (1.6-3.8%), Serratia (0.1-11.7%), Pediococcus (0.2-7.5%), Bacteroides (0.1-1.3%), and Sphingomonas (0.1-0.5%) were also found in all 5 samples. Genera Leuconostoc, Enterococcus, Bacillus, and Asaia were sample-specific. It is interesting to note that the genus Weissella was more abundant in wholegrain samples. The greatest diversity at the species level was found in the former genus Lactobacillus, presented in the sourdough samples with 13 species. The UPGMA cluster analysis clearly demonstrated similarity in species' relative abundance between samples from the same location. In addition, we can conclude that the presence of two main clusters-one including samples from mountainous places (the cities of Smolyan and Bansko) and the other including samples from the city of Ruse (the banks of the Danube River)-may indicate the impact of climate and geographic location (e.g., terrain, elevation, land use, and nearby water bodies and their streams) on the abundance of microbiome taxa. As the bacterial population is crucial for bread standardization, we expect the local bakery sector to be interested in the relationship between process variables and their effect on bacterial dynamics described in this research study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vesselin Baev
- Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv, Tzar Assen 24, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Elena Apostolova
- Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv, Tzar Assen 24, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Velitchka Gotcheva
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritza Blvd., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Miglena Koprinarova
- Institute of Molecular Biology "Acad. Roumen Tsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Catering and Nutrition, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritza Blvd., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Maria Papageorgiou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, P.O. Box 141, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - João Miguel Rocha
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Galina Yahubyan
- Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv, Tzar Assen 24, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Angel Angelov
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritza Blvd., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nagy A, Magyar T, Kiss NÉ, Tamás J. Composted sewage sludge utilization in phytostabilization of heavy metals contaminated soils. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2023; 25:1510-1523. [PMID: 36734108 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2170322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In phytostabilization, heavy metal-tolerant plants (e.g.,grasses) can be used to reduce the mobility of heavy metals in soils. The most important step in phytostabilization is the selection of the suitable plant species, in which growth and development can be supported by soil amendments. Sewage sludge compost could be a suitable additive, which provides nutrients for the plant species used for phytostabilization and contributes to an alternative solution for sewage sludge utilization. The aim of the study was to examine the potential of sewage sludge compost in phytostabilization for heavy metal contaminated matrices: identify the optimal ratio of sewage sludge compost to decrease phytotoxicity of the matrices, and assessment of feasible plant species for phytostabilization based on its bioaccumulation properties. In this research, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), broad-leaved sorrel sorrel (Rumex acetosa), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) were used for phytotoxicity experiments as well as for testing sewage sludge compost amended phytostabilization of polluted flotation sludge and mine tailings. Sewage sludge compost increased the pH and electric conductivity of the matrices. High salt content and low acidity, altogether with heavy metals caused harmful physiological effects on plant species grown without any compost addition. In the root development test, as in the germination test, the application of 5% sewage sludge compost proved to be optimal. The lower translocation factors of broad-leaved sorrel and perennial ryegrass showed a higher rate of heavy metal accumulation in the roots. Perennial ryegrass, cabbage, and lettuce plant species reached their maximum biomass by adding 5% of sewage sludge compost. Based on the bioaccumulation, translocation and biomass properties, application of perennial ryegrass is recommended for phytostabilization of heavy metal contaminated sites. Furthermore, composted sewage sludge also had a significant effect on the reduction of heavy metal uptake by cabbage and lettuce, which highlights their role as indicator plants in ecotoxicological measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Nagy
- Institute of Water and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Magyar
- Institute of Water and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Éva Kiss
- Institute of Water and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Tamás
- Institute of Water and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abdullahi H, Tanimu Y, Akinyemi SA, do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira M, Chia MA. Assessment of microcystins in surface water and irrigated vegetables in Kwaru stream, Hayin Danmani, Kaduna-Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:78303-78313. [PMID: 35689773 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxic secondary metabolites produced by several genera of cyanobacteria. Human exposure routes include drinking contaminated water and consuming contaminated fish, vegetables, crops, and even food supplements that contain cyanotoxin. This study investigated the presence of MCs in a stream with a long history of use as a source of water for irrigation farming. To establish the risk of a lack of monitoring programs, we studied MCs contamination of irrigated vegetables. Toxin levels in the water were generally <0.05 μg L-1 in all the investigated stations. Total microcystin concentrations in spinach (0.306 μg Kg-1 upstream and 0.217 μg Kg-1 downstream), lettuce (0.085 μg Kg-1 upstream and 0.462 μg Kg-1 downstream), carrot (0.050 μg Kg-1 downstream and 0.116 μg Kg-1 downstream), cabbage (0.014 μg Kg-1 upstream and 0.031 μg Kg-1 downstream), tomatoes (0.233 μg Kg-1 upstream), and bitter leaf (0.460 μg Kg-1 upstream and 0.050 μg Kg-1 downstream) collected in March were higher than the levels detected in samples of the same vegetables collected in April. These results highlight Nigeria's severe public health problem, especially in regions with long dry season spells. The level of MCs contamination of irrigated vegetables implies a potential for chronic exposure and associated health challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yahuza Tanimu
- Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, Zip Code 13, Piracicaba, SP, 418-900, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Towards a Better Quantification of Cyanotoxins in Fruits and Vegetables: Validation and Application of an UHPLC-MS/MS-Based Method on Belgian Products. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetables and fruits can potentially accumulate cyanotoxins after water contaminated with cyanobacteria is used for irrigation. We developed and validated an analytical method to quantify eight microcystin congeners (MCs) and nodularin (NOD) using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) in three different matrices. Strawberries, carrots and lettuce are selected as model matrices to represent the fruits/berries, leafy and root vegetables, sequentially. The validation of a UHPLC-MS/MS method in the strawberry matrix is novel. Matrix effects are observed in all three matrices. Our methodology uses matrix-matched calibration curves to compensate for the matrix effect. The implementation of our method on 103 samples, containing nine different sorts of fruits and vegetables from the Belgian market, showed no presence of MCs or NOD. However, the recoveries of our quality controls showed the effectiveness of our method, illustrating that the use of this method in future research or monitoring as well as in official food controls in fruit and vegetable matrices is valid.