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Qiao D, Cheng S, Song S, Zhang W, Chen B, Yan F, Zhang Y. Polarized M2 macrophages induced by glycosylated nano-hydroxyapatites activate bone regeneration in periodontitis therapy. J Clin Periodontol 2024. [PMID: 38736143 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association between periodontal macrophage polarization states and the alveolar bone levels, and to assess whether glycosylated nano-hydroxyapatites (GHANPs) could improve bone regeneration in periodontitis by inducing macrophage M2 polarization. MATERIALS AND METHODS The change of macrophage polarization state in inflammatory periodontal tissues (with bone loss) was examined using clinical gingival samples. The relationship between macrophage phenotype and bone level in periodontal bone loss and repair was evaluated using a mouse periodontitis model. The effect of GHANPs on macrophage polarization was assessed by the in vitro model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammation. The polarization-related markers were detected by immunofluorescence staining, real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis. The therapeutic effect of GHANPs on alveolar bone loss was explored in experimental periodontitis by histological staining and micro-CT analysis. RESULTS A lower macrophage M2/M1 ratio was observed in periodontitis-affected human gingival tissues. The results of animal experiments demonstrated a positive correlation between a lower Arg-1/iNOS ratio and accelerated alveolar bone loss; also, the proportion of Arg-1-positive macrophages increased during bone repair and regeneration. The administration of GHANPs partially restored M2 macrophage polarization after LPS stimulation. GHANPs increased alveolar bone repair and regeneration in experimental periodontitis induced by ligation, potentially related to their macrophage M2 transition regulation. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study indicate that the induction of macrophage M2 polarization can be considered a viable approach for enhancing inflammatory bone repair. Additionally, GHANPs show potential in the clinical treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Qiao
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyu Cheng
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyuan Song
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangheng Zhang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Zeng Y, Zhao L, Wang K, Renard CMGC, Le Bourvellec C, Hu Z, Liu X. A-type proanthocyanidins: Sources, structure, bioactivity, processing, nutrition, and potential applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13352. [PMID: 38634188 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
A-type proanthocyanidins (PAs) are a subgroup of PAs that differ from B-type PAs by the presence of an ether bond between two consecutive constitutive units. This additional C-O-C bond gives them a more stable and hydrophobic character. They are of increasing interest due to their potential multiple nutritional effects with low toxicity in food processing and supplement development. They have been identified in several plants. However, the role of A-type PAs, especially their complex polymeric form (degree of polymerization and linkage), has not been specifically discussed and explored. Therefore, recent advances in the physicochemical and structural changes of A-type PAs and their functional properties during extraction, processing, and storing are evaluated. In addition, discussions on the sources, structures, bioactivities, potential applications in the food industry, and future research trends of their derivatives are highlighted. Litchis, cranberries, avocados, and persimmons are all favorable plant sources. Α-type PAs contribute directly or indirectly to human nutrition via the regulation of different degrees of polymerization and bonding types. Thermal processing could have a negative impact on the amount and structure of A-type PAs in the food matrix. More attention should be focused on nonthermal technologies that could better preserve their architecture and structure. The diversity and complexity of these compounds, as well as the difficulty in isolating and purifying natural A-type PAs, remain obstacles to their further applications. A-type PAs have received widespread acceptance and attention in the food industry but have not yet achieved their maximum potential for the future of food. Further research and development are therefore needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Zhuoyan Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuwei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Institute for Future Food, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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3
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Amarowicz R, Pegg RB. Condensed tannins-Their content in plant foods, changes during processing, antioxidant and biological activities. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 110:327-398. [PMID: 38906590 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Condensed tannins are considered nutritionally undesirable, because they precipitate proteins, inhibit digestive enzymes, and can affect the absorption of vitamins and minerals. From the consumer's point of view, they impart astringency to foods. Yet, they are viewed as a double-edged sword, since they possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Intake of a small quantity of the right kind of tannins may in fact be beneficial to human health. This chapter reports on the chemical structure of condensed tannins, their content in plants and food of plant origin, how they are extracted, and methods for their determination. A description of the effects of processing on condensed tannins is discussed and includes soaking, dehulling, thermal processing (i.e., cooking, boiling, autoclaving, extrusion), and germination. The astringency of condensed tannins is described in relation to their interactions with proteins. Finally, details about the biological properties of condensed tannins, including their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity activities, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Amarowicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Ronald B Pegg
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Guo Y, Li Z, Chen F, Chai Y. Polyphenols in Oral Health: Homeostasis Maintenance, Disease Prevention, and Therapeutic Applications. Nutrients 2023; 15:4384. [PMID: 37892459 PMCID: PMC10610286 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols, a class of bioactive compounds with phenolic structures, are abundant in human diets. They have gained attention in biomedical fields due to their beneficial properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, polyphenols can prevent multiple chronic or infectious diseases and may help in the prevention of oral diseases. Oral health is crucial to our well-being, and maintaining a healthy oral microbiome is essential for preventing various dental and systemic diseases. However, the mechanisms by which polyphenols modulate the oral microbiota and contribute to oral health are still not fully understood, and the application of polyphenol products lies in different stages. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in understanding polyphenols' effects on oral health: dental caries, periodontal diseases, halitosis, and oral cancer. The mechanisms underlying the preventive and therapeutic effects of polyphenols derived from dietary sources are discussed, and new findings from animal models and clinical trials are included, highlighting the latest achievements. Given the great application potential of these natural compounds, novel approaches to dietary interventions and oral disease treatments may emerge. Moreover, investigating polyphenols combined with different materials presents promising opportunities for developing innovative therapeutic strategies in the treatment of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Guo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China;
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhiquan Li
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yujuan Chai
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China;
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Bueno-Silva B, Kiausinus KR, Gonçalves FJDS, Moreira MVC, de Oliveira EG, Brugnera Junior A, Feres M, Figueiredo LC. Antimicrobial activity of Desplac® oral gel in the subgingival multispecies biofilm formation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1122051. [PMID: 37260680 PMCID: PMC10227524 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1122051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products are well-known due to their antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of Desplac® product (composed of Aloe Vera, Propolis Extract, Green Tea, Cranberry, and Calendula) on the subgingival biofilm. Two different protocols were used to treat the 33-species biofilms: (A) 2×/day (12/12 h) for 1 min with Desplac® or Noplak Toothpaste (Chlorhexidine + Cetylpyridinium Chloride) or Oral B ProGengiva (stannous Fluoride) or a placebo gel; (B) a 12-h use of the Desplac® product or 0.12% chlorhexidine gel or a placebo gel. After 7 days of biofilm formation, the metabolic activity (MA) and biofilm profile were determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride and Checker-board DNA-DNA hybridization, respectively. Statistical analysis used the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's post-hoc. In protocol A, all treatments presented reduced MA compared to the placebo (p ≤ 0.05). The Desplac®-treated biofilm showed a similar microbial profile to other antimicrobials, although with higher bacterial total counts. In protocol B, MA of Desplac®-treated biofilms was lower than the placebo's MA but higher than chlorhexidine-treated biofilms (p ≤ 0.05). Pathogen levels in Desplac®-treated biofilms were lower than in placebo-treated biofilms and elevated compared to the chlorhexidine-treated biofilms (p ≤ 0.05). Desplac® inhibited the biofilm development and disrupted the mature subgingival biofilm, highlighting its effect on Tannerella forsythia counts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aldo Brugnera Junior
- Education College of the European Master in Oral Laser Application (EMDOLA), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Research Collaborator at the IFSC-University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magda Feres
- Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil
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Galarraga‐Vinueza ME, Tavelli L. Soft tissue features of peri‐implant diseases and related treatment. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2022. [PMID: 36444772 DOI: 10.1111/cid.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The need for soft tissue grafting at implant sites for preventing and treating peri-implant diseases is a currently investigated and debated topic. PURPOSE The aim of this manuscript is to explore the inflammatory mechanisms at the peri-implant soft tissue compartment, to distinguish the structural components of the peri-implant soft tissue phenotype and their role on peri-implant health, and to appraise the clinical indications and expected outcomes of soft tissue augmentation procedures at peri-implant diseased sites. MATERIALS AND METHODS This narrative review depicts the inflammatory biomarkers and mediators in the peri-implant crevicular fluid utilized to diagnose peri-implant disease and that have been shown to be associated with peri-implant soft tissue phenotype modification and disease resolution. The impact of the peri-implant soft tissue phenotype, involving keratinized mucosa (KM) width, attached mucosa (AM), mucosal thickness (MT), and supracrestal tissue height (STH), on peri-implant health, esthetic, patient's comfort and disease prevention are discussed. The manuscript also illustrates the use of ultrasonography for the detection of peri-implant health/disease and the evaluation of the treatment outcomes following surgical therapies. RESULTS Current evidence indicates that soft tissue phenotype modification at implant sites with inadequate KM width, AM and MT can be beneficial for promoting peri-implant health and improving patient's comfort and hygiene procedures. Treatment approaches and outcomes from the available literature on soft tissue phenotype modification in combination with conventional techniques at sites with peri-implant mucositis or peri-implantitis are presented and discussed in detail. CONCLUSIONS Soft tissue grafting can be beneficial in preventing and treating peri-implant diseases. Clinical recommendations based on the disease, soft tissue phenotype characteristics and bone defect morphology are provided for a comprehensive hard- and soft-tissue-oriented treatment of peri-implant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Galarraga‐Vinueza
- Department of Prosthodontics Tufts University School of Dental Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
- School of Dentistry Universidad de las Américas (UDLA) Quito Ecuador
| | - Lorenzo Tavelli
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Division of Periodontology Harvard School of Dental Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
- Center for Clinical Research and Evidence Synthesis in Oral TissuE RegeneratION (CRITERION) Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine University of Michigan School of Dentistry Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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Balance of Macrophage Activation by a Complex Coacervate-Based Adhesive Drug Carrier Facilitates Diabetic Wound Healing. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122351. [PMID: 36552559 PMCID: PMC9774176 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled and sustained inflammation disrupts the wound-healing process and produces excessive reactive oxygen species, resulting in chronic or impaired wound closure. Natural antioxidants such as plant-based extracts and natural polysaccharides have a long history in wound care. However, they are hard to apply to wound beds due to high levels of exudate or anatomical sites to which securing a dressing is difficult. Therefore, we developed a complex coacervate-based drug carrier with underwater adhesive properties that circumvents these challenges by enabling wet adhesion and controlling inflammatory responses. This resulted in significantly accelerated wound healing through balancing the pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in macrophages. In brief, we designed a complex coacervate-based drug carrier (ADC) comprising oligochitosan and inositol hexaphosphate to entrap and release antioxidant proanthocyanins (PA) in a sustained way. The results from in vitro experiments demonstrated that ADC is able to reduce LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages. The ability of ADC to reduce LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages is even more promising when ADC is encapsulated with PA (ADC-PA). Our results indicate that ADC-PA is able to polarize macrophages into an M2 tissue-healing phenotype via up-regulation of anti-inflammatory and resolution of inflammatory responses. Treatment with ADC-PA around the wound beds fine-tunes the balance between the numbers of inducible nitric oxide synthase-positive (iNOS+) and mannose receptor-negative (CD206-) M1 and iNOS-CD206+ M2 macrophages in the wound microenvironment compared to controls. Achieving such a balance between the numbers of iNOS+CD206- M1 and iNOS-CD206+ M2 macrophages in the wound microenvironment has led to significantly improved wound closure in mouse models of diabetes, which exhibit severe impairments in wound healing. Together, our results demonstrate for the first time the use of a complex coacervate-based drug delivery system to promote timely resolution of the inflammatory responses for diabetic wound healing by fine-tuning the functions of macrophages.
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8
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Functional biomaterials for comprehensive periodontitis therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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9
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Lee SY, Fierro J, Dipasquale J, Bastian A, Tran AM, Hong D, Chin B, Nguyen-Lee PJ, Mazal S, Espinal J, Thomas T, Dou H. Engineering Human Circulating Monocytes/Macrophages by Systemic Deliverable Gene Editing. Front Immunol 2022; 13:754557. [PMID: 35663976 PMCID: PMC9159279 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.754557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of plasmid DNA to transfect human primary macrophages is extremely difficult, especially for genetic engineering. Engineering macrophages is imperative for the treatment of many diseases including infectious diseases, cancer, neurological diseases, and aging. Unfortunately, plasmid does not cross the nuclear membranes of terminally differentiated macrophages to integrate the plasmid DNA (pDNA) into their genome. To address this issue, we have developed a core-shell nanoparticle (NP) using our newly created cationic lipid to deliver the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 pDNA (IL-4pDNA-NPs). Human blood monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were effectively transfected with IL-4pDNA-NPs. IL-4pDNA-NPs were internalized in MDM within 30 minutes and delivered into the nucleus within 2 hours. Exogenous IL-4 expression was detected within 1 - 2 days and continued up to 30 days. Functional IL-4 expression led to M2 macrophage polarization in vitro and in an in vivo mouse model of inflammation. These data suggest that these NPs can protect pDNA from degradation by nucleases once inside the cell, and can transport pDNA into the nucleus to enhance gene delivery in macrophages in vitro and in vivo. In this research, we developed a new method to deliver plasmids into the nucleus of monocytes and macrophages for gene-editing. Introducing IL-4 pDNA into macrophages provides a new gene therapy solution for the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yoon Lee
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine of Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Javier Fierro
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine of Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Jake Dipasquale
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine of Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Anthony Bastian
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine of Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - An M Tran
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine of Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Deawoo Hong
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate School, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Brandon Chin
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate School, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Paul J Nguyen-Lee
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine of Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Sarah Mazal
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine of Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Jamil Espinal
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate School, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Tima Thomas
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine of Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Huanyu Dou
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine of Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate School, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
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10
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Polarization Profiles of T Lymphocytes and Macrophages Responses in Periodontitis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1373:195-208. [PMID: 35612799 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96881-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a multifactorial, chronic inflammatory disease affecting the supporting structures of teeth triggered by the complex interactions between a dysbiotic bacterial biofilm and the host's immune response that results in the characteristic loss of periodontal attachment and alveolar bone. The differential phenotypic presentations of periodontitis emerge from inter-individual differences in immune response regulatory mechanisms. The monocyte-macrophage system has a crucial role in innate immunity and the initiation of the T and B lymphocyte adaptive immune responses. Macrophages involve a heterogeneous cell population that shows wide plasticity and differentiation dynamics. In response to the inflammatory milieu, they can skew at the time of TLR ligation to predominant M1 -pro-inflammatory- or M2 -anti-inflammatory/healing- functional phenotypes. The perpetuation of inflammation by M1 macrophages leads to the recruitment of the adaptive immune response, promoting Th1, Th17, and Th22 differentiation, which are directly associated with periodontal breakdown. In contrast, M2 macrophages induce Th2 and Treg responses which are associated with periodontal homeostasis. In this article, we review the recent advances comprising the role of macrophages and lymphocyte polarization profiles and their reprogramming as potential therapeutic strategies. For this purpose, we reviewed the available literature targeting periodontitis, macrophage, and lymphocyte subpopulations with an emphasis in the later 5 years. The active reprogramming of macrophages and lymphocytes polarization crosstalk opens a promising area for therapeutic development.
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Network pharmacology combined with GEO database identifying the mechanisms and molecular targets of Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma on Peri-implants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8227. [PMID: 35581339 PMCID: PMC9114011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Peri-implants is a chronic disease leads to the bone resorption and loss of implants. Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma (PCRER), a traditional Chinese herbal has been used to treat diseases of bone metabolism. However, its mechanism of anti-bone absorption still remains unknown. We aimed to identify its molecular target and the mechanism involved in PCRER potential treatment theory to Peri-implants by network pharmacology. The active ingredients of PCRER and potential disease-related targets were retrieved from TCMSP, Swiss Target Prediction, SEA databases and then combined with the Peri-implants disease differential genes obtained in the GEO microarray database. The crossed genes were used to protein–protein interaction (PPI) construction and Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment analysis. Using STRING database and Cytoscape plug-in to build protein interaction network and screen the hub genes and verified through molecular docking by AutoDock vina software. A total of 13 active compounds and 90 cross targets of PCRER were selected for analysis. The GO and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the anti-Peri-implants targets of PCRER mainly play a role in the response in IL-17 signaling, Calcium signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway among others. And CytoHubba screened ten hub genes (MMP9, IL6, MPO, IL1B, SELL, IFNG, CXCL8, CXCL2, PTPRC, PECAM1). Finally, the molecular docking results indicated the good binding ability with active compounds and hub genes. PCRER’s core components are expected to be effective drugs to treat Peri-implants by anti-inflammation, promotes bone metabolism. Our study provides new thoughts into the development of natural medicine for the prevention and treatment of Peri-implants.
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Yang J, Gao J, Gao F, Zhao Y, Deng B, Mu X, Xu L. Extracellular vesicles-encapsulated microRNA-29b-3p from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells promotes fracture healing via modulation of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT axis. Exp Cell Res 2022; 412:113026. [PMID: 35026284 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are well-established as vital regulators of fracture healing, whereas angiogenesis is one of the critical processes during the course of bone healing. Accordingly, the current study sought to determine the functions of microRNA (miR)-29b-3p from BM-MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) on the angiogenesis of fracture healing via the PTEN/PI3K/AKT axis. Firstly, BM-MSCs-EVs were extracted and identified. The lentiviral protocol was adopted to construct miR-29b-3pKD-BMSCs or miR-negative control-BMSCs, which were then co-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro to determine the roles of EVs-encapsulated miR-29b-3p on the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of HUVECs in vitro with the help of a CCK-8 assay, scratch test, and tube formation assay. Subsequent database prediction, luciferase activity assay, RT-qPCR, and Western blot assay findings identified the downstream target gene of miR-29b-3p, PTEN, and a signaling pathway, PI3K/AKT. Furthermore, the application of si-PTEN attenuated the effects induced by miR-29b-3pKD-EVs. Finally, a mouse model of femoral fracture was established with a locally instilled injection of equal volumes of BM-MSCs-EVs and miR-29b-3pKD-BM-MSCs-EVs. Notably, the mice treated with BMSC-EVs presented with enhanced neovascularization at the fracture site, in addition to increased bone volume (BV), BV/tissue volume, and mean bone mineral density; whereas miR-29b-3pKD-BMSCs-EVs-treated mice exhibited decreased vessel density with poor fracture healing capacity. Collectively, our findings elicited that BM-MSCs-EVs carrying miR-29b-3p were endocytosed by HUVECs, which consequently suppressed the PTEN expression and activated the PI3K/AKT pathway, thereby promoting HUVEC proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, and ultimately facilitating fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhou Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Mckelvey School of Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis, University City, Missouri, 63130, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Surgery, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Bowen Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiaohong Mu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Sun X, Gao J, Meng X, Lu X, Zhang L, Chen R. Polarized Macrophages in Periodontitis: Characteristics, Function, and Molecular Signaling. Front Immunol 2021; 12:763334. [PMID: 34950140 PMCID: PMC8688840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.763334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis (PD) is a common chronic infectious disease. The local inflammatory response in the host may cause the destruction of supporting periodontal tissue. Macrophages play a variety of roles in PD, including regulatory and phagocytosis. Moreover, under the induction of different factors, macrophages polarize and form different functional phenotypes. Among them, M1-type macrophages with proinflammatory functions and M2-type macrophages with anti-inflammatory functions are the most representative, and both of them can regulate the tendency of the immune system to exert proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory functions. M1 and M2 macrophages are involved in the destructive and reparative stages of PD. Due to the complex microenvironment of PD, the dynamic development of PD, and various local mediators, increasing attention has been given to the study of macrophage polarization in PD. This review summarizes the role of macrophage polarization in the development of PD and its research progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Sun
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhang, ; Xiaoyu Sun,
| | | | | | | | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Department of Periodontology, Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Galarraga-Vinueza ME, Obreja K, Khoury C, Begic A, Ramanauskaite A, Sculean A, Schwarz F. Influence of macrophage polarization on the effectiveness of surgical therapy of peri-implantitis. Int J Implant Dent 2021; 7:110. [PMID: 34767122 PMCID: PMC8589929 DOI: 10.1186/s40729-021-00391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the influence of macrophage expression and polarization on the effectiveness of surgical therapy of peri-implantitis over a 6 month follow-up. Methods A total of fourteen patients (n = 14 implants) diagnosed with peri-implantitis underwent access flap surgery, granulation tissue removal, implantoplasty, and augmentation at intra-bony components using a natural derived bone mineral and application of a native collagen membrane during a standardized surgical procedure. Granulation tissue biopsies were prepared for immunohistochemical characterization and macrophage polarization assessment. M1 and M2 phenotype expression was identified and quantified through immunohistochemical markers and histomorphometrical analyses. Clinical evaluation and data collection were performed initially and after a healing period of 6 months. Statistical analyses were performed to associate infiltrated area, macrophage, and M1/M2 phenotype influence on peri-implant tissue healing parameters after a 6-month follow-up. Results Mean infiltrated compartment (ICT) values occupied a total percentage of 70.3% ± 13.0 in the analyzed granulation tissue biopsies. Macrophages occupied a mean area of 15.3% ± 7.0. M1 and M2 phenotypes were present in 7.1 ± 4.1% and 5.5 ± 3.7%, respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed between M1 and M2% expression (p = 0.16). The mean M1/ M2 ratio amounted to 1.5 ± 0.8. Surgical therapy was associated with statistically significant reductions in mean bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and suppuration (SUPP) scores at 6 months (p < 0.05). Linear regression analyses revealed a significant correlation between macrophage expression (CD68%) and changes in PD scores and M1 (%) expression and changes in mucosal recession (MR) scores at 6 months. Conclusions The present data suggest that macrophages might influence peri-implant tissue healing mechanisms following surgical therapy of peri-implantitis over a short-term period. Particularly, changes in PD and MR scores were statistically significantly associated with macrophage expression and phenotype. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Galarraga-Vinueza
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Carolinum, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Post-Graduate Program in Implant Dentistry (PPGO), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.,Dentistry Faculty, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Karina Obreja
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Carolinum, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Chantal Khoury
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Carolinum, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Amira Begic
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Carolinum, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ausra Ramanauskaite
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Carolinum, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frank Schwarz
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Carolinum, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Petain S, Kasnak G, Firatli E, Tervahartiala T, Gürsoy UK, Sorsa T. Periodontitis and peri-implantitis tissue levels of Treponema denticola-CTLP and its MMP-8 activating ability. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151767. [PMID: 34419758 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chymotrypsin-like-proteinase of Treponema denticola (Td-CTLP) can stimulate the protein expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 (or collagenase-2), a potent tissue destructive enzyme from gingival cells in vitro. The aims of this study were 1) to demonstrate the proMMP-8 (or latent MMP-8) activation by Td-CTLP in vitro and 2) to detect Td-CTLP and MMP-8 protein levels in the tissue samples of peri-implantitis and periodontitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS proMMP-8 activation by Td-CTLP was analyzed by immunoblots. Tissue specimens were collected from 38 systemically healthy and non-smoking patients; 14 of whom had moderate to severe periodontitis, 10 of whom were suffering from peri-implantitis, and finally 14 of whom showed no sign of periodontal inflammation nor radiological bone decay (control group). The immune-expression levels of MMP-8 and Td-CTLP in the epithelium and the connective tissue were analyzed immunohistochemically. A pixel color-intensity analyze was performed with ImageJ software (version 1.46c; Rasband WS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) to obtain a comparable numeral score for each patient's epithelium and connective tissue MMP-8 and Td-CTLP enzyme level. RESULTS Td-CTLP activated proMMP-8 in vitro by converting the 70-75 kDa proMMP-8 to 65 kDa active MMP-8. Also, lower molecular size 25-50 kDa parts of MMP-8 were formed. There was no statistically significant difference between the study groups in terms of their MMP-8 and Td-CTLP levels in the epithelium or in the connective tissue. CONCLUSION Regarding the limits of this study, it can thus be said that the Td-CTLP enzyme can activate the host proMMP-8 enzyme. Tissue protein levels of MMP-8 and Td-CTLP do not seem to be changed in peri-implantitis and in periodontitis.
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Alarcón MA, Sanz-Sánchez I, López-Pacheco A, Tavelli L, Galarraga-Vinueza ME, Schwarz F, Romanelli H, Peredo L, Pannuti CM, Javer E, Vieira AF, Montealegre M, Galindo R, Umanzor V, Treviño A, Fretes-Wood P, Cisneros M, Collins JR, Bueno L, Gimenéz X, Málaga-Figueroa L, Sanz M. Ibero-Panamerican Federation of Periodontics Delphi study on the trends in diagnosis and treatment of peri-implant diseases and conditions: A Latin American consensus. J Periodontol 2021; 92:1697-1718. [PMID: 33851728 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The social diversity, heterogeneous culture, and inherent economic inequality factors in Latin America (LA) justify conducting a comprehensive analysis on the current status and future trends of peri-implant diseases and conditions. Thus, the aim of this Delphi study was to predict the future trends in the diagnosis and treatment of peri-implant diseases and conditions in LA countries for the year 2030. METHODS A Latin American steering committee and group of experts in implant dentistry validated a questionnaire including 64 questions divided into eight sections. The questionnaire was run twice with an interval of 45 days, with the results from the first round made available to all the participants in the second round. The results were expressed in percentages and data was analyzed describing the consensus level reached in each question. RESULTS A total of 221 experts were invited to participate in the study and a total 214 (96.8%) completed the two rounds. Moderate (65%-85%) to high consensus (≥ 85%) was reached in 51 questions (79.69%), except in the questions dealing with "prevalence", where no consensus was reached. High and moderate consensus was attained for all the questions in three fields (risk factors and indicators, diagnosis and treatment of peri-implant conditions and deficiencies, and prevention and maintenance). CONCLUSIONS The present study has provided relevant and useful information on the predictions in the diagnosis and treatment of peri-implant diseases with a high level of consensus among experts. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of agreement in certain domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio Alarcón
- Academic Department of Clinical Stomatology, PerioImplant Research Group UPCH, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, Lima, Perú
| | - Ignacio Sanz-Sánchez
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea López-Pacheco
- Academic Department of Clinical Stomatology, PerioImplant Research Group UPCH, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, Lima, Perú
| | - Lorenzo Tavelli
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Frank Schwarz
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Carolinum, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hugo Romanelli
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Maimónides University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Claudio Mendes Pannuti
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Enrique Javer
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Chair of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Felipe Vieira
- Assistant Professor of Periodontology Posgraduate Program, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | - Roberto Galindo
- Posgraduate Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Vilma Umanzor
- Private Practice, Periodontics and Implant Dentistry, Department of Social/Prevention, School of Dentistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Alejandro Treviño
- Postgraduate Studies and Research Division, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Marissa Cisneros
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidad Interamericana de Panama, Panama City, Panama
| | - James R Collins
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra (PUCMM), Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Luis Bueno
- Periodontics Department, School of Dentistry, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Xiomara Gimenéz
- PerioImplant Research Group UCV, University Central of Venezuelan, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Lilian Málaga-Figueroa
- Academic Department of Clinical Stomatology, PerioImplant Research Group UPCH, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, Lima, Perú
| | - Mariano Sanz
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Galarraga-Vinueza ME, Obreja K, Ramanauskaite A, Magini R, Begic A, Sader R, Schwarz F. Macrophage polarization in peri-implantitis lesions. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:2335-2344. [PMID: 32886246 PMCID: PMC7966129 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To immunohistochemically characterize and correlate macrophage M1/M2 polarization status with disease severity at peri-implantitis sites. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of twenty patients (n = 20 implants) diagnosed with peri-implantitis (i.e., bleeding on probing with or without suppuration, probing depths ≥ 6 mm, and radiographic marginal bone loss ≥ 3 mm) were included. The severity of peri-implantitis was classified according to established criteria (i.e., slight, moderate, and advanced). Granulation tissue biopsies were obtained during surgical therapy and prepared for immunohistological assessment and macrophage polarization characterization. Macrophages, M1, and M2 phenotypes were identified through immunohistochemical markers (i.e., CD68, CD80, and CD206) and quantified through histomorphometrical analyses. RESULTS Macrophages exhibiting a positive CD68 expression occupied a mean proportion of 14.36% (95% CI 11.4-17.2) of the inflammatory connective tissue (ICT) area. Positive M1 (CD80) and M2 (CD206) macrophages occupied a mean value of 7.07% (95% CI 5.9-9.4) and 5.22% (95% CI 3.8-6.6) of the ICT, respectively. The mean M1/M2 ratio was 1.56 (95% CI 1-12-1.9). Advanced peri-implantitis cases expressed a significantly higher M1 (%) when compared with M2 (%) expression. There was a significant correlation between CD68 (%) and M1 (%) expression and probing depth (PD) values. CONCLUSION The present immunohistochemical analysis suggests that macrophages constitute a considerable proportion of the inflammatory cellular composition at peri-implantitis sites, revealing a significant higher expression for M1 inflammatory phenotype at advanced peri-implantitis sites, which could possibly play a critical role in disease progression. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Macrophages have critical functions to establish homeostasis and disease. Bacteria might induce oral dysbiosis unbalancing the host's immunological response and triggering inflammation around dental implants. M1/M2 status could possibly reveal peri-implantitis' underlying pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Galarraga-Vinueza
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Carolinum, Frankfurt, Germany
- Post-Graduate Program in Implant Dentistry (PPGO), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Karina Obreja
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Carolinum, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ausra Ramanauskaite
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Carolinum, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ricardo Magini
- Post-Graduate Program in Implant Dentistry (PPGO), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Amira Begic
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Carolinum, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Sader
- Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frank Schwarz
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Carolinum, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Department of Oral Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany.
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Nawrot-Hadzik I, Matkowski A, Kubasiewicz-Ross P, Hadzik J. Proanthocyanidins and Flavan-3-ols in the Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis-Immunomodulatory Effects, Animal and Clinical Studies. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010239. [PMID: 33467650 PMCID: PMC7830097 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper continues the systematic review on proanthocyanidins and flavan-3-ols in the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease and covers the immunomodulatory effects, and animal- and clinical studies, while the other part discussed the direct antibacterial properties. Inflammation as a major response of the periodontal tissues attacked by pathogenic microbes can significantly exacerbate the condition. However, the bidirectional activity of phytochemicals that simultaneously inhibit bacterial proliferation and proinflammatory signaling can provide a substantial alleviation of both cause and symptoms. The modulatory effects on various aspects of inflammatory and overall immune response are covered, including confirmed and postulated mechanisms of action, structure activity relationships and molecular targets. Further, the clinical relevance of flavan-3-ols and available outcomes from clinical studies is analyzed and discussed. Among the numerous natural sources of flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins the most promising are, similarly to antibacterial properties, constituents of various foods, such as fruits of Vaccinium species, tea leaves, grape seeds, and tannin-rich medicinal herbs. Despite a vast amount of in vitro and cell-based evidence of immunomodulatory there are still only a few animal and clinical studies. Most of the reports, regardless of the used model, indicated the efficiency of these phytochemicals from cranberries and other Vaccinium species and tea extracts (green or black). Other sources such as grape seeds and traditional medicinal plants, were seldom. In conclusion, the potential of flavan-3-ols and their derivatives in prevention and alleviation of periodontal disease is remarkable but clinical evidence is urgently needed for issuing credible dietary recommendation and complementary treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Nawrot-Hadzik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Botany, Wroclaw Medical University, 50556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Adam Matkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Botany, Wroclaw Medical University, 50556 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Paweł Kubasiewicz-Ross
- Department of Dental Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, 50425 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.K.-R.); (J.H.)
| | - Jakub Hadzik
- Department of Dental Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, 50425 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.K.-R.); (J.H.)
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Mao J, Huang L, Chen M, Zeng W, Feng Z, Huang S, Liu T. Integrated Analysis of the Transcriptome and Metabolome Reveals Genes Involved in Terpenoid and Flavonoid Biosynthesis in the Loblolly Pine ( Pinus taeda L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:729161. [PMID: 34659295 PMCID: PMC8519504 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.729161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is an important tree for afforestation with substantial economic and ecological value. Many metabolites with pharmacological activities are present in the tissues of P. taeda. However, the biosynthesis regulatory mechanisms of these metabolites are poorly understood. In the present study, transcriptome and metabolome analyses were performed on five tissues of P. taeda. A total of 40.4 million clean reads were obtained and assembled into 108,663 unigenes. These were compared with five databases, revealing 39,576 annotated unigenes. A total of 13,491 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed in 10 comparison groups. Of these, 487 unigenes exhibited significantly different expressions in specific tissues of P. taeda. The DEGs were explored using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes metabolic pathway analysis. We identified 343 and 173 candidate unigenes related to the biosynthesis of terpenoids and flavonoids, respectively. These included 62 R2R3-MYB, 30 MYB, 15 WRKY, seven bHLH, seven ERF, six ZIP, five AP2, and one WD40 genes that acted as regulators in flavonoid and/or terpenoid biosynthesis. Additionally, metabolomics analysis detected 528 metabolites, among which 168 were flavonoids. A total of 493 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were obtained in 10 comparison groups. The 3,7-Di-O-methyl quercetin was differentially accumulated in all the comparison groups. The combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed 219 DEGs that were significantly correlated with 45 DAMs. Our study provides valuable genomic and metabolome information for understanding P. taeda at the molecular level, providing a foundation for the further development of P. taeda-related pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Mao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Taishan Hongling Seed Orchart, Jiangmen, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linwang Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manyu Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weishan Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiheng Feng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaowei Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Tianyi Liu
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Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids in LPS-Treated IPEC-J2 Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Their Antibacterial Effect against Bacteria of Swine Origin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121267. [PMID: 33322114 PMCID: PMC7764120 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Beneficial effects of flavonoids are widely known in human medicine, but less information is available about their veterinary usage. Based on their antioxidant and antibacterial activity, proanthocyanidins (PAs) and luteolin (LUT) might be used in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal infections in swine. In this study, in vitro beneficial effects of grape seed oligomeric proanthocyanidins (GSOPs) and LUT were investigated against bacterial endotoxin (LPS)-induced oxidative stress in IPEC-J2 porcine epithelial intestinal cells. Furthermore, antibacterial effects of GSOP and LUT were assessed against field isolates of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium. Both GSOP and LUT were found to possess potent in vitro antioxidant activity in LPS-treated IPEC-J2 cells; furthermore, they showed a bacteriostatic effect against the tested bacterial strains of porcine origin. Both flavonoids seem to be effective in the protection of porcine intestinal epithelial cells against Gram-negative bacteria in vitro, but further in vivo studies are necessary to confirm these activities and to establish their optimal dosage regimen for future usage in veterinary practice.
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