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Pensabene M, Sergio M, Baldanza F, Grasso F, Serra G, Spataro B, Bonfiglio R, Patti M, Maggiore V, Cambiaso C, Giuffré M, Corsello G, Cimador M, Di Pace MR. Penile Length Assessment of Children Treated for Primary Buried Penis: Can Satisfying Penile Growth Always Be Achieved? CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1254. [PMID: 37508751 PMCID: PMC10377962 DOI: 10.3390/children10071254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Primary buried (BP) penis is describes as a small penis caused by a penile ligaments anomaly; it is unclear if a primary BP could reach a normal length. We selected 49 patients treated at our institution between 2015 and 2020 in order to post-operatively evaluate the SPL after one year. SPL was evaluated according to the PH Tanner staging system for pre-pubertal patients according to age-normalized values. A micropenis was detected if the SPL was below 2.5 SD. A normal SPL was found in thirty-two patients, eighteen were in PH Stage 1, four were in PH Stage 2, six were in PH Stage 3, and four were in PH Stage 5. Seventeen patients showed a reduced SPL; in seven of these (four in PH Stage 4 and three in PH Stage 5), their SPL was <2.5 ST. The difference in micropenis prevalence between the pre-pubertal and post-pubertal patients was significant (p = 0.038). A primary BP grows normally during the pre-pubertal period, where patients frequently showed a normal SPL, but it seems to be unable to reach a normal length in the higher PH stages, where the SPL is used to detect a micropenis. We suggest that a primary BP should be considered not as a simple defect of the penile ligaments and surrounding tissues, but as an incomplete manifestation of a micropenis due to a growth slowdown of the organ in late puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pensabene
- Pediatric Surgical Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127 Palermo, PA, Italy
| | - Maria Sergio
- Pediatric Surgical Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127 Palermo, PA, Italy
| | - Fabio Baldanza
- Pediatric Surgical Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127 Palermo, PA, Italy
| | - Francesco Grasso
- Pediatric Surgical Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127 Palermo, PA, Italy
| | - Gregorio Serra
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127 Palermo, PA, Italy
| | - Benedetto Spataro
- Pediatric Surgical Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127 Palermo, PA, Italy
| | - Roberta Bonfiglio
- Pediatric Surgical Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127 Palermo, PA, Italy
| | - Maria Patti
- Pediatric Surgical Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127 Palermo, PA, Italy
| | - Valentina Maggiore
- Pediatric Surgical Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127 Palermo, PA, Italy
| | - Chiara Cambiaso
- Pediatric Surgical Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127 Palermo, PA, Italy
| | - Mario Giuffré
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127 Palermo, PA, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corsello
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127 Palermo, PA, Italy
| | - Marcello Cimador
- Pediatric Surgical Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127 Palermo, PA, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Di Pace
- Pediatric Surgical Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127 Palermo, PA, Italy
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Lee HI, Kim S, Kim SW, Lee M, Song K, Suh J, Lee YS, Chae HW, Kim HS, Han S, Kwon A. Effects of Androgen Treatment on Growth in Patients with 5-α-Reductase Type 2 Deficiency. J Pers Med 2023; 13:992. [PMID: 37373981 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13060992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with 5-α-reductase type 2 deficiency (5αRD2) require androgen treatment for the growth of normal male external genitalia. Since limited research has been conducted on the effects of androgen treatment on height in individuals with 5αRD2, we investigated the effect of androgen treatment on bone age (BA) and the height status in children with 5αRD2. METHODS Of the 19 participants who were followed up for an average of 10.6 years, 12 received androgen treatment. BA and height standard deviation scores (SDS) were compared between the treatment and non-treatment groups, as well as between the dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone enanthate (TE) treatment groups. RESULTS Despite the above-average height of the 19 patients with 5αRD2, the height SDS relative to BA (htSDS-BA) was below average, particularly in the androgen treatment group. DHT treatment did not lead to an increase in BA or htSDS-BA, whereas TE treatment resulted in BA advancement and decreased htSDS-BA, especially in the prepubertal period. CONCLUSIONS DHT treatment is more favorable for height than TE treatment in patients with 5αRD2, particularly during the prepubertal period. Therefore, age and the type of androgen used should be carefully considered to minimize the risk of height reduction in these patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae In Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Institute of Endocrinology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woon Kim
- Department of Urology, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongseob Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Institute of Endocrinology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungchul Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Institute of Endocrinology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghwan Suh
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Institute of Endocrinology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seung Lee
- Department of Urology, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Institute of Endocrinology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Institute of Endocrinology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Han