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bouaïcha N, Metcalf JS, Porzani SJ, Konur O. Plant-cyanobacteria interactions: Beneficial and harmful effects of cyanobacterial bioactive compounds on soil-plant systems and subsequent risk to animal and human health. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 192:112959. [PMID: 34649057 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant-cyanobacteria interactions occur in different ways and at many different levels, both beneficial and harmful. Plant-cyanobacteria interactions, as a beneficial symbiosis, have long been demonstrated in rice-growing areas (Poaceae) where the most efficient nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are present in paddies. Moreover, cyanobacteria may in turn produce and/or secrete numerous bioactive compounds that have plant growth-promoting abilities or that may make the plant more resistant to abiotic or biotic stress. In recent years, there has been a growing worldwide interest in the use of cyanobacterial biomass as biofertilizers to replace chemical fertilizers, in part to overcome increasing organic-farming demands. However, the potential presence of harmful cyanotoxins has delayed the use of such cyanobacterial biomass, which can be found in large quantities in freshwater ecosystems around the world. In this review, we describe the existing evidence for the positive benefit of plant-cyanobacteria interactions and discuss the use of cyanobacterial biomass as biofertilizers and its growing worldwide interest. Although mass cyanobacterial blooms and scums are a current and emerging threat to the degradation of ecosystems and to animal and human health, they may serve as a source of numerous bioactive compounds with multiple positive effects that could be of use as an alternative to chemical fertilizers in the context of sustainable development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Bouaïcha
- Laboratory Ecology, Systematic and Evolution, UMR 8079 Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, University Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | | | - Samaneh Jafari Porzani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ozcan Konur
- Formerly, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Heil CA, Muni-Morgan AL. Florida’s Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) Problem: Escalating Risks to Human, Environmental and Economic Health With Climate Change. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.646080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) pose unique risks to the citizens, stakeholders, visitors, environment and economy of the state of Florida. Florida has been historically subjected to reoccurring blooms of the toxic marine dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (C. C. Davis) G. Hansen & Moestrup since at least first contact with explorers in the 1500’s. However, ongoing immigration of more than 100,000 people year–1 into the state, elevated population densities in coastal areas with attendant rapid, often unregulated development, coastal eutrophication, and climate change impacts (e.g., increasing hurricane severity, increases in water temperature, ocean acidification and sea level rise) has likely increased the occurrence of other HABs, both freshwater and marine, within the state as well as the number of people impacted by these blooms. Currently, over 75 freshwater, estuarine, coastal and marine HAB species are routinely monitored by state agencies. While only blooms of K. brevis, the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense (Böhm) Steidinger, Tester, and Taylor and the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia spp. have resulted in closure of commercial shellfish beds, other HAB species, including freshwater and marine cyanobacteria, pose either imminent or unknown risks to human, environmental and economic health. HAB related human health risks can be classified into those related to consumption of contaminated shellfish and finfish, consumption of or contact with bloom or toxin contaminated water or exposure to aerosolized HAB toxins. While acute human illnesses resulting from consumption of brevetoxin-, saxitoxin-, and domoic acid-contaminated commercial shellfish have been minimized by effective monitoring and regulation, illnesses due to unregulated toxin exposures, e.g., ciguatoxins and cyanotoxins, are not well documented or understood. Aerosolized HAB toxins potentially impact the largest number of people within Florida. While short-term (days to weeks) impacts of aerosolized brevetoxin exposure are well documented (e.g., decreased respiratory function for at-risk subgroups such as asthmatics), little is known of longer term (>1 month) impacts of exposure or the risks posed by aerosolized cyanotoxin [e.g., microcystin, β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA)] exposure. Environmental risks of K. brevis blooms are the best studied of Florida HABs and include acute exposure impacts such as significant dies-offs of fish, marine mammals, seabirds and turtles, as well as negative impacts on larval and juvenile stages of many biota. When K. brevis blooms are present, brevetoxins can be found throughout the water column and are widespread in both pelagic and benthic biota. The presence of brevetoxins in living tissue of both fish and marine mammals suggests that food web transfer of these toxins is occurring, resulting in toxin transport beyond the spatial and temporal range of the bloom such that impacts of these toxins may occur in areas not regularly subjected to blooms. Climate change impacts, including temperature effects on cell metabolism, shifting ocean circulation patterns and changes in HAB species range and bloom duration, may exacerbate these dynamics. Secondary HAB related environmental impacts are also possible due to hypoxia and anoxia resulting from elevated bloom biomass and/or the decomposition of HAB related mortalities. Economic risks related to HABs in Florida are diverse and impact multiple stakeholder groups. Direct costs related to human health impacts (e.g., increased hospital visits) as well as recreational and commercial fisheries can be significant, especially with wide-spread sustained HABs. Recreational and tourism-based industries which sustain a significant portion of Florida’s economy are especially vulnerable to both direct (e.g., declines in coastal hotel occupancy rates and restaurant and recreational users) and indirect (e.g., negative publicity impacts, associated job losses) impacts from HABs. While risks related to K. brevis blooms are established, Florida also remains susceptible to future HABs due to large scale freshwater management practices, degrading water quality, potential transport of HABs between freshwater and marine systems and the state’s vulnerability to climate change impacts.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Y, Whalen JK, Sauvé S. Phytotoxicity and bioconcentration of microcystins in agricultural plants: Meta-analysis and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115966. [PMID: 33168379 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins are cyanotoxins produced by many species of cyanobacteria. They are specific inhibitors of serine/threonine protein phosphatases and are phytotoxic to agricultural plants. This study used a formal meta-analysis to estimate the phytotoxicity and bioconcentration rates of agricultural plants exposed to microcystins, and the human health risk from consuming microcystin-contaminated plants. Among the 35 agricultural plants investigated, microcystins were most phytotoxic to durum wheat, corn, white mustard and garden cress. Leafy vegetables such as dill, parsley and cabbage could bioconcentrate ∼3 times more microcystins in their edible parts than other agricultural plants. Although the human health risk from ingesting microcystins could be greater for leafy vegetables than other agricultural plants, further work is needed to confirm bioconcentration of microcystins in realistic water-soil-plant environments. Still, we should avoid growing leafy vegetables, durum wheat and corn on agricultural land that is irrigated with microcystins-contaminated water and be attentive to the risk of microcystins contamination in the agricultural food supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- McGill University, Department of Natural Resource Science, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada, H9X 3V9
| | - Joann K Whalen
- McGill University, Department of Natural Resource Science, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada, H9X 3V9.
