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Zheng D, Zou L, Zou J, Li Q, Lu S. Refining taxonomic identification of microalgae through molecular and genetic evolution: a case study of Prorocentrum lima and Prorocentrum arenarium. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0236723. [PMID: 38572997 PMCID: PMC11064606 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02367-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Species delimitation based on lineage definition has become increasingly popular. However, these methods have been limited, especially for species that lack genomic data and are morphologically similar. The trickiest part for the species identification is that the interspecific and intraspecific boundaries are vague. Taking Prorocentrum (Dinophyta) as an example, analysis of cell morphology, growth, and toxin synthesis in both species of P. lima and P. arenarium does not provide a reliable basis for species delineation. However, through phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses of their ITS and LSU sequences, establishment of evolutionary tree based on orthologous gene sequences, and combining the results of automatic barcode gap discovery and Poisson tree processes models, it was sustained that P. arenarium does not belong to the P. lima complex and should be considered as an independent species. Interspecies genetic evolution analysis revealed that P. lima and P. arenarium may contribute to evolutionary direction that favors combating reverse environmental factors. In P. lima, viral invasion may be one of the reasons for its large genome size. In the study, P. lima complex has been selected as an example to enhance the taxonomic identification of microalgae through molecular and genetic evolution, offering valuable insights into refining taxonomic identification and promoting microbial biodiversity research in other species.IMPORTANCEMicroalgae, especially the species known as Prorocentrum, have received significant attention due to their ability to trigger harmful algal blooms and produce toxins. However, the boundaries between species and within species are ambiguous. Clear and comprehensive species delineation indicates that Prorocentrum arenarium should be considered as an independent species, separate from the Prorocentrum lima complex. Improving the classification and identification of microalgae through molecular and genetic evolution will provide reference points for other cryptic species. Prorocentrum occupy multiple ecological niches in marine environments, and studying their evolutionary direction contributes to understanding their ecological adaptations and community succession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlin Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ligong Zou
- College of Life Science and Technology, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zou
- College of Life Science and Technology, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qun Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songhui Lu
- College of Life Science and Technology, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Díaz-Tapia P, Verbruggen H. Resolving the taxonomy of the Polysiphonia scopulorum complex and the Bryocladia lineage (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2024; 60:49-72. [PMID: 37878678 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Cryptic diversity is common among marine macroalgae, with molecular tools leading to the discovery of many new species. To assign names to these morphologically similar species, the type and synonyms have to be examined, and if appropriate, new species must be described. The turf-forming red alga Polysiphonia scopulorum was originally described from Rottnest Island, Australia, and subsequently widely reported in tropical and temperate coasts based on morphological identifications. A recent study of molecular species delineation revealed a complex of 12 species in Australia, South Africa, and Europe. These species are placed in a taxonomically unresolved lineage of the tribe Polysiphonieae. The aim of this study was to resolve the genus- and species-level taxonomy of this complex and related species using molecular and morphological information. Three morphologically indistinguishable species of the complex were found at the type locality of P. scopulorum, preventing a straightforward assignment of the name to any of the molecular lineages. Therefore, we propose a molecularly characterized epitype. Polysiphonia caespitosa is reinstated for the only species found in its type locality in South Africa. We describe seven new species. Only one species of the complex can be morphologically recognized, with the other eight species indistinguishable based on morphometric analysis. The studied complex, together with another seven species currently placed in Polysiphonia and two Bryocladia species, formed a clade distinct from Polysiphonia sensu stricto. Based on observations of Bryocladia cervicornis (the generitype), we describe our seven new species in the genus Bryocladia and transfer another nine species from Polysiphonia to Bryocladia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Díaz-Tapia
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Coastal Biology Research Group, Faculty of Sciences and Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (CICA), University of A Coruña, A Coruñna, Spain
