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Frigerio ED, Guizelini CDC, Jussiani GG, Março KS, de Melo GD, Watanabe TTN, Machado GF. Lymphocytic hypophysitis in dogs infected with Leishmania spp. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1208919. [PMID: 37781278 PMCID: PMC10537919 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1208919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Morphological involvement of endocrine glands, such as the pituitary gland, remain uninvestigated in dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis. Therefore, this study investigated the presence of amastigotes of Leishmania spp. and characterized inflammatory changes, highlighting the involvement of TCD3+ lymphocytes in different regions of the pituitary gland of dogs. Methods Samples were collected from 21 naturally infected dogs and 5 control, uninfected dogs. The different pituitary regions were analyzed in histological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) under light microscopy. Inflammation was classified by intensity in a score from 0 to 3, absent (0), mild (1), moderate (2), and marked (3). The immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation was performed in five high-power fields (hot spot) in a 40x objective of each region with manual counting (Image J1.52ª) of the TCD3+ lymphocytes and for amastigotes analyzed in 40x and 100x objectives. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of the data. Differences between groups were determined by the Mann Whitney test. The correlation between variables was assessed by Sperman's correlation test. p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results Amastigotes from the pituitary glands of two infected dogs were identified using IHC. The histopathological evaluation stained with hematoxylin and eosin showed greater intensity of inflammation in the pars distalis and pars intermedia regions of infected dogs. IHC for TCD3+ lymphocytes showed a higher median number of immunolabeled cells in pars nervosa in the infected group than in the control group (p < 0.05); and expecting a variation in the distribution and number of these cells in naturally infected dogs, the median of the control group was considered a cut-off point, an increase in T lymphocytes (p < 0.05) was also observed in the pars intermedia and pars distalis of an infected subgroup (n = 10). A moderate significant correlation between the intensity of inflammation and the number of immunolabeled TCD3+ lymphocytes was established in the analyzed pituitary regions, characterizing the occurrence of hypophysitis. Conclusion These findings presuppose that inflammation and/or the parasite in the pituitary region can result in gland dysfunction, worsening the clinical condition of the patient and compromising the efficiency of treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edenilson Doná Frigerio
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Cecilia de Castro Guizelini
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Giulia Gonçalves Jussiani
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Karen Santos Março
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Dias de Melo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Tatiane Terumi Negrão Watanabe
- Department Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Gisele Fabrino Machado
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
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Silva JEDS, Jussiani GG, Grano FG, Pelissari MCC, de Melo GD, Negrão Watanabe TT, de Lima VF, Machado GF. Increased CCL-5 (RANTES) Gene Expression in the Choroid Plexus of Dogs with Canine Leishmaniosis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2060. [PMID: 37443858 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral canine leishmaniasis (CanL) can cause several clinical manifestations, including neurological lesions. Few reports have characterized the lesions observed in the central nervous system (CNS) during CanL; however, its pathogenesis remains unclear. The choroid plexus (CP) is a specialized structure responsible for the production and secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and considered an interface between the peripheral immune system and CNS. It can allow the passage of inflammatory cells or pathogens and has the potential to act as a source of inflammatory mediators in several diseases. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the role of CP as a possible route of inflammatory cells in the development of brain lesions in dogs with CanL, as well as its association with blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) dysfunction. Samples were collected from 19 dogs that were naturally infected with CanL. We evaluated the histopathological lesions in the brain and investigated the gene expression of the cytokines. Capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate the presence of the same cytokines in the CSF. Biochemical analysis was performed to compare the presence of albumin in the serum and CSF. Indirect ELISA was performed to measure the presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies in the CSF, which would suggest the disruption of the BCSFB. Histopathological evaluation of the dogs' brains revealed mild-to-severe inflammatory infiltrates, mainly in the CP and meninges. We also detected the presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies and albumin in the CSF, as well as Leishmania DNA in the CP. The gene expression of CCL-5 was increased in the CP of infected dogs compared with that of controls, and there was a tendency for the increase in the gene expression of CXCL-10. Thus, our findings confirm the disfunction of the BCSFB during CanL and suggest that the chemokines CCL-5 and CXCL-10 can be responsible for the recruitment of inflammatory cells found in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Eduardo Dos Santos Silva