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Université de Montréal, Department of Chemistry, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brêda-Alves F, de Oliveira Fernandes V, Cordeiro-Araújo MK, Chia MA. The combined effect of clethodim (herbicide) and nitrogen variation on allelopathic interactions between Microcystis aeruginosa and Raphidiopsis raciborskii. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:11528-11539. [PMID: 33128150 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale use of herbicides deteriorates water quality and threatens aquatic biodiversity. Unfortunately, there are few studies on the ecological effects of herbicides on toxin-producing strains of cyanobacteria under changing nutrient conditions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of the herbicide clethodim and nitrogen variation on the allelopathic interactions and toxin production of Microcystis aeruginosa BCCUSP232 and Raphidiopsis raciborskii (formerly known as Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii) ITEPA1. M. aeruginosa had increased cell density when exposed to the clethodim (H +) (23.55 mg/L), whereas the highest cell density of R. raciborskii was observed in the treatment with clethodim plus limited nitrogen. Also, the cell-free exudate of R. raciborskii significantly stimulated the growth of M. aeruginosa on day 3 of the experiment. The concentration of chlorophyll-a in M. aeruginosa cultures generally increased in all the treatments, while in R. raciborskii cultures, the opposite occurred. Total microcystins (MCs) content of M. aeruginosa in the mixed cultures was 68% higher in nitrogen-enriched conditions than the control. A similar increase in MC content occurred in M. aeruginosa unialgal culture treated with R. raciborskii exudate. Total saxitoxin concentration was 81% higher in mixed cultures of R. raciborskii simultaneously exposed to high nitrogen and clethodim. Similarly, unialgal cultures of R. raciborskii exposed to either high nitrogen or clethodim had higher saxitoxins concentrations than the control. The intracellular H2O2 content of M. aeruginosa cultures decreased, whereas, in R. raciborskii cultures, it increased during exposure to high nitrogen and clethodim. Only R. raciborskii had a significant variation in peroxidase activity. The activities of glutathione S-transferase of both strains were higher in the presence of clethodim. These results revealed that nitrogen enrichment and the presence of clethodim might lead to the excessive proliferation of M. aeruginosa and R. raciborskii and increased production of cyanotoxins in aquatic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Brêda-Alves
- Laboratório de Taxonomia e Ecologia de Algas Continentais, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av., Fernando Ferrari, Vitoria, 29075-015, Brasil.
| | - Valéria de Oliveira Fernandes
- Laboratório de Taxonomia e Ecologia de Algas Continentais, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av., Fernando Ferrari, Vitoria, 29075-015, Brasil
| | - Micheline Kézia Cordeiro-Araújo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Mathias Ahii Chia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
- Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 810001, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Winnicki K, Łudzik K, Żabka A, Polit JT, Zawisza A, Maszewski J. Anti-algal activity of the 12-5-12 gemini surfactant results from its impact on the photosynthetic apparatus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2360. [PMID: 33504917 PMCID: PMC7840743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid amplification of algal population has a negative impact on the environment and the global economy. Thus, control of algal proliferation is an important issue and effective procedures which reduce algal blooms and control algal fouling are highly desired. Gemini surfactants are considered to have a low environmental impact, therefore they seem to be a promising group of detergents which could reduce algal blooms in water systems. Furthermore, due to their emulsifying properties they could replace algaecides added to antifouling paints and decrease algae adhesion to various surfaces. In this study the toxic effect of the 12-5-12 gemini surfactant was investigated on Chlorella cells and close attention was paid to a potential mechanism of its action. At the high cell density (10.05 × 107 cells/mL) a dose-dependent cell death was found and the IC50 value was reached at the concentration of 19.6 µmol/L after 72-h exposure to the surfactant. The decrease in chlorophyll autofluorescence shows that the photosynthetic apparatus seems to be the target of the tested compound. The presented studies indicate that gemini surfactants could effectively reduce algal blooms in water systems, and if added to paints, they could decrease algal growth on external building walls or other water immersed surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Winnicki
- grid.10789.370000 0000 9730 2769Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Łudzik
- grid.10789.370000 0000 9730 2769Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 163/165, 90-236 Łódź, Poland ,grid.33762.330000000406204119Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
| | - Aneta Żabka
- grid.10789.370000 0000 9730 2769Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lódź, Poland
| | - Justyna Teresa Polit
- grid.10789.370000 0000 9730 2769Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lódź, Poland
| | - Anna Zawisza
- grid.10789.370000 0000 9730 2769Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, ul. Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Janusz Maszewski
- grid.10789.370000 0000 9730 2769Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lódź, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Brêda-Alves F, Militão FP, de Alvarenga BF, Miranda PF, de Oliveira Fernandes V, Cordeiro-Araújo MK, Chia MA. Clethodim (herbicide) alters the growth and toxins content of Microcystis aeruginosa and Raphidiopsis raciborskii. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125318. [PMID: 31995862 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increased agricultural intensification goes with the widespread use of herbicides that adversely affect aquatic biodiversity. The effects of herbicides on toxin-producing cyanobacteria have been poorly studied. The present study aimed to investigate the toxicological and physiological effects of the herbicide clethodim on Raphidiopsis raciborskii (a.k.a. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii) ITEPA1 and Microcystis aeruginosa BCCUSP232. On day four of the experiment, the exposure to 25 mg/L clethodim resulted in the highest cell density of R. raciborskii. Similarly, exposure to the 1, 5, 20, and 50 mg/L clethodim treatments resulted in the highest cell densities of M. aeruginosa on day 4 of the experiment. Medium effect concentrations (EC50) after 96 h of exposure of both strains to clethodim were 192.98 mg/L and 168.73 mg/L for R. raciborskii and M. aeruginosa, respectively. The presence of clethodim significantly increased the total microcystin content of M. aeruginosa compared to the control cultures. At 400 mg/L, total saxitoxins content of R. raciborskii was 27% higher than that of the control cultures on day 4. In contrast, cultures exposed to 100 mg/L clethodim had the lowest saxitoxins levels per cell quota. There was an increase in the levels of intracellular hydrogen peroxide in both species during exposure to clethodim, which was followed by significant changes (p < 0.05) in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. These results revealed that the presence of low levels of clethodim in the aquatic environment might lead to the excessive proliferation of cyanobacteria and alteration of their cyanotoxins content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Brêda-Alves
- Laboratory of Taxonomy and Ecology of Algae Continents, Department of Botany, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 29075-015, Brazil.