| | - Heroen Verbruggen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Klomjit A, Vieira C, Mattos FMG, Sutthacheep M, Sutti S, Kim MS, Yeemin T. Diversity and Ecology of Lobophora Species Associated with Coral Reef Systems in the Western Gulf of Thailand, including the Description of Two New Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3349. [PMID: 36501388 PMCID: PMC9739394 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The brown macroalgal genus Lobophora plays important ecological roles in many marine ecosystems. This group has received much attention over the past decade, and a considerable number of new species have been identified globally. However, our knowledge of the genus diversity and ecology along south-east Asian coasts are still limited. Given the growing body of research that uses a combination of molecular and morphological data to identify cryptic species, this study investigates the diversity of Lobophora in the western Gulf of Thailand using morphological and molecular data, as well as their interactions with scleractinian corals. A total of 36 Lobophora specimens were collected from 15 sites in the western Gulf of Thailand and used for molecular and morphological analyses. One mitochondrial (cox3) and two chloroplast (psbA and rbcL) genes were amplified and sequenced for molecular phylogenetic analyses. Based primarily on phylogenetic evidence, two new species were formally described, L. chumphonensis sp. nov. and L. thailandensis sp. nov. Additionally, L. lamourouxii was newly recorded from Thailand. Two new lineages of Lobophora obscura were identified, L. obscura12 and L. obscura13. Among the Lobophora species identified, three were found in interaction with corals, the most notable of which was the massive coral Porites. Lobophora chumphonensis sp. nov. only interacted with Porites by growing on bare coral skeleton between Porites colonies. Furthermore, L. obscura13 was observed under the branching coral Pocillopora. Our findings revealed that Lobophora presented both effects and absence of effects on coral. A thorough understanding of Lobophora diversity and ecology is essential for ongoing and future research on coral-macroalgal ecological relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirut Klomjit
- Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamheang University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Christophe Vieira
- Research Institute of Basic Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Felipe M. G. Mattos
- Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamheang University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
- Taiwan International Graduate Program, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Makamas Sutthacheep
- Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamheang University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Suttikarn Sutti
- Thailand Natural History Museum, National Science Museum, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Myung-Sook Kim
- Research Institute of Basic Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Thamasak Yeemin
- Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamheang University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
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Palaniappan N, Balasubramanian B, Arunkumar M, Pushparaj K, Rengasamy KR, Maluventhen V, Pitchai M, Alanazi J, Liu WC, Maruthupandian A. Anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of solvent extract of Lobophora variegata through in vitro and in silico studies with major phytoconstituents. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kornder NA, Cappelletto J, Mueller B, Zalm MJL, Martinez SJ, Vermeij MJA, Huisman J, de Goeij JM. Implications of 2D versus 3D surveys to measure the abundance and composition of benthic coral reef communities. CORAL REEFS (ONLINE) 2021; 40:1137-1153. [PMID: 34720372 PMCID: PMC8550779 DOI: 10.1007/s00338-021-02118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A paramount challenge in coral reef ecology is to estimate the abundance and composition of the communities residing in such complex ecosystems. Traditional 2D projected surface cover estimates neglect the 3D structure of reefs and reef organisms, overlook communities residing in cryptic reef habitats (e.g., overhangs, cavities), and thus may fail to represent biomass estimates needed to assess trophic ecology and reef function. Here, we surveyed the 3D surface cover, biovolume, and biomass (i.e., ash-free dry weight) of all major benthic taxa on 12 coral reef stations on the island of Curaçao (Southern Caribbean) using structure-from-motion photogrammetry, coral point counts, in situ measurements, and elemental analysis. We then compared our 3D benthic community estimates to corresponding estimates of traditional 2D projected surface cover to explore the differences in benthic community composition using different metrics. Overall, 2D cover was dominated (52 ± 2%, mean ± SE) by non-calcifying phototrophs (macroalgae, turf algae, benthic cyanobacterial mats), but their contribution to total reef biomass was minor (3.2 ± 0.6%). In contrast, coral cover (32 ± 2%) more closely resembled coral biomass (27 ± 6%). The relative contribution of erect organisms, such as gorgonians and massive sponges, to 2D cover was twofold and 11-fold lower, respectively, than their contribution to reef biomass. Cryptic surface area (3.3 ± 0.2 m2 m-2 planar reef) comprised half of the total reef substrate, rendering two thirds of coralline algae and almost all encrusting sponges (99.8%) undetected in traditional assessments. Yet, encrusting sponges dominated reef biomass (35 ± 18%). Based on our quantification of exposed and cryptic reef communities using different metrics, we suggest adjustments to current monitoring approaches and highlight ramifications for evaluating the ecological contributions of different taxa to overall reef function. To this end, our metric conversions can complement other benthic assessments to generate non-invasive estimates of the biovolume, biomass, and elemental composition (i.e., standing stocks of organic carbon and nitrogen) of Caribbean coral reef communities. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00338-021-02118-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas A. Kornder