- Department of Urology, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahreum Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Institute of Endocrinology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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3
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Bettocchi C, Checchia AA, Falagario UG, Ricapito A, Busetto GM, Cormio L, Carrieri G. Male esthetic genital surgery: recommendations and gaps to be filled. Int J Impot Res 2022; 34:392-403. [PMID: 35383340 PMCID: PMC9117127 DOI: 10.1038/s41443-022-00556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The reason behind the spread of penis enlargement practices over time is rooted in the virility that the appearance of the genitals can give a man, as well as an altered perception of his own body. The approach should be to modulate the interventions on the real needs of patients, carefully evaluating the history, the psychological picture, and possible surgical advantages. The aim of this study was to shed light on cosmetic surgery of male genitalia through minimally invasive and more radical techniques, with the purpose of laying the foundation for possible indications and recommendations for the future. A non-systematic literature review using the PubMed and Scopus databases was conducted to retrieve papers written in English on cosmetic surgery of the penis published over the past 15 years. Papers discussing cosmetic surgery in patients with concomitant pathologies associated with sexual dysfunction were excluded. The main outcomes recorded were change in penile dimensions in term of length and girth and surgical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bettocchi
- Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
| | | | | | - Anna Ricapito
- Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Busetto
- Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigi Cormio
- Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carrieri
- Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Stancampiano MR, Suzuki K, O'Toole S, Russo G, Yamada G, Faisal Ahmed S. Congenital Micropenis: Etiology And Management. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvab172. [PMID: 35036822 PMCID: PMC8754418 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the newborn, penile length is determined by a number of androgen dependent and independent factors. The current literature suggests that there are interracial differences in stretched penile length in the newborn and although congenital micropenis should be defined as a stretched penile length of less than 2.5 SDS of the mean for the corresponding population and gestation, a pragmatic approach would be to evaluate all boys with a stretched penile length below 2 cm, as congenital micropenis can be a marker for a wide range of endocrine conditions. However, it remains unclear as to whether the state of micropenis, itself, is associated with any long-term consequences. There is a lack of systematic studies comparing the impact of different therapeutic options on long-term outcomes, in terms of genital appearance, quality of life, and sexual satisfaction. To date, research has been hampered by a small sample size and inclusion of a wide range of heterogeneous diagnoses; for these reasons, condition-specific outcomes have been difficult to compare between studies. Lastly, there is a need for a greater collaborative effort in collecting standardized data so that all real-world or experimental interventions performed at an early age can be studied systematically into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Stuart O'Toole
- Department of Paediatric Surgery and Urology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Gianni Russo
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Unit, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Syed Faisal Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
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Tack LJW, van der Straaten S, Riedl S, Springer A, Holterhus PM, Hornig NC, Kolesinska Z, Niedziela M, Baronio F, Balsamo A, Hannema SE, Nordenström A, Poyrazoglu S, Darendeliler FF, Grinspon R, Rey R, Aljuraibah F, Bryce J, Ahmed F, Tadokoro-Cuccaro R, Hughes I, Guaragna-Filho G, Maciel-Guerra AT, Guerra-Junior G, Cools M. Growth, puberty and testicular function in boys born small for gestational age with a nonspecific disorder of sex development. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2022; 96:165-174. [PMID: 34668586 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Being born small for gestational age (SGA) is frequently associated with unexplained disorders of sex development (nonspecific DSD) in boys. Little is known about their future growth, puberty and testicular function. Our objective is to determine the long-term endocrine outcome of boys born SGA who have a nonspecific DSD. DESIGN Boys with a nonspecific DSD born SGA and appropriate for GA (AGA) were retrieved through the International Disorders of Sex Development registry and retrospective data collected, based on a spreadsheet containing 102 items. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS In total, 179 boys were included, of which 115 were born SGA and 64 were born AGA. Their growth and pubertal development were compared. Serum LH, FSH, testosterone, AMH and inhibin B levels in infancy and puberty were analysed to assess testicular function. RESULTS At 2 years of age, 30% of SGA boys had incomplete or absent catch-up growth. Boys born SGA also had higher LH during minipuberty and lower testosterone in stimulation tests (p = 0.037 and 0.040, respectively), as compared to boys born AGA. No differences were observed in timing or course of puberty or end-pubertal hormone levels. CONCLUSIONS Almost one out of three SGA boys with a nonspecific DSD experiences insufficient catch-up growth. In addition, our data suggest dysfunction of infantile Leydig cells or altered regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in SGA boys during childhood. Sex steroid production during puberty seems unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd J W Tack