| | - Frederico Pacheco Militão
- Laboratory of Taxonomy and Ecology of Algae Continents, Department of Botany, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 29075-015, Brazil
| | - Brener Freitas de Alvarenga
- Laboratory of Taxonomy and Ecology of Algae Continents, Department of Botany, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 29075-015, Brazil
| | - Pamela Ferreira Miranda
- Laboratory of Taxonomy and Ecology of Algae Continents, Department of Botany, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 29075-015, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Oliveira Fernandes
- Laboratory of Taxonomy and Ecology of Algae Continents, Department of Botany, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 29075-015, Brazil
| | - Micheline Kézia Cordeiro-Araújo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mathias Ahii Chia
- Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 810001, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang J, Zhang C, Zhu J, Ding J, Chen Y, Han X. Blood-brain barrier disruption and inflammation reaction in mice after chronic exposure to Microcystin-LR. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:662-678. [PMID: 31279213 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR), which produced by toxic cyanobacteria and widely present in eutrophic waters, has been shown to have potent acute hepatotoxicity. MC-LR has been revealed to inflict damage to brain, while the neurotoxicity of chronic exposure to MC-LR and mechanisms underlying it are still confusing. Here, the mice were exposed to MC-LR dissolved in drinking water at dose of 1, 7.5, 15, and 30 μg/L for consecutive 180 days. MC-LR accumulated in mouse brains and impaired the blood-brain barrier by inducing the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), which was regulated by NF-κB, c-Fos and c-Jun. Furthermore, MC-LR exposure induced microglial and astrocyte activation and resultant neuroinflammatory response. This study highlights the risks to human health of the current microcystin exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Changliang Zhang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jinling Zhu
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yabing Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chia MA, Auta ZZ, Esson AE, Yisa AG, Abolude DS. Assessment of microcystin contamination of Amaranthus hybridus, Brassica oleracea, and Lactuca sativa sold in markets: a case study of Zaria, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:569. [PMID: 31418103 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced by several cyanobacteria genera that have been implicated in human cancer cases and deaths. Human exposure routes include direct contact with contaminated water and the consumption of contaminated food. The present study investigated the presence of MCs in three commonly consumed vegetables at the point of sale in market places as a means of assessing the direct human health risk of buying vegetables. Overall, 53% of the vegetables obtained from different markets had levels of MCs that were higher than 1.00 μg/g. Amaranthus hybridus L. (smooth amaranth) had the highest MC concentration (4.79 μg/g) in samples obtained from Sabon Gari Market, while Lactuca sativa L. (garden lettuce) had the lowest concentration (0.17 μg/g) in samples obtained from Dan-Magaji Market. The highest total daily intake (TDI) of MCs by an adult weighing 60 kg was 3.19 μg/kg for A. hybridus, 1.41 μg/kg for Brassica oleracea L. (cabbage), and 2.94 μg/kg for L. sativa. The highest TDI of MCs for a child weighing 25 kg was highest in A. hybridus (1.91 μg/kg), followed by L. sativa (1.77 μg/kg). These results revealed that the consumption of vegetables sold in markets in Zaria, Nigeria, during the dry season represents a major exposure route to MCs. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop policies and monitoring strategies to tackle this problem in developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abraham G Yisa
- Department of Zoology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - David S Abolude
- Department of Biology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Díez-Quijada L, Puerto M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Jos A, Cameán AM. Microcystin-RR: Occurrence, content in water and food and toxicological studies. A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 168:467-489. [PMID: 30399604 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxins, produced by various species of cyanobacteria, whose occurrence is increasing worldwide owing to climate change and anthropogenic activities. More than 100 variants have been reported, and among them MC-LR is the most extensively studied, but there are other MC congeners that deserve to be investigated. The need for data to characterize the toxicological profile of MC variants other than MC-LR has been identified in order to improve risk assessment in humans and wildlife. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate the information available in the scientific literature dealing with MC-RR, as this congener is the second most common cyanotoxin in the environment. The review focuses on aspects such as occurrence in water and food, and toxicity studies both in vitro and in vivo. It reveals that, although MC-RR is a real hazard with a high exposure potential in some countries, little is known yet about its specific toxicological properties that differ from those of MC-LR, and important aspects such as genotoxicity and chronic effects have not yet been sufficiently addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Díez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Llana-Ruiz-Cabello
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Díez-Quijada L, Guzmán-Guillén R, Prieto Ortega AI, Llana-Ruíz-Cabello M, Campos A, Vasconcelos V, Jos Á, Cameán AM. New Method for Simultaneous Determination of Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin in Vegetable Matrices by SPE-UPLC-MS/MS. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E406. [PMID: 30297653 PMCID: PMC6215191 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxins are a large group of noxious metabolites with different chemical structure and mechanisms of action, with a worldwide distribution, producing effects in animals, humans, and crop plants. When cyanotoxin-contaminated waters are used for the irrigation of edible vegetables, humans can be in contact with these toxins through the food chain. In this work, a method for the simultaneous detection of Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), Microcystin-RR (MC-RR), Microcystin-YR (MC-YR), and Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) in lettuce has been optimized and validated, using a dual solid phase extraction (SPE) system for toxin extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for analysis. Results showed linear ranges (5⁻50 ng g-1 f.w.), low values for limit of detection (LOD) (0.06⁻0.42 ng g-1 f.w.), and limit of quantification (LOQ) (0.16⁻0.91 ng g-1 f.w.), acceptable recoveries (41⁻93%), and %RSDIP values for the four toxins. The method proved to be robust for the three variables tested. Finally, it was successfully applied to detect these cyanotoxins in edible vegetables exposed to cyanobacterial extracts under laboratory conditions, and it could be useful for monitoring these toxins in edible vegetables for better exposure estimation in terms of risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Díez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Remedios Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ana I Prieto Ortega
