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Balan DK, John J, Ahamed S, Syam N, Sudhakaran G, M L, Ali H. An Anaerobic Culture Study to Assess the Prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis in Periodontal Disease Incidences Among Adults. Cureus 2024; 16:e65023. [PMID: 39165456 PMCID: PMC11335177 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.65023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Periodontitis is a complex condition influenced by various factors involving interactions between the host and bacterial plaque. Porphyromonas gingivalis, an anaerobic gram-negative bacterium, is commonly linked with periodontal disease. Aim This study aimed to examine the occurrence of P. gingivalis in individuals diagnosed with chronic periodontitis (CP) compared to those who show no clinical indications of periodontal disease. Methodology Patients diagnosed with CP (including both severe and moderate cases) and individuals without any signs of periodontal disease were recruited for this study. Samples were collected from the gingival pockets using curettes and were subsequently subjected to anaerobic culturing. Results A group of 30 patients, divided into moderate and severe CP, along with 30 healthy individuals serving as controls, were examined. In individuals with CP, P. gingivalis was found in 23 (78%) of cases, while in healthy individuals, the prevalence was 10 (34%). The presence of P. gingivalis was notably higher in those with periodontal diseases compared to healthy subjects, with rates of 23 (78%) vs. 10 (34%), respectively. Conclusion P. gingivalis is frequently found in individuals with periodontal diseases as well as in those without such conditions, albeit in smaller quantities. Consequently, the existence of P. gingivalis raises the probability of developing periodontal disease and may be regarded as a notable potential contributor to its initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanasree K Balan
- Department of Periodontology, Malabar Dental College and Research Centre, Malappuram, IND
| | - Jiji John
- Department of Periodontology, Malabar Dental College and Research Centre, Malappuram, IND
| | - Shabeer Ahamed
- Department of Periodontology, Malabar Dental College and Research Centre, Malappuram, IND
| | - Nita Syam
- Department of Periodontology, Malabar Dental College and Research Centre, Malappuram, IND
| | - Greeshma Sudhakaran
- Department of Periodontology, Malabar Dental College and Research Centre, Malappuram, IND
| | - Lakshmy M
- Department of Periodontology, Malabar Dental College and Research Centre, Malappuram, IND
| | - Hasbeena Ali
- Department of Periodontology, Malabar Dental College and Research Centre, Malappuram, IND
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Hiroshima Y, Kido JI, Kido R, Yoshida K, Bando M, Kajimoto K, Yumoto H, Shinohara Y. β-defensin 2 synthesized by a cell-free protein synthesis system and encapsulated in liposomes inhibits adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis to oral epithelial cells. Odontology 2023; 111:830-838. [PMID: 36745267 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
β-defensin 2 (BD-2), an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), is expressed by oral epithelial cells and plays an important role in innate immunity of the oral cavity. Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems have been studied for the synthesis of various proteins, however, the synthesis of BD-2 by a CFPS system has not been extensively explored. Liposomes have been developed as tools for drug delivery. A delivery of liposome-encapsulated AMP to oral epithelium may be useful to prevent oral infectious diseases. In the present study, we investigated the antimicrobial activity of the BD-2 protein, artificially synthesized using a CFPS system and encapsulated in liposomes. BD-2 protein was artificially synthesized using template DNA and a reconstituted CFPS system and was identified by western blotting. Bilayer liposomes were prepared using 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-choline and 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk. The artificially synthesized BD-2 was encapsulated in liposomes, collected by ultrafiltration, and detected by western blotting. Human oral epithelial cells were cultured with the liposome-encapsulated BD-2 and the concentration of BD-2 in the cell lysate of the culture with the synthesized BD-2 was higher than that of the control cultures. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized BD-2 was investigated by an adhesion assay of Porphyromonas gingivalis to oral epithelial cells. The artificially synthesized BD-2 and its liposome significantly inhibited adhesion of P. gingivalis to oral epithelial cells. These results suggest that artificially synthesized BD-2 and liposome-encapsulated BD-2 show antimicrobial activity and can potentially play a role in oral healthcare for periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Hiroshima
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Tokushima University, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichi Kido
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Rie Kido
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kaya Yoshida
- Department of Oral Healthcare Education, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mika Bando
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kajimoto
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Yumoto
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuo Shinohara
- Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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Ramírez Thomé S, Ávila Curiel B, Hernández Huerta MT, Solórzano Mata C. β-defensinas como posibles indicadores de la actividad inflamatoria en la enfermedad periodontal. INVESTIGACIÓN CLÍNICA 2022. [DOI: 10.54817/ic.v63n4a08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease (gingivitis and periodontitis) is an inflam-matory process caused by the activity of pathogenic bacteria and their products on the gingival sulcus, with the consequent activation of the immune response. Saliva and crevicular fluid contain a wide variety of enzymes and antimicrobial factors that are in contact with the supragingival and subgingival region, in-cluding β-defensins (hBDs). hHBDs are non-glycosylated, cysteine-rich cationic peptides produced by epithelial cells with antimicrobial and immunoregulatory effects, thus contributing to maintaining homeostasis in periodontal tissues. The changes in the microbiota and the immune response from a healthy peri-odontium to gingivitis and, finally, to periodontitis are complex. Their sever-ity depends on a dynamic balance between bacteria associated with plaque, genetic and environmental factors. Recent advances have made it possible to understand the implication of hBDs in the detection, diagnosis, and therapy of periodontal disease and the relationship between periodontitis and other inflammatory conditions. This review aims to describe the effect of hBDs on the immune response and its use as a possible marker of the inflammatory activity of the periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Ramírez Thomé
- Facultad de Odontología. Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México
| | | | | | - Carlos Solórzano Mata
- Facultad de Odontología. Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México
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LOPES AB, COLOMBO NH, ASSEM NZ, NUERNBERG MAA, GARCIA VG, DUQUE C, THEODORO LH. LL-37 and hBD-2 in the gingival crevicular fluid of smokers and nonsmokers with periodontitis. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.05621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction The association between smoking and periodontal diseases has been described in clinical and epidemiological studies. Objective The aim of this study was to compare the LL-37 and human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) levels in crevicular fluid of patients with generalized periodontitis in smokers (S) and nonsmokers (NS). Material and method A total of 35 patients with generalized periodontitis stages III and IV, 15 NS (11 female, 4 male) and 20 S (7 female and 13 male), were included in the study. The evaluated clinical parameters were bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to quantify the LL-37 and hBD-2 levels in the gingival crevicular fluid of these patients. The results were analyzed statistically with the level of significance set at 5%. Result In relation to periodontal clinical parameters, no statistically significant difference was observed for BOP and PD between groups S and NS. There was a higher CAL in the S group than in the NS group (p = 0.0095). There was no statistically significant difference between the levels of LL-37 and hBD-2 when comparing groups S and NS (p>0.05). Conclusion It was concluded that smokers have a higher clinical attachment loss than nonsmokers, but that smoking did not influence the levels of LL-37 and hBD-2 in the gingival crevicular fluid in periodontitis.
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Sidharthan S, Dharmarajan G, Kulloli A. Gingival crevicular fluid levels of Interleukin-22 (IL-22) and human β Defensin-2 (hBD-2) in periodontal health and disease : A correlative study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2020; 10:498-503. [PMID: 32874880 PMCID: PMC7452331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin 22(IL-22), a recently identified, Th-22 associated cytokine has a key role in the production of human β defensin-2(hBD-2) and hence an indirect role in innate, nonspecific immunity. Hence this study was conducted as preliminary research to quantify and correlate the levels of IL-22 and hBD-2 in periodontal disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gingival crevicular fluid from subjects with chronic periodontitis (n = 27), gingivitis (n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 27) were obtained for the study. The periodontal status of each subject was assessed by criteria based on plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing depth and clinical attachment loss. The levels of IL-22 and hBD-2 were measured in GCF samples with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULT Periodontal parameters were described and reported as mean values. The distribution and comparison of clinical parameters and gingival crevicular fluid IL-22, hBD-2 levels in healthy controls, gingivitis and chronic periodontitis groups were assessed using one way ANOVA test. Post Hoc Bonferroni test was used for intergroup comparisons. Association among the IL-22 , hBD-2 and clinical parameters in all three groups were examined using Pearson's correlation test.The IL-22 level was significantly greater in chronic periodontitis group than healthy controls (P < 0.001) and gingivitis group (P < 0.001). The hBD-2 level was significantly higher in the chronic periodontitis group compared to gingivitis (P = 0.003) and healthy controls (P < 0.001). The results also showed a statistically significant correlation (P = 0.002) between IL-22 and hBD-2 concentration in chronic periodontitis group. CONCLUSION These results indicate the role of IL- 22 and hBD-2 in the innate immune response during periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangamithra Sidharthan
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune, 411 018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gopalakrishnan Dharmarajan
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune, 411 018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita Kulloli
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune, 411 018, Maharashtra, India
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Öztürk A, Kurt-Bayrakdar S, Avci B. Comparison of gingival crevicular fluid and serum human beta-defensin-2 levels between periodontal health and disease. Oral Dis 2020; 27:993-1000. [PMID: 32772492 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2), an antimicrobial peptide that takes roles in inflammatory diseases, in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP). SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of one hundred and one individuals, 59 controls and 42 patients with CP, participated in this study. Clinical index measurements were recorded during the periodontal examination, and radiographic evaluation was also performed. The serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were taken from all of the participants, and the hBD-2 levels were determined biochemically by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS In our study, hBD-2 GCF levels in CP (stages II-IV periodontitis based on the new 2018 classification of periodontal diseases) group (2.77 ng/30 s) were higher than in the periodontally healthy (2.51 ng/30 s; p = .047) individuals. In contrast, serum hBD-2 levels in CP (2.92 ng/ml) were lower compared with those in healthy controls (7.75 ng/ml, p < .001). CONCLUSION Interestingly, our results showed that while higher hBD-2 GCF levels are associated with CP, lower serum hBD-2 levels were detected in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Öztürk
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Sevda Kurt-Bayrakdar
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Bahattin Avci
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Khan S, Ali SS, Zaheer I, Saleem S, Ziaullah, Zaman N, Iqbal A, Suleman M, Wadood A, Rehman AU, Khan A, Khan A, Wei DQ. Proteome-wide mapping and reverse vaccinology-based B and T cell multi-epitope subunit vaccine designing for immune response reinforcement against Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:833-847. [PMID: 32928063 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1819423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a prominent pathogen responsible for acute periodontal diseases, is widely studied by the scientific community for its successful evasion of the host immune system. P. gingivalis is associated with rheumatoid arthritis, dementia, and Alzheimer's. The pathogen successfully survives itself against the heavy load of conventional antibiotics because of its ability to evade the host immune system. Subtractive proteomics and reverse vaccinology approaches were employed in order to prioritize the best proteins for vaccine designing. Three vaccine candidates with Uniprot ID: Q7MWZ2 (histidine Kinase), Q7MVL1 (Fe (2+) transporter), and Q7MWZ2 (Capsular polysaccharide transport protein) were identified for vaccine designing. These proteins are antigenic and essential for pathogen survival. A wide range of immunoinformatics tools was applied for the prediction of epitopes, B, and T cells, for the vaccine candidate proteins. Molecular docking of the predicted epitopes against the MHC molecules were carried out. In-silico vaccine was constructed using carefully evaluated epitopes and consequently modeled for docking with human Toll-like receptor 2. Chain C of Pam3CSK4 (PDB ID; 2Z7X) was linked to the vaccine as an adjuvant to boost immune response towards the vaccine. For stability evaluation of the vaccine-TLR-2 docked complex, Molecular Dynamics simulations were performed. The reverse-translated nucleotide sequence cloned in Eschericia coli to attain the maximal expression of the vaccine protein. The maximal expression was ensured by CAI score of 0.96. The current vaccine requires future experimental validation to confirm its effectiveness. The vaccine developed will be helpful to protect against P. gingivalis associated infections.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzeb Khan
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Syed Shujait Ali
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Zaheer
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Saleem
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-e-azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ziaullah
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Nasib Zaman
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Iqbal
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wadood
- Research and Development Technician at Infineum L.P, Linden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ashfaq Ur Rehman
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R China
| | - Asghar Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Abbas Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R China
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R China
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Abstract
Relevance. The modern view of periodontitis as a dysbiotic disease that occurs as a result of changes in the microbial composition of the subgingival region is considered in a systematic review.Purpose. To study a new paradigm of development of generalized periodontitis.Materials and methods. Randomized controlled trials (RCTS) were selected for the study, including cluster RCTS, controlled (non-randomized) microbiological and clinical studies of the oral microbiome in adult patients with generalized periodontitis over the past 10 years.Results. The transition from a symbiotic microflora to a dysbiotic pathogenic community triggers the host's inflammatory response, which contributes to the development of periodontal diseases. Modern ideas about periodontal pathogenic bacteria dictate new requirements for the treatment of periodontal diseases. The second part of the review examines the microbial profiles of periodontal disease in various nosological forms, the mechanisms of the immune response and approaches to the treatment of periodontal disease from the perspective of biofilm infection.Conclusions. As follows from modern literature periodontitis is to a certain extent caused by the transition from a harmonious symbiotic bacterial community to a dysbiotic one. Recent scientific studies have shown that not single microorganism is not able to cause disease but the microbial community as a whole leads to the development of pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. S. Slazhneva
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov
| | - E. A. Tikhomirova
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov
| | - V. G. Atrushkevich
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov
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Lee HK, Kim SJ, Kim YH, Ko Y, Ji S, Park JC. Odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein (ODAM) in gingival crevicular fluid for site-specific diagnostic value of periodontitis: a pilot study. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18:148. [PMID: 30143043 PMCID: PMC6109327 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Odontogenic Ameloblast-Associated Protein (ODAM) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) can provide evidence of the detachment of junctional epithelium from the tooth surface by periodontitis. This study sought to investigate the ability of ODAM to reflect the severity of periodontitis at a site-specific level; thus whether there was a relationship between clinical diagnostic parameters and the value of ODAM in GCF was analyzed. Methods Eight periodontitis patients with various severities were enrolled, and the clinical parameters and samples of GCF were obtained from 44 to 60 sites of each subject. The ODAM concentration was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Correlation analyses between clinical parameters and ODAM values and unadjusted and adjusted (linear) mixed model analyses were performed. The accuracy of ODAM to reflect sites having a probing depth (PD) ≥ 5 mm and a positive bleeding on probing (BOP) was evaluated by receiver-operating characteristic analysis. Results A total of 424 GCF samples were collected. The mean ODAM concentration from each patient varied from 0.2 to 1.52 ng/ml. Correlations between PD or clinical attachment level (CAL) and ODAM values were found (p < 0.0001). An adjusted linear mixed model showed that PD or CAL were associated with ODAM values (p < 0.05). The area under the curve of ODAM, which reflected sites with PD ≥ 5 mm and positive BOP, was 0.661 (p < 0.0001). Conclusion This result shows the possibility of GCF ODAM as a site-specific biomarker for periodontal tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyung Lee
- Departments of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehagro, Chongro-gu, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea
| | - Soo Jin Kim
- Office of Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Youngkyung Ko
- Department of Periodontics, College of Medicine, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk Ji
- Department of Periodontics, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, South Korea.
| | - Joo-Cheol Park
- Departments of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehagro, Chongro-gu, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
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Rafiei M, Kiani F, Sayehmiri F, Sayehmiri K, Sheikhi A, Zamanian Azodi M. Study of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontal diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2017; 31:62. [PMID: 29445691 PMCID: PMC5804457 DOI: 10.18869/mjiri.31.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The mouth cavity hosts various types of anaerobic bacteria including Porphyromonas gingivalis, which causes periodontal
inflammatory diseases. P. gingivalis is a gram-negative oral anaerobe and is considered as a main etiological factor in periodontal
diseases. Several studies have reported a relationship between P. gingivalis in individuals with periodontal diseases and a critical role of
this bacterium in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. The present study aimed at estimating this probability using a meta-analysis.
Methods: We searched several databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to identify case-control
studies addressing the relationship between P. gingivalis with periodontal diseases. A total of 49 reports published from different countries
from 1993 to 2014 were included in this study. I² (heterogeneity index) statistics were calculated to examine heterogeneity. Data
were analyzed using STATA Version 11.
Results: After a detailed analysis of the selected articles, 49 case-control studies with 5924 individuals fulfilled the inclusion criteria
for the meta-analysis. The healthy controls included 2600 healthy individuals with a Mean±SD age of 36.56±7.45 years. The periodontal
diseases group included 3356 patients with a mean age of 43.62±8.35 years. There was a statistically significant difference between P. gingivalis in periodontal patients and healthy controls; 9.24 (95% CI: 5.78 to 14.77; P = 0.000). In the other word, there was a significant
relationship between the presence of P. gingivalis and periodontal diseases.
Conclusion: Analyzing the results of the present study, we found a strong association between the presence of P. gingivalis and periodontal diseases. This result suggests that another research is needed to further assess this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rafiei
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Faezeh Kiani
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sayehmiri
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kourosh Sayehmiri
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Abdolkarim Sheikhi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Mona Zamanian Azodi
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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