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jose Cappelletto
- Maritime Robotics Laboratory, Southampton Marine and Maritime Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 7QF UK
- Grupo de I+D en Mecatrónica, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Baruta, Caracas, 89000 Edo. Miranda Venezuela
| | - Benjamin Mueller
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- CARMABI Foundation, Piscaderabaai z/n, P.O. Box 2090, Willemstad, Curaçao
| | - Margaretha J. L. Zalm
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie J. Martinez
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J. A. Vermeij
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- CARMABI Foundation, Piscaderabaai z/n, P.O. Box 2090, Willemstad, Curaçao
| | - Jef Huisman
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper M. de Goeij
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- CARMABI Foundation, Piscaderabaai z/n, P.O. Box 2090, Willemstad, Curaçao
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Díaz-Tapia P, Ly M, Verbruggen H. Extensive cryptic diversity in the widely distributed Polysiphonia scopulorum (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta): Molecular species delimitation and morphometric analyses. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 152:106909. [PMID: 32702527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge of seaweed diversity and biogeography still largely relies on information derived from morphological identifications, but the use of molecular tools is revealing that cryptic diversity is common among algae. Polysiphonia scopulorum is a turf-forming red alga widely reported in tropical and temperate coasts worldwide. The only study based on material collected from its Australian type locality and the Iberian Peninsula indicates that it is a species complex, but the extent of cryptic diversity across its geographical range is not known. To investigate the species diversity in P. scopulorum, the geographical distribution of species-level lineages and their morphological characterization, we collected 135 specimens from Australia, South Africa and southern Europe. Two gene datasets (cox1 and rbcL) were used to delimit species using three methods (GMYC, PTP, ABGD), leading to a consensus result that our collections of the P. scopulorum complex comprise 12 species. Five of these species were resolved in a highly supported clade, while the other seven species were related to other taxonomically accepted species or in unresolved parts of the tree. Morphometric and statistical analysis of a set of ten quantitative characters showed that there are no clear morphological correlates of species boundaries, demonstrating true cryptic diversity in the P. scopulorum complex. Distribution patterns of the 12 species were variable, ranging from species only known from a single site to species with a wide distribution spanning three continents. Our study indicates that a significant level of undiscovered cryptic diversity is likely to be found in algal turfs, a type of seaweed community formed by small entangled species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Díaz-Tapia
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Coastal Biology Research Group, Faculty of Sciences and Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (CICA), University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, Aptdo. 130, 15080 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Monica Ly
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Heroen Verbruggen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Vieira C, Morrow K, D'Hondt S, Camacho O, Engelen AH, Payri CE, De Clerck O. Diversity, Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of the Prevalent Brown Algal Genus Lobophora in the Greater Caribbean Sea, Including the Description of Five New Species 1. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:592-607. [PMID: 32159226 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Distributed in tropical and warm-temperate waters worldwide, Lobophora species are found across the Greater Caribbean (i.e., Caribbean sensu stricto, Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda). We presently discuss the diversity, ecology, biogeography, and evolution of the Greater Caribbean Lobophora species based on previous studies and an extensive number of samples collected across the eastern, southern, and to a lesser extent western Caribbean. A total of 18 Lobophora species are now documented from the Greater Caribbean, of which five are newly described (L. agardhii sp. nov., L. dickiei sp. nov., L. lamourouxii sp. nov., L. richardii sp. nov., and L. setchellii sp. nov.). Within the Greater Caribbean, the eastern Caribbean and the Central Province are the most diverse ecoregion and province (16 spp.), respectively. Observed distribution patterns indicate that Lobophora species from the Greater Caribbean have climate affinities (i.e., warm-temperate vs. tropical affinities). In total, 11 Lobophora species exclusively occur in the Greater Caribbean; six are present in the western Atlantic; two in the Indo-Pacific; and one in the eastern Pacific. Biogeographic analyses support that no speciation occurred across the Isthmus of Panama, and that the Greater Caribbean acted as a recipient region for species from the Indo-Pacific and as a region of diversification as well as a donor region to the North-eastern Atlantic. The Greater Caribbean is not an evolutionary dead end for Lobophora, but instead generates and exports diversity. Present results illustrate how sampling based on DNA identification is reshaping biogeographic patterns, as we know them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Vieira