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - María Llana-Ruíz-Cabello
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de leixões, Av General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Vítor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de leixões, Av General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cao Q, Steinman AD, Wan X, Xie L. Bioaccumulation of microcystin congeners in soil-plant system and human health risk assessment: A field study from Lake Taihu region of China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:44-50. [PMID: 29729568 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A 120-day field study was carried out near Lake Taihu to evaluate the bioaccumulation of microcystin (MC) congeners in a soil-plant system, as well as to assess human health risk when consuming edible plants irrigated with MCs-contaminated water. Natural cyanobacteria bloom-containing lake water (lake water) and half-diluted natural cyanobacteria bloom-containing lake water with tap water (half-lake water) were used to irrigate lettuce and rice. An additional treatment involving fertilization with a cyanobacteria bloom was applied just to the lettuce experiment. MCs in soils, roots, leaves and grains (rice) were detected. In the soil-lettuce system, the three MC congeners in soils fertilized with a cyanobacteria bloom were not detected. The highest concentrations of MCs detected in soils, lettuce roots and leaves were 24.8 (MC-LR 10.1, MC-RR 10.5, MC-YR 4.2) μg kg-1, 424 (MC-LR 168, MC-RR 194, MC-YR 61.5) μg kg-1 and 183 (MC-LR 78.0, MC-RR 76.8, MC-YR 28.1) μg kg-1, respectively, in the lake water treatment. In the soil-rice system, the highest concentration of MCs was accumulated in roots 1504 (MC-LR 634, MC-RR 573, MC-YR 297) μg kg-1, in the lake water treatment. However, the concentration of MCs that accumulated in grains was extremely low with a total MCs concentration of 5.2 (MC-LR 2.1, MC-RR 2.0, MC-YR 1.1) μg kg-1 in the lake water treatment. According to the estimated daily intake (EDI) value, fertilizing with an appropriate amount (0.2% or less, w/w, dry weight (DW)) of a cyanobacteria bloom, as well as consuming rice irrigated with lake water would not pose a threat to human health. However, the EDI values for both adults and children reached tolerable daily intake (TDI) value, assuming they consumed lettuce irrigated with lake water. Results obtained from the growth and yield indicators suggest that MCs bioaccumulation in edible plants is not necessarily coupled with phytotoxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alan D Steinman
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA
| | - Xiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Prieto AI, Guzmán-Guillén R, Díez-Quijada L, Campos A, Vasconcelos V, Jos Á, Cameán AM. Validation of a Method for Cylindrospermopsin Determination in Vegetables: Application to Real Samples Such as Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E63. [PMID: 29389882 PMCID: PMC5848164 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reports on the occurrence of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) have increased worldwide because of CYN toxic effects in humans and animals. If contaminated waters are used for plant irrigation, these could represent a possible CYN exposure route for humans. For the first time, a method employing solid phase extraction and quantification by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) of CYN was optimized in vegetables matrices such as lettuce (Lactuca sativa). The validated method showed a linear range, from 5 to 500 ng CYN g-1 of fresh weight (f.w.), and detection and quantitation limits (LOD and LOQ) of 0.22 and 0.42 ng CYN g-1 f.w., respectively. The mean recoveries ranged between 85 and 104%, and the intermediate precision from 12.7 to 14.7%. The method showed to be robust for the three different variables tested. Moreover, it was successfully applied to quantify CYN in edible lettuce leaves exposed to CYN-contaminated water (10 µg L-1), showing that the tolerable daily intake (TDI) in the case of CYN could be exceeded in elderly high consumers. The validated method showed good results in terms of sensitivity, precision, accuracy, and robustness for CYN determination in leaf vegetables such as lettuce. More studies are needed in order to prevent the risks associated with the consumption of CYN-contaminated vegetables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Remedios Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Leticia Díez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Alexandre Campos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research-CIIMAR/CIMAR, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research-CIIMAR/CIMAR, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4069-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Analysis of trace microcystins in vegetables using matrix solid-phase dispersion followed by high performance liquid chromatography triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry detection. Talanta 2017; 173:101-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
19
|
Levizou E, Statiris G, Papadimitriou T, Laspidou CS, Kormas KA. Lettuce facing microcystins-rich irrigation water at different developmental stages: Effects on plant performance and microcystins bioaccumulation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 143:193-200. [PMID: 28550806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the microcystins (MCs)-rich irrigation water effect on lettuce of different developmental stages, i.e. during a two months period, covering the whole period from seed germination to harvest at marketable size of the plant. We followed four lettuce plant groups receiving MCs-rich water (1.81μgl-1 of dissolved MCs), originating from the Karla Reservoir, central Greece: 1) from seeds, 2) the cotyledon, 3) two true leaves and 4) four true leaves stages, all of which were compared to control plants that received tap water. Lettuce growth, photosynthetic performance, biochemical and mineral characteristics, as well as MCs accumulation in leaves, roots and soil were measured. The overall performance of lettuce at various developmental stages pointed to increased tolerance since growth showed minor alterations and non-enzymatic antioxidants remained unaffected. Plants receiving MCs-rich water from the seed stage exhibited higher photosynthetic capacity, chlorophylls and leaf nitrogen content. Nevertheless, considerable MCs accumulation in various plant tissues occurred. The earlier in their development lettuce plants started receiving MCs-rich water, the more MCs they accumulated: roots and leaves of plants exposed to MCs-rich water from seeds and cotyledons stage exhibited doubled MCs concentrations compared to respective tissues of the 4 Leaves group. Furthermore, roots accumulated significantly higher MCs amounts than leaves of the same plant group. Concerning human health risk, the Estimated Daily Intake values (EDI) of Seed and Cotyledon groups leaves exceeded Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) by a factor of 6, while 2 Leaves and 4 Leaves groups exceeded TDI by a factor of 4.4 and 2.4 respectively. Our results indicate that irrigation of lettuce with MCs-rich water may constitute a serious public health risk, especially when contaminated water is received from the very early developmental stages (seed and cotyledon). Finally, results obtained for the tolerant lettuce indicate that MCs bioaccumulation in edible tissues is not necessarily coupled with phytotoxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efi Levizou
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, 384 46 Volos, Greece.