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba (FMVA), São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Clóvis Pestana, 793, Dona Amélia, Araçatuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil
| | - Giulia Gonçalves Jussiani
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba (FMVA), São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Clóvis Pestana, 793, Dona Amélia, Araçatuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Grecco Grano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba (FMVA), São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Clóvis Pestana, 793, Dona Amélia, Araçatuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Cecília Clarindo Pelissari
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba (FMVA), São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Clóvis Pestana, 793, Dona Amélia, Araçatuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Dias de Melo
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Intitut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Tatiane Terumi Negrão Watanabe
- Department Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Antech Diagnostics, 12401 West Olympic Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Valéria Felix de Lima
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba (FMVA), São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Clóvis Pestana, 793, Dona Amélia, Araçatuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele Fabrino Machado
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba (FMVA), São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Clóvis Pestana, 793, Dona Amélia, Araçatuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil
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Ribeiro VM, Júnior DMG, Ottino J, Valle GR, de Miranda Estevam LGT, de Carvalho OV, Paz GF. Report of the presence of Leishmania infantum in the milk of a naturally infected female dog in Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 36:100795. [PMID: 36436888 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dogs are the most important reservoir of Leishmania infantum, the causal agent of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Although lymphoid tissue is the most important biological tissue where amastigotes can be found, this paper describes the presence of L. infantum DNA in the milk of a lactating naturally infected female dog. This finding suggests the need for further studies to elucidate whether breastfeeding can be a route of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer Ottino
- Santo Agostinho Hospital Veterinário, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Mataragka A, Ikonomopoulos J, Zervas GS, Vamvakidis CD, Tzimotoudis N, Hager-Theodorides AL, Gazouli M, Kominakis A. Allele and genotype frequencies of the SOD1 gene polymorphism associated with canine degenerative myelopathy in Belgian Malinois dogs in Greece. Vet World 2021; 14:1472-1479. [PMID: 34316194 PMCID: PMC8304418 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1472-1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Canine degenerative myelopathy (CDM) is an adult-onset fatal disorder associated with a point mutation of the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene (SOD1:c.118G>A). This study aimed to determine the allele and genotype frequencies of this mutation in a group of Belgian Malinois dogs in Greece. Materials and Methods Samples (n=72) of whole blood were collected from 72 purebred dogs of the Hellenic Armed Forces; these samples were processed for DNA isolation, polymerase chain reaction, and digestion with the restriction endonuclease AcuI. Sample testing was conducted in compliance with ISO17025 accreditation requirements. Results The observed relative genotype frequencies were 71% for the homozygous (GG), 25% for the heterozygous (AG), and 4% for the homozygous mutant (AA) alleles. These frequencies were close to those expected, indicating no significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE, p=0.395). The frequency of heterozygous animals indicates that a high risk of developing CDM in forthcoming generations exists in the tested population because mating among carriers would result in 25% AA progeny. The medical record of the group of study animals indicated selection against leishmaniosis, as applied throughout generations by owners and breeders. The potential association of this selection with the HWE status of the study population was discussed. Conclusion The SOD1:c.118G>A mutation was common in the tested group of dogs; thus, they are suitable for a follow-up investigation on the development and progression of CDM. A case-control study on animals with evidence of sensitivity to infectious myelopathy could provide new insights into disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Mataragka
- School of Animal Biosciences, Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - John Ikonomopoulos
- School of Animal Biosciences, Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios S Zervas
- School of Animal Biosciences, Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos Tzimotoudis
- Hellenic Army Biological Research Center/Laboratory of Microbiology, Athens, Greece
| | - Ariadne Loukia Hager-Theodorides
- School of Animal Biosciences, Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Gazouli
- School of Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Science, Laboratory of Biology, Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Kominakis
- School of Animal Biosciences, Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Cabré M, Planellas M, Ordeix L, Solano-Gallego L. Is signalment associated with clinicopathological findings in dogs with leishmaniosis? THE VETERINARY RECORD 2021; 189:e451. [PMID: 33993495 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a common infectious disease. Age, sex and breed might influence the type of clinical and pathological manifestations that dogs develop. The main objective of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to determine if an association between age, sex, breed and size and the clinical findings of CanL exists. MATERIAL AND METHODS Dogs with a diagnosis of leishmaniosis were enrolled (n = 123). Clinical information, including signalment, clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities, was retrieved from medical records from different veterinary facilities from Catalonia. RESULTS Young dogs developed less frequently systemic signs (p = 0.0046), renal (p = 0.0019) and haematologic (p = 0.0275) abnormalities, while dermatologic signs were more common in young and adult dogs compared with old ones (p = 0.0451). Young dogs showed proteinuria less often than adult and old dogs (p = 0.0029). Young dogs did not present renal azotemia, while old dogs showed occasionally renal azotemia (p = 0.0478). Young dogs were mainly classified as mild-moderate LeishVet clinical stages of the disease, and very rarely as severe-very severe LeishVet clinical stages, compared with adult and old dogs (p = 0.0457). Purebred dogs significantly developed ulcerative dermatitis more frequently than crossbred dogs (p = 0.0460). CONCLUSION This study describes that age is associated with differences in clinicopathological findings of CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cabré
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Planellas
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Ordeix
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Portero M, Miró G, Checa R, Martínez de Merlo E, Fragío C, Benito M, Sainz Á, Pérez C. Role of Leishmania infantum in Meningoencephalitis of Unknown Origin in Dogs from a Canine Leishmaniosis Endemic Area. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030571. [PMID: 33802179 PMCID: PMC7998340 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main hypothesis for the aetiology of meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO) in dogs is an autoimmune or genetic cause that is associated with a triggering event (environmental factors/infectious agents). The aim of this ambispective cohort study was to test for Leishmania infantum infection in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of dogs with MUO in an endemic area of canine leishmaniosis. Dogs with MUO were selected amongst all dogs undergoing blood anti-L. infantum antibody testing (control group). The blood plasma or serum samples from all dogs were analysed for anti- L. infantum antibodies by a quantitative indirect fluorescent assay (IFAT). In dogs with MUO, CSF samples were obtained for analysed by PCR detection of L. infantum DNA. Forty-four percent and 22% of the dogs in the MUO group featured magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and CSF cytology respectively, consistent with L. infantum infection. IFAT, PCR, and histological findings were negative for L. infantum. A significant difference in L. infantum infection prevalence was found between the control and MUO group (p = 0.0022). While it seems unlikely that L. infantum plays a role in the aetiology of MUO, in endemic areas, this pathogen should be included in the differential diagnosis of this neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Portero
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Hospital Clinico Veterinario Complutense, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.d.M.); (C.F.); (M.B.); (Á.S.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Rocío Checa
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Elena Martínez de Merlo
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Hospital Clinico Veterinario Complutense, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.d.M.); (C.F.); (M.B.); (Á.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Cristina Fragío
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Hospital Clinico Veterinario Complutense, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.d.M.); (C.F.); (M.B.); (Á.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Miguel Benito
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Hospital Clinico Veterinario Complutense, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.d.M.); (C.F.); (M.B.); (Á.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Ángel Sainz
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Hospital Clinico Veterinario Complutense, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.d.M.); (C.F.); (M.B.); (Á.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Carmen Pérez
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Hospital Clinico Veterinario Complutense, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.d.M.); (C.F.); (M.B.); (Á.S.); (C.P.)
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Lanigan LG, Russell DS, Woolard KD, Pardo ID, Godfrey V, Jortner BS, Butt MT, Bolon B. Comparative Pathology of the Peripheral Nervous System. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:10-33. [PMID: 33016246 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820959231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) relays messages between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the body. Despite this critical role and widespread distribution, the PNS is often overlooked when investigating disease in diagnostic and experimental pathology. This review highlights key features of neuroanatomy and physiology of the somatic and autonomic PNS, and appropriate PNS sampling and processing techniques. The review considers major classes of PNS lesions including neuronopathy, axonopathy, and myelinopathy, and major categories of PNS disease including toxic, metabolic, and paraneoplastic neuropathies; infectious and inflammatory diseases; and neoplasms. This review describes a broad range of common PNS lesions and their diagnostic criteria and provides many useful references for pathologists who perform PNS evaluations as a regular or occasional task in their comparative pathology practice.
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Farré Mariné A, Borrego JF, Pumarola M, Luján Feliu-Pascual A. What Is Your Neurologic Diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 255:789-792. [PMID: 31517576 DOI: 10.2460/javma.255.7.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Polymyositis as an unexpected presentation of canine leishmaniasis. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-001003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Leishmania hide-and-seek: Parasite amastigotes in the choroid plexus of a dog with neurological signs in an endemic municipality in Brazil. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 17:100291. [PMID: 31303241 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A female adult mixed-breed stray dog presented with hind limb paraparesis and clinical signs of visceral leishmaniasis. The cerebrospinal fluid presented signs of blood-brain barrier disruption. Both spleen and brain were positive for Leishmania spp. DNA. Besides inflammation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed the presence of intracellular amastigotes in the choroid plexus (CP). Despite other studies that revealed parasite DNA, the current study describes the presence of Leishmania within the brain of a naturally infected dog, specifically in CP, with no previous reports in the Americas, and suggests the CP as a possible pathway to parasite entry into the brain.
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Ward PM, McLauchlan G, Millins C, Mullen D, McBrearty AR. Leishmaniosis causing chronic diarrhoea in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Toll-like receptors and cytokines in the brain and in spleen of dogs with visceral leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol 2018; 253:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Canine Leishmaniasis: An Overview of the Current Status and Strategies for Control. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3296893. [PMID: 29789784 PMCID: PMC5896350 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3296893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania infantum and is transmitted by female phlebotomine sand flies primarily between animals and secondarily to humans. The course of infection may be different from one individual dog to another, ranging from spontaneous cure to acute evolution that leads to death, if proper management and therapy are not adopted. A parasitological cure is rarely achieved and clinical recurrences in CanL are frequent. Vaccination associated with the use of topical insecticides is undoubtedly the most effective form of prevention and control of the disease. In order to integrate the most important scientific knowledge of the literature in one objective publication, this review proposes a short overview of the main points of CanL.
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Melo GD, Goyard S, Fiette L, Boissonnas A, Combadiere C, Machado GF, Minoprio P, Lang T. Unveiling Cerebral Leishmaniasis: parasites and brain inflammation in Leishmania donovani infected mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8454. [PMID: 28814754 PMCID: PMC5559479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a systemic disease with multifaceted clinical manifestations, including neurological signs, however, the involvement of the nervous system during VL is underestimated. Accordingly, we investigated both brain infection and inflammation in a mouse model of VL. Using bioluminescent Leishmania donovani and real-time 2D-3D imaging tools, we strikingly detected live parasites in the brain, where we observed a compartmentalized dual-phased inflammation pattern: an early phase during the first two weeks post-infection, with the prompt arrival of neutrophils and Ly6Chigh macrophages in an environment presenting a variety of pro-inflammatory mediators (IFN-γ, IL-1β, CXCL-10/CXCR-3, CCL-7/CCR-2), but with an intense anti-inflammatory response, led by IL-10; and a re-inflammation phase three months later, extremely pro-inflammatory, with novel upregulation of mediators, including IL-1β, TNF-α and MMP-9. These new data give support and corroborate previous studies connecting human and canine VL with neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption, and conclusively place the brain among the organs affected by this parasite. Altogether, our results provide convincing evidences that Leishmania donovani indeed infects and inflames the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme D Melo
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Cedex 15, Paris, France
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Patologia Aplicada (LApap), Rua Clóvis Pestana 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sophie Goyard
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Cedex 15, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Centre d'Innovation et Recherche Technologique, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Fiette
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Histopathologie Humaine et Modèles Animaux, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, CEDEX 15, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Boissonnas
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, UMR 1135, CNRS, ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Combadiere
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, UMR 1135, CNRS, ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Gisele F Machado
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Patologia Aplicada (LApap), Rua Clóvis Pestana 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paola Minoprio
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Cedex 15, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Lang
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Cedex 15, Paris, France.
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