- Phycology Research Group and Center for Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S8), Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
- Kobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kathleen Morrow
- Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, 03824, USA
| | - Sofie D'Hondt
- Phycology Research Group and Center for Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S8), Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Olga Camacho
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, 70504-3602, USA
| | - Aschwin H Engelen
- CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
- CARMABI Research Station, Piscadera Bay, Willemstad, Curaçao
| | - Claude E Payri
- UMR ENTROPIE (IRD, UR, CNRS), LabEx-CORAIL, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, B.P. A5, Nouméa Cedex, Nouvelle-Calédonie, 98848, France
| | - Olivier De Clerck
- Phycology Research Group and Center for Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S8), Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
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Vieira C, Henriques F, D'hondt S, Neto A, Almada CH, Kaufmann M, Sansón M, Sangil C, Clerck OD. Lobophora (Dictyotales) Species Richness, Ecology and Biogeography Across the North-Eastern Atlantic Archipelagos and Description of Two New Species 1. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:346-357. [PMID: 31849038 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The brown alga Lobophora (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) is an important macroalga in the North-eastern Atlantic archipelagos (i.e., Macaronesia). Notably in the Canaries it can dominate benthic assemblages. While the genus has been the subject of several ecological studies in the Canaries, no study has yet been conducted to assess species-level diversity of Lobophora in Macaronesia. We reassessed the diversity of Lobophora in Macaronesia, reporting the presence of seven species (L. caboverdeana sp. nov., L. canariensis, L. dagamae sp. nov., L. delicata, L. dispersa, L. littlerorum, and L. schneideri). Lobophora spp. from Macaronesia are morphologically and ecologically distinguishable. In the Canaries, L. schneideri dominates the photophilic assemblages from the intertidal to 20-30 m depth. Lobophora dagamae sp. nov. grows in less illuminated shallow habitats, and replaces L. schneideri from 30 to ~80 m. Lobophora canariensis also has a wide vertical distribution, from the intertidal to deep waters, while L. delicata, L. dispersa and L. littlerorum grow in shallow waters. The dominance of species with an upright habit versus prostrate or crustose species may be mediated by the pressure of herbivores. Four species have an amphi-Atlantic distribution: L. littlerorum, L. canariensis, L. delicata, and L. schneideri. Lobophora schneideri and L. delicata are furthermore distributed in the Mediterranean Sea. By sampling a pivotal region in the Atlantic, this study significantly improves our knowledge of Lobophora biogeography in the Atlantic Ocean. Macaronesia constitutes a species-poor region for Lobophora where no diversification events occurred, and a region of overlap between the Greater Caribbean and the Indo-Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Vieira
- Phycology Research Group and Center for Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S8), Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Filipe Henriques
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Quinta do Lorde Marina, Sítio da Piedade, 9200-044, Caniçal, Madeira Island, Portugal
| | - Sofie D'hondt
- Phycology Research Group and Center for Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S8), Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Ana Neto
- GBA-cE3c, Azorean Biodiversity Group-Centre for Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade dos Açores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9500-321, Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Açores, Portugal
| | - Carmen H Almada
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Cabo Verde, Campus do Palmarejo, CP - 279, Praia, Santiago - Cabo Verde
| | - Manfred Kaufmann
- Marine Biology Station of Funchal, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Madeira, 9000-107, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Novo Edificio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Marta Sansón
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Carlos Sangil
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Olivier De Clerck
- Phycology Research Group and Center for Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S8), Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
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