| | - George Statiris
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, 384 46 Volos, Greece
| | - Theodoti Papadimitriou
- Civil Engineering Department, University of Thessaly, Pedion Areos, 383 33 Volos, Greece
| | - Chrysi S Laspidou
- Civil Engineering Department, University of Thessaly, Pedion Areos, 383 33 Volos, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Ar Kormas
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, 384 46 Volos, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cordeiro-Araújo MK, Chia MA, Bittencourt-Oliveira MDC. Potential human health risk assessment of cylindrospermopsin accumulation and depuration in lettuce and arugula. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 68:217-223. [PMID: 28962982 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) has become a globally important secondary metabolite due to the negative effect it has on human and animal health. As a means of evaluating the risk of human exposure to CYN, the bioaccumulation and depuration of the toxin in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.) were investigated, after irrigation with contaminated water. The vegetables were irrigated for 7days with CYN (3, 5 and 10μg/L) contaminated water (bioaccumulation phase), and subsequently, irrigated for 7days with uncontaminated distilled water (depuration phase). In general, the bioaccumulation of CYN in both vegetables decreased with increasing exposure concentration. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) of CYN increased with the progression of the experiment at 3.0μg/L CYN, while the reverse occurred at 5 and 10μg/L CYN. In arugula, BCF increased at all CYN exposure concentrations throughout the study. The depuration of CYN decreased with increasing exposure concentration but was highest in the plants of both species with the highest bioaccumulation of CYN. Specifically, in plants previously irrigated with water contaminated with 3, 5 and 10μg/L CYN, the depuration of the toxin was 60.68, 27.67 and 18.52% for lettuce, and 47, 46.21 and 27.67% for arugula, respectively. Human health risks assessment revealed that the consumption of approximately 10 to 40g of vegetables per meal will expose children and adults to 1.00-6.00ng CYN/kg body mass for lettuce and 2.22-7.70ng CYN/kg body mass for arugula. The irrigation of lettuce and arugula with contaminated water containing low CYN concentrations constitutes a potential human exposure route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Kézia Cordeiro-Araújo
- Botany Graduate Program, Rural and Federal University of Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/N, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-030 Recife, PE, Brazil; Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mathias Ahii Chia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, 810001, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Botany Graduate Program, Rural and Federal University of Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/N, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-030 Recife, PE, Brazil; Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Miller A, Russell C. Food crops irrigated with cyanobacteria-contaminated water: an emerging public health issue in Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5864/d2017-021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aroha Miller
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control/National Collaboration Centre for Environmental Health, Vancouver, BC
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee J, Lee S, Jiang X. Cyanobacterial Toxins in Freshwater and Food: Important Sources of Exposure to Humans. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2017; 8:281-304. [PMID: 28245155 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030216-030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A recent ecological study demonstrated a significant association between an increased risk of nonalcoholic liver disease mortality and freshwater cyanobacterial blooms. Moreover, previous epidemiology studies highlighted a relationship between cyanotoxins in drinking water with liver cancer and damage and colorectal cancer. These associations identified cyanobacterial blooms as a global public health and environmental problem, affecting freshwater bodies that are important sources for drinking water, agriculture, and aquafarms. Furthermore, as a result of climate change, it is expected that our freshwater environments will become more favorable for producing harmful blooms that produce various cyanotoxins. Food is an important source of cyanotoxin exposure to humans, but it has been less addressed. This paper synthesizes information from the studies that have investigated cyanotoxins in freshwater and food on a global scale. We also review and summarize the health effects and exposure routes of cyanotoxins and candidates for cyanotoxin treatment methods that can be applied to food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; .,Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; .,Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
| | - Seungjun Lee
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
| | - Xuewen Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Drobac D, Tokodi N, Kiprovski B, Malenčić D, Važić T, Nybom S, Meriluoto J, Svirčev Z. Microcystin accumulation and potential effects on antioxidant capacity of leaves and fruits of Capsicum annuum. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:145-154. [PMID: 28140774 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1259527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Surface water, often used for irrigation purposes, may sometimes be contaminated with blooming cyanobacteria and thereby may contain their potent and harmful toxins. Cyanotoxins adversely affect many terrestrial plants, and accumulate in plant tissues that are subsequently ingested by humans. Studies were undertaken to (1) examine the bioaccumulation of microcystins (MCs) in leaves and fruits of pepper Capsicum annuum and (2) examine the potential effects of MCs on antioxidant capacity of these organs. Plants were irrigated with water containing MCs for a period of 3 mo. Data showed that MCs did not accumulate in leaves; however, in fruits the presence of the MC-LR (0.118 ng/mg dry weight) and dmMC-LR (0.077 ng/mg dry weight) was detected. The concentrations of MC-LR in fruit approached the acceptable guideline values and tolerable daily intake for this toxin. Lipid peroxidation levels and flavonoids content were significantly enhanced in both organs of treated plants, while total phenolic concentrations were not markedly variable between control and treated plants. Significant decrease in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity was noted for both organs. The levels of superoxide anion in fruits and hydroxyl radical in leaves were markedly reduced. Data suggest that exposure to MCs significantly reduced antioxidant capacity of experimental plants, indicating that MCs affected antioxidant systems in C. annuum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damjana Drobac
- a Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Nada Tokodi
- a Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | | | - Djordje Malenčić
- c Faculty of Agriculture , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Tamara Važić
- a Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Sonja Nybom
- d Faculty of Science and Engineering , Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University , Turku , Finland
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- a Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
- d Faculty of Science and Engineering , Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University , Turku , Finland
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- a Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
- d Faculty of Science and Engineering , Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University , Turku , Finland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Buratti FM, Manganelli M, Vichi S, Stefanelli M, Scardala S, Testai E, Funari E. Cyanotoxins: producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1049-1130. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
25
|
Chia MA, Cordeiro-Araújo MK, Lorenzi AS, Bittencourt-Oliveira MDC. Does anatoxin-a influence the physiology of Microcystis aeruginosa and Acutodesmus acuminatus under different light and nitrogen conditions? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:23092-23102. [PMID: 27590628 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to changing global climatic conditions, a lot of attention has been given to cyanobacteria and their bioactive secondary metabolites. These conditions are expected to increase the frequency of cyanobacterial blooms, and consequently, the concentrations of cyanotoxins in aquatic ecosystems. Unfortunately, there are very few studies that address the effects of cyanotoxins on the physiology of phytoplankton species under different environmental conditions. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the cyanotoxin anatoxin-a (ATX-A) on Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacteria) and Acutodesmus acuminatus (chlorophyta) under varying light and nitrogen conditions. Low light (LL) and nitrogen limitation (LN) resulted in significant cell density reduction of the two species, while the effect of ATX-A on M. aeruginosa was not significant. However, under normal (NN) and high nitrogen (HN) concentrations, exposure to ATX-A resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) lower cell density of A. acuminatus. Pigment content of M. aeruginosa significantly (p < 0.05) declined in the presence of ATX-A, regardless of the light condition. Under each light condition, exposure to ATX-A caused a reduction in total microcystin (MC) content of M. aeruginosa. The detected MC levels varied as a function of nitrogen and ATX-A concentrations. The production of reactive oxygen species (H2O2) and antioxidant enzyme activities of both species were significantly altered by ATX-A under different light and nitrogen conditions. Our results revealed that under different light and nitrogen conditions, the response of M. aeruginosa and A. acuminatus to ATX-A was variable, which demonstrated the need for different endpoints of environmental factors during ecotoxicological investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Ahii Chia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Sao Dimas, CEP, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Micheline Kézia Cordeiro-Araújo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Sao Dimas, CEP, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
- Botany Graduate Program, Rural and Federal University of Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/N, Dois Irmãos, CEP, Recife, PE, 52171-030, Brazil
| | - Adriana Sturion Lorenzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Sao Dimas, CEP, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Sao Dimas, CEP, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cordeiro-Araújo MK, Chia MA, Arruda-Neto JDDT, Tornisielo VL, Vilca FZ, Bittencourt-Oliveira MDC. Microcystin-LR bioaccumulation and depuration kinetics in lettuce and arugula: Human health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:1379-1386. [PMID: 27267723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is one of the most toxic and common microcystins (MCs) variant found in aquatic ecosystems. Little is known about the possibility of recovering microcystins contaminated agricultural crops. The objectives of this study were to determine the bioaccumulation and depuration kinetics of MC-LR in leaf tissues of lettuce and arugula, and estimate the total daily intake (ToDI) of MC-LR via contaminated vegetables by humans. Arugula and lettuce were irrigated with contaminated water having 5 and 10μgL(-1) of MC-LR for 7days (bioaccumulation), and subsequently, with uncontaminated water for 7days (depuration). Quantification of MC-LR was performed by LC-MS/MS. The one-compartment biokinetic model was employed for MC-LR bioaccumulation and depuration data analysis. MC-LR was only accumulated in lettuce. After 7days of irrigation with uncontaminated water, over 25% of accumulated MC-LR was still retained in leaf tissues of plants treated with 10μgL(-1) MC-LR. Total daily toxin intake by adult consumers (60kg-bw) exceeded the 0.04μgMC-LRkg(-1) limit recommended by WHO. Bioaccumulation was found to be linearly proportional to the exposure concentration of the toxin, increasing over time; and estimated to become saturated after 30days of uninterrupted exposure. On the other hand, MC-LR depuration was less efficient at higher exposure concentrations. This is because biokinetic half-life calculations gave 2.9 and 3.7days for 5 and 10μgL(-1) MC-LR treatments, which means 29-37days are required to eliminate the toxin. For the first time, our results demonstrated the possibility of MC-LR decontamination of lettuce plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Kézia Cordeiro-Araújo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; Botany Graduate Program, Rural and Federal University of Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/N, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-030 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Mathias Ahii Chia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - João Dias de Toledo Arruda-Neto
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão Travessa R Nr.187, CEP 05508-090, Cidade Universitária, SP, Brazil; FESP - São Paulo Engineering College, Av. Nove de Julho, 5520, CEP 01406-200 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Franz Zirena Vilca
- CENA, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, CEP 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; Botany Graduate Program, Rural and Federal University of Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/N, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-030 Recife, PE, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Quantitative determination by screening ELISA and HPLC-MS/MS of microcystins LR, LY, LA, YR, RR, LF, LW, and nodularin in the water of Occhito lake and crops. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:7699-7708. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
28
|
Bittencourt-Oliveira MDC, Cordeiro-Araújo MK, Chia MA, Arruda-Neto JDDT, de Oliveira ÊT, dos Santos F. Lettuce irrigated with contaminated water: Photosynthetic effects, antioxidative response and bioaccumulation of microcystin congeners. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 128:83-90. [PMID: 26896895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of microcystins (MCs) contaminated water to irrigate crop plants represents a human health risk due to their bioaccumulation potential. In addition, MCs cause oxidative stress and negatively influence photosynthetic activities in plants. The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of MCs on photosynthetic parameters and antioxidative response of lettuce. Furthermore, the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of total MCs, MC-LR and MC-RR in the vegetable after irrigation with contaminated water was determined. Lettuce crops were irrigated for 15 days with water containing cyanobacterial crude extracts (Microcystis aeruginosa) with MC-LR (0.0, 0.5, 2.0, 5.0 and 10.0 µg L(-1)), MC-RR (0.0, 0.15, 0.5, 1.5 and 3.0 µg L(-1)) and total MCs (0.0, 0.65, 2.5, 6.5 and 13.0 µg L(-1)). Increased net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, leaf tissue transpiration and intercellular CO2 concentration were recorded in lettuce exposed to different MCs concentrations. Antioxidant response showed that glutathione S-transferase activity was down-regulated in the presence of MCs. On the other hand, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities were upregulated with increasing MCs concentrations. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of total MCs and MC-LR was highest at 6.50 and 5.00 µg L(-1), respectively, while for MC-RR, the highest BAF was recorded at 1.50 µg L(-1) concentration. The amount of total MCs, MC-LR and MC-RR bioacumulated in lettuce was highest at the highest exposure concentrations. However, at the lowest exposure concentration, there were no detectable levels of MC-LR, MC-RR and total MCs in lettuce. Thus, the bioaccumulation of MCs in lettuce varies according to the exposure concentration. In addition, the extent of physiological response of lettuce to the toxins relies on exposure concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, Piracicaba, CEP 13418-900 SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, CEP 52171-030 PE, Brazil.
| | - Micheline Kézia Cordeiro-Araújo
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, Piracicaba, CEP 13418-900 SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, CEP 52171-030 PE, Brazil
| | - Mathias Ahii Chia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, Piracicaba, CEP 13418-900 SP, Brazil
| | - João Dias de Toledo Arruda-Neto
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão Travessa R Nr.187, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-090 SP, Brazil; FESP - São Paulo Engineering College, Av. 9 de Julho, 5520 - Jardim Europa, São Paulo, CEP 01406-200 SP, Brazil
| | - Ênio Tiago de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, Piracicaba, CEP 13418-900 SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, Piracicaba, CEP 13418-900 SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Carmichael WW, Boyer GL. Health impacts from cyanobacteria harmful algae blooms: Implications for the North American Great Lakes. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:194-212. [PMID: 28073476 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms (cHABs) have significant socioeconomic and ecological costs, which impact drinking water, fisheries, agriculture, tourism, real estate, water quality, food web resilience and habitats, and contribute to anoxia and fish kills. Many of these costs are well described, but in fact are largely unmeasured. Worldwide cHABs can produce toxins (cyanotoxins), which cause acute or chronic health effects in mammals (including humans) and other organisms. There are few attempts to characterize the full health-related effects other than acute incidences, which may go unrecorded. At present these are difficult to access and evaluate and may be ascribed to other causes. Such information is fundamental to measure the full costs of cHABs and inform the need for often-costly management and remediation. This paper synthesizes information on cHABs occurrence, toxicology and health effects, and relates this to past and current conditions in the Great Lakes, a major global resource which supplies 84% of the surface water in North America. This geographic region has seen a significant resurgence of cHABs since the 1980s. In particular we focus on Lake Erie, where increased reporting of cHABs has occurred from the early 1990's. We evaluate available information and case reports of cHAB-related illness and death and show that cHABs occur throughout the basin, with reports of animal illness and death, especially dogs and livestock. Lake Erie has consistently experienced cHABs and cyanotoxins in the last decade with probable cases of human illness, while the other Great Lakes show intermittent cHABs and toxins, but no confirmed reports on illness or toxicity. The dominant toxigenic cyanobacterium is the genus Microcystis known to produce microcystins. The presence of other cyanotoxins (anatoxin-a, paralytic shellfish toxins) implicates other toxigenic cyanobacteria such as Anabaena (Dolichospermum) and Lyngbya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W Carmichael
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
| | - Gregory L Boyer
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York-College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chia MA, Kwaghe MJ. Microcystins contamination of surface water supply sources in Zaria-Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:606. [PMID: 26329267 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial contamination of public water supply systems is a worldwide problem. The present study investigated water quality and microcystins (MCs) contamination of four public water supply systems in Zaria, Nigeria. The water bodies were eutrophic in the rainy and dry season and supported high phytoplankton biomass with chlorophyll a concentrations generally higher than 20.0 μg/L. The biomass of the predominant species (Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena subcylindrica) of cyanobacteria had a significant positive correlation with particulate and dissolved MCs. Dissolved MCs concentrations were higher (>1.0 μg/L) than the maximum permissible limits for drinking water in all the water bodies in the dry season and three of them in the rainy season. These results suggest that there is the need to have a regular monitoring program for these water bodies to prevent acute and chronic health hazards associated with MCs contamination of drinking and irrigation water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Ahii Chia
- Laboratório de Cianobactérias, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil,
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bittencourt-Oliveira MC, Hereman TC, Macedo-Silva I, Cordeiro-Araújo MK, Sasaki FFC, Dias CTS. Sensitivity of salad greens (Lactuca sativa L. and Eruca sativa Mill.) exposed to crude extracts of toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria. BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 75:273-8. [PMID: 26132007 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.08113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of crude extracts of the microcystin-producing (MC+) cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa on seed germination and initial development of lettuce and arugula, at concentrations between 0.5 μg.L(-1) and 100 μg.L(-1) of MC-LR equivalent, and compared it to crude extracts of the same species without the toxin (MC-). Crude extracts of the cyanobacteria with MC (+) and without MC (-) caused different effects on seed germination and initial development of the salad green seedlings, lettuce being more sensitive to both extracts when compared to arugula. Crude extracts of M. aeruginosa (MC+) caused more evident effects on seed germination and initial development of both species of salad greens than MC-. Concentrations of 75 μg.L(-1) and 100 μg.L(-1) of MC-LR equivalent induced a greater occurrence of abnormal seedlings in lettuce, due to necrosis of the radicle and shortening of this organ in normal seedlings, as well as the reduction in total chlorophyll content and increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme peroxidase (POD). The MC- extract caused no harmful effects to seed germination and initial development of seedlings of arugula. However, in lettuce, it caused elevation of POD enzyme activity, decrease in seed germination at concentrations of 75 μg.L(-1) (MC-75) and 100 μg.L(-1) (MC-100), and shortening of the radicle length, suggesting that other compounds present in the cyanobacteria extracts contributed to this result. Crude extracts of M. aeruginosa (MC-) may contain other compounds, besides the cyanotoxins, capable of causing inhibitory or stimulatory effects on seed germination and initial development of salad green seedlings. Arugula was more sensitive to the crude extracts of M. aeruginosa (MC+) and (MC-) and to other possible compounds produced by the cyanobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - T C Hereman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - I Macedo-Silva
- Graduating Program on Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - M K Cordeiro-Araújo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - F F C Sasaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - C T S Dias
- Department of Exact Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bittencourt-Oliveira MC, Hereman TC, Cordeiro-Araújo MK, Macedo-Silva I, Dias CT, Sasaki FFC, Moura AN. Phytotoxicity associated to microcystins: a review. BRAZ J BIOL 2014; 74:753-60. [PMID: 25627583 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.06213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MC) are the most studied toxins of cyanobacteria since they are widely distributed and account for several cases of human and animal poisoning, being potent inhibitors of the serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). The phosphatases PP1 and PP2A are also present in plants, which may also suffer adverse effects due to the inhibition of these enzymes. In aquatic plants, biomass reduction is usually observed after absorption of cyanotoxins, which can bioaccumulate in its tissues. In terrestrial plants, the effects caused by microcystins vary from inhibition to stimulation as the individuals develop from seedling to adult, and include reduction of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, oxidative stress, decreased photosynthetic activity and even cell apoptosis, as well as bioaccumulation in plant tissues. Thus, the irrigation of crop plants by water contaminated with microcystins is not only an economic problem but becomes a public health issue because of the possibility of food contamination, and this route of exposure requires careful monitoring by the responsible authorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - T C Hereman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - M K Cordeiro-Araújo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - I Macedo-Silva
- Graduating Program on Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - C T Dias
- Departament of Exact Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - F F C Sasaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - A N Moura
- Graduating Program on Botany, Rural and Federal University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Isaacs JD, Strangman WK, Barbera AE, Mallin MA, McIver MR, Wright JLC. Microcystins and two new micropeptin cyanopeptides produced by unprecedented Microcystis aeruginosa blooms in North Carolina's Cape Fear River. HARMFUL ALGAE 2014; 31:82-86. [PMID: 28040114 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Cape Fear River is the largest river system in North Carolina. It is heavily used as a source of drinking water for humans and livestock as well as a source of irrigation water for crops, and production water for industry. It also serves as a major fishery for both commercial and recreational use. In recent years, possibly related to increased eutrophication of the river, massive blooms of cyanobacteria, identified as Microcystis aeruginosa have been observed. Bloom samples collected in 2009 and 2012 were chemically analyzed to determine if they contained cyanobacterial toxins known as microcystins. Both blooms were found to produce microcystins in high yields. Microcystins are potent hepatotoxins that can be bio-accumulated in the food chain. Recent biological studies have also shown a host of other potentially harmful effects of low level microcystin exposure. Detailed chemical analysis of these blooms led us to discover that these blooms produce an additional family of cyanobacterial peptides know as the micropeptins, including two new members named micropeptins 1106 and 1120. The biological activities of these new molecules have not yet been determined, although protease activity has been well documented for this peptide group. These data indicate a need for thorough monitoring of toxin levels especially during bloom events in addition to additional biological testing of other cyanopeptides present in blooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Isaacs
- UNC Wilmington Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, United States
| | - Wendy K Strangman
- UNC Wilmington Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, United States
| | - Amy E Barbera
- UNC Wilmington Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, United States
| | - Michael A Mallin
- UNC Wilmington Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, United States
| | - Matthew R McIver
- UNC Wilmington Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, United States
| | - Jeffrey L C Wright
- UNC Wilmington Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Meneely JP, Elliott CT. Microcystins: measuring human exposure and the impact on human health. Biomarkers 2013; 18:639-49. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2013.841756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|