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology Service, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Saskia van der Straaten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology Service, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Riedl
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, St Anna Children's Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Springer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul-Martin Holterhus
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nadine C Hornig
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, Kiel, Germany
| | - Zofia Kolesinska
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Niedziela
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Federico Baronio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Rare Endocrine Conditions, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Balsamo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Rare Endocrine Conditions, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabine E Hannema
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Nordenström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sukran Poyrazoglu
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma F Darendeliler
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Romina Grinspon
- Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas 'Dr César Bergadá' (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo Rey
- Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas 'Dr César Bergadá' (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fahad Aljuraibah
- Royal Hospital for Children, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jillian Bryce
- Royal Hospital for Children, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Faisal Ahmed
- Royal Hospital for Children, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Ieuan Hughes
- Department of Pediatrics, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Guilherme Guaragna-Filho
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Group for Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea T Maciel-Guerra
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Group for Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gil Guerra-Junior
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Group for Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martine Cools
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology Service, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Grimstad F, Boskey ER, Taghinia A, Estrada CR, Ganor O. The role of androgens in clitorophallus development and possible applications to transgender patients. Andrology 2021; 9:1719-1728. [PMID: 33834632 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clitorophallus, or glans, is a critical structure in sexual development and plays an important role in how gender is conceptualized across the life span. This can be seen in both the evaluation and treatment of intersex individuals and the use of gender-affirming masculinizing therapies to help those born with a clitoris (small clitorophallus with separate urethra) enlarge or alter the function of that structure. OBJECTIVES To review the role of testosterone in clitorophallus development from embryo to adulthood, including how exogenous testosterone is used to stimulate clitorophallus enlargement in masculinizing gender-affirming therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant English-language literature was identified and evaluated for data regarding clitorophallus development in endosex and intersex individuals and the utilization of hormonal and surgical masculinizing therapies on the clitorophallus. Studies included evaluated the spectrum of terms regarding the clitorophallus (genital tubercle, clitoris, micropenis, penis). RESULTS Endogenous testosterone, and its more active metabolite dihydrotestosterone, plays an important role in the development of the genital tubercle into the clitorophallus, primarily during the prenatal and early postnatal periods and then again during puberty. Androgens contribute to not only growth but also the inclusion of a urethra on the ventral aspect. Exogenous testosterone can be used to enlarge the small clitorophallus (clitoris or micropenis) as part of both intersex and gender-affirming care (in transmasculine patients, up to 2 cm of additional growth). Where testosterone is insufficient to provide the degree of masculinization desired, surgical options including phalloplasty and metoidioplasty are available. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Endogenous testosterone plays an important role in clitorophallus development, and there are circumstances where exogenous testosterone may be useful for masculinization. Surgical options may also help some patients reach their personal goals. As masculinizing gender-affirming care advances, the options available for clitorophallus modifications will likely continue to expand and improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Grimstad
- Division of Gynecology, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Gender Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Boskey
- Center for Gender Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amir Taghinia
- Center for Gender Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos R Estrada
- Center for Gender Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oren Ganor
- Center for Gender Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Huayllani MT, Boczar D, Saleem HY, Cinotto G, Avila FR, Manrique OJ, Ciudad P, Rinker BD, Forte AJ. Single versus two-stage phalloplasty for transgender female-to-male patients: a systematic review of the literature. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:608. [PMID: 33987306 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Phalloplasty is the main treatment for gender dysphoria disorder. It is difficult to ascertain if staging of phalloplasty influences the rate of complications. We aim to describe and compare the rates of complication between single versus two-stage phalloplasty for transgender female-to-male patients. PubMed, Ovid Medline, EMBASE and SCOPUS databases were queried for studies reporting complications of female-to-male transgender patients who underwent phalloplasty. The keywords "phalloplasty", "female to male", "outcome", "complication" and synonyms in different combinations were used for the search. Only studies that could identify whether phallic shaft creation was performed in a single or two-stage procedure were included. From a total of 336 articles, 20 met the inclusion criteria. Sixteen studies reported complications associated with a single-stage phalloplasty and seven studies identified complications after a two-stage procedure. The most common complications found for both groups of staging were fistula, stricture and total/partial flap necrosis. Patients who underwent two-stage phalloplasty had higher complication rates (partial or total flap necrosis and fistulas), compared with the single-stage procedure (P<0.05). In conclusion, this systematic review identified the impact of staging in the rate of complications related to phalloplasty for transgender female-to-male patients; a two-stage phalloplasty has a higher rate of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Huayllani
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel Boczar
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Humza Y Saleem
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Gabriela Cinotto
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Francisco R Avila
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Oscar J Manrique
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Pedro Ciudad
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Burn Surgery, Arzobispo Loayza National Hospital, Lima, Peru
| | - Brian D Rinker
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Antonio J Forte
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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8
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Schloßhauer T, Kueenzlen L, Spennato S, Bozkurt A, Sohn M, Rieger UM. [Microsurgical penile reconstruction in case of intersexuality and after penis carcinoma]. HANDCHIR MIKROCHIR P 2020; 52:297-307. [PMID: 32428939 DOI: 10.1055/a-1017-3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goals of penile reconstruction and phalloplasty include aesthetics as natural as possible and the ability of patients to void while standing and to have sexual intercourse. This article presents two more rare indications and techniques, the phalloplasty using free radial forearm flapin case of intersexuality and after penectomy due to penis carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS In transsexual individuals numerous phalloplasties in Gottlieb and Levine`s technique, by means phalloplasty of free radial forearm-flap of the non-dominant forearm, were performed in our department over the last few years. However, this technique also has its significance for phalloplasty in non-transgender persons.Two patients are considered in detail with regard to indication and surgical technique and were followed up in a multimodal setting.Patient 1 is genetically male, thirty-five years old with a micropenis in the case of pseudohermaphroditism masculine and androgen resistance.Patient 2 is a fifty-one-year old genetically male and as a result of a penis carcinoma his penis had to be amputated at the level of penis root. After absence of recurrence for 1,5 years, the penile reconstruction took place after complete resection of the remaining residual penile stump and corpora cavernosa. Both patients underwent multimodal follow-up 15 months postoperatively with regard to phalloplasty sensors and donor-site restrictions. RESULTS An aesthetic and functional acceptable result could be obtained for both patients. Both patients are able to void while standing. The multimodal follow-up 15 months postoperatively revealed relevant differences in the sensory findings of both patients, which are due to the different anatomy of reinnervation. CONCLUSION In microsurgical experienced departments, the technique of A. radialis phalloplasty can also be used successfully in more rare indications, as shown here, a satisfying result can be achieved in terms of function and aesthetics. The complications shown here do not differ from those using phalloplasty in transgender persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schloßhauer
- AGAPLESION MARKUS KRANKENHAUS, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Klinik für Plastische, Ästhetische, Wiederherstellungs- und Handchirurgie
| | - L Kueenzlen
- AGAPLESION MARKUS KRANKENHAUS, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Klinik für Plastische, Ästhetische, Wiederherstellungs- und Handchirurgie
| | - S Spennato
- AGAPLESION MARKUS KRANKENHAUS, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Klinik für Plastische, Ästhetische, Wiederherstellungs- und Handchirurgie
| | - A Bozkurt
- HELIOS Universitatsklinikum Wuppertal, Klinik für Plastische, Ästhetische und Handchirurgie
| | - M Sohn
- AGAPLESION MARKUS KRANKENHAUS, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Klinik für Urologie
| | - U M Rieger
- AGAPLESION MARKUS KRANKENHAUS, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Klinik für Plastische, Ästhetische, Wiederherstellungs- und Handchirurgie
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Kreukels BPC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Roehle R, van de Grift TC, Slowikowska-Hilczer J, Claahsen-van der Grinten H, Lindén Hirschberg A, de Vries ALC, Reisch N, Bouvattier C, Nordenström A, Thyen U, Köhler B, Group OBOTDL. Sexuality in Adults with Differences/Disorders of Sex Development (DSD): Findings from the dsd-LIFE Study. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2019; 45:688-705. [PMID: 31034334 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2019.1610123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For various reasons, sexuality of individuals with differences/disorders of sex development (DSD) may be affected. The aim of the study was to describe sexual activity, satisfaction with sex life, satisfaction with genital function, and sexual problems in people with different DSD conditions. Data were collected from 1,040 participants in Europe. Many people with a variety of DSD conditions do not appear to be satisfied with their sex life, experience a variety of sexual problems, and are less sexually active than the general population; therefore sexuality should be explicitly addressed in the care of people with DSD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peggy T Cohen-Kettenis
- Medische psychologie, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Robert Roehle
- Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Koordinierungszentrum fur Klinische Studien (KKS Charite) , Berlin , Germany
| | - Tim C van de Grift
- Medische psychologie, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
- Plastische, Reconstructieve en Handchirurgie, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
- Department Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Annelou L C de Vries
- Kinderpsychiatrie, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Reisch
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Claire Bouvattier
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris-Sud University, France , Le Kremlin Bicêtre , France
| | - Anna Nordenström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ute Thyen
- Klinik fur Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitat zu Lubeck , Lubeck , Germany
| | - Birgit Köhler
- Klinik fur Pädiatrie mit Schwerpunkt Endokrinologie und Diabetologie, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - On Behalf Of The Dsd-Life Group
- The dsd-LIFE group: Birgit Köhler, Berlin; Peggy Cohen-Kettenis and Annelou de Vries, Amsterdam; Wiebke Arlt, Birmingham and Claudia Wiesemann, Göttingen; Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer, Lodz; Aude Brac de la Perriere, Lyon; Charles Sultan and Francoise Paris, Montpellier; Claire Bouvattier, Paris; Ute Thyen, Lubeck; Nicole Reisch, Munich; Annette Richter-Unruh, Munster; Hedi Claahsen-van der Grinten, Nijmegen; Anna Nordenström, Stockholm; Catherine Pienkowski, Toulouse ; and Maria Szarras-Czapnik , Warsaw
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10
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van de Grift TC, Pigot GLS, Kreukels BPC, Bouman MB, Mullender MG. Transmen's Experienced Sexuality and Genital Gender-Affirming Surgery: Findings From a Clinical Follow-Up Study. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2019; 45:201-205. [PMID: 30672387 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2018.1500405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Genital gender-affirming surgery (GAS) aims to alleviate feelings of gender dysphoria and support psychosexual outcomes. However, little is known of sexual activity and satisfaction of transmen after phalloplasty or metoidioplasty. A clinical follow-up study was conducted in transmen at least one year after genital GAS in order to evaluate measures of experienced sexuality. Participants (N = 38) received a set of self-constructed questionnaires on sexual relationships and orientation, use of genitals during sexual contact, and the experienced influence of surgery on sexuality. Twenty-nine had received phalloplasty, nine metoidioplasty. The average follow-up time was 32 months. The majority reported to be sexually active. The use and enjoyment of both chest and genitals during sexual activity increased after surgery. Other areas of improvement included arousability, sexual interest, and pleasure. Free text comments provided an insight into the role of genital sensation and sexual self-esteem in postoperative sexuality. In conclusion, genital GAS positively impacts transmen's sexuality, although possible issues with genital sensation or penetration may exist and should be communicated preoperatively. Therefore, we recommend interdisciplinary collaboration on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim C van de Grift
- a Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
- b Department of Medical Psychology, Section Gender and Sexology , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Garry L S Pigot
- c Department of Urology , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Baudewijntje P C Kreukels
- b Department of Medical Psychology, Section Gender and Sexology , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
- d Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Mark-Bram Bouman
- a Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Margriet G Mullender
- a Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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11
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Oh JK, Im YJ, Park K, Paick JS. Effects of combined growth hormone and testosterone treatments in a rat model of micropenis. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:/journals/ec/aop/ec-18-0200.xml. [PMID: 30352406 PMCID: PMC6215796 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well known that penile growth is dependent on androgens, few clinical studies have reported successful treatment of micropenis with testosterone, likely due to concerns regarding the efficacy and safety of prolonged testosterone use. Thus, we assessed the synergenic effects of growth hormone (GH) treatments with and without testosterone on phallic growth in a rat model of micropenis. Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to control (C), microphallus (MP), testosterone (T), GH (G) and GH plus testosterone (GT) treatment groups, and microphallus was induced by secondary hypogonadism. Pre-pubertal treatments with testosterone, GH or the combination were initiated from 7 days after birth and were maintained until 12 weeks of age. To assess the efficacy of treatments, phallic dimensions were determined and histological markers of cavernosal integrity were evaluated. Skeletal and gonadal safety profiles of the treatments were then assessed according to right tibial lengths and testicular weights, respectively. No monotreatments normalised penile dimensions, whereas combination treatments led to complete restoration. The combination treatment also prevented decreases in histological indicators of cavernosal integrity, including smooth muscle actin and collagen III expression levels and fat globule accumulation and sinusoidal density. These synergenic effects of GH treatments on penile growth may follow changes in androgen receptor expression levels and were accompanied by decreased testicular volume losses. Although the physiological conditions of phallic growth differ between humans and rats, this proof-of-concept study provides a strategy for circumventing the problems of testosterone monotherapy for human micropenis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyu Oh
- Department of UrologyCollege of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Im
- Department of UrologyCollege of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanjin Park
- Department of UrologyCollege of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seung Paick
- Department of UrologyCollege of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Lee PA, Mazur T, Houk CP, Blizzard RM. Growth Hormone Deficiency Causing Micropenis: Lessons Learned From a Well-Adjusted Adult. Pediatrics 2018; 142:peds.2017-4168. [PMID: 29959177 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-4168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This report of a 46,XY patient born with a micropenis consistent with etiology from isolated congenital growth hormone deficiency is used to (1) raise the question regarding what degree testicular testosterone exposure to the central nervous system during fetal life and early infancy has on the development of male gender identity, regardless of gender of rearing; (2) suggest the obligatory nature of timely full disclosure of medical history; (3) emphasize that virtually all 46,XY infants with functional testes and a micropenis should be initially boys except some with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome; and (4) highlight the sustaining value of a positive long-term relationship with a trusted physician (R.M.B.). When this infant presented, it was commonly considered inappropriate to gender assign an infant male whose penis was so small that an adult size was expected to be inadequate, even if the karyotype was 46,XY, and testes were functional. Concomitantly, female gender assignment was considered the appropriate decision, believing that parental rearing in the assigned gender was considered the major factor determining established adult gender identity. Full disclosure of medical information was considered inappropriate. Progress in appreciating the complexities of gender identity development, which is not yet completely understood, and sexuality, coping ability, and outcome data has resulted in a change of practice in initial gender assignment. A 46,XY individual with functional testes and verified androgen responsiveness should be assigned and reared as male, regardless of penis size. Without androgen responsiveness, the multiple factors must be carefully considered and disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania;
| | - Tom Mazur
- Center for Psychosexual Health, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo and John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, New York
| | - Christopher P Houk
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and
| | - Robert M Blizzard
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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13
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Abstract
The newborn infant with atypical genitalia presents a challenging clinical scenario and requires expert input. There have been appreciable advances in our knowledge of the underlying causes that may lead to a mere difference or a more serious disorder of sex development (DSD), the natural history of conditions, as well as the short and long-term complications of these conditions themselves, together with the clinical interventions that are associated with these conditions. With this information, the DSD expert can be more confident when discussing options with the parents of the newborn infant. By working within a multidisciplinary team, the expert should be able to support the family whilst individualising the management plan so that it is also cognizant of the shifts in societal attitudes and expectations around concepts of diversity and openness. It is, therefore, likely that the practice of assigning sex, especially in those cases where sex assignment is unclear on expert assessment, will continue to show temporal, social and geographical variations. It is imperative that clinical data for rare conditions such as these are collected in a standardized format and shared through a common registry so that any evidence that is used for future shifts in practice has a stronger foundation than that which is currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Markosyan
- Yerevan State Medical University, Muratsan University Hospital, Clinic of Endocrinology, Yerevan, Armenia
,
University of Glasgow School of Medicine, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - S. Faisal Ahmed
- University of Glasgow School of Medicine, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Glasgow, United Kingdom
,* Address for Correspondence: University of Glasgow School of Medicine, Royal Hospital for Children, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Glasgow, United Kingdom Phone: +44 141 451 5841 E-mail:
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14
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Xu D, Lu L, Xi L, Cheng R, Pei Z, Bi Y, Ruan S, Luo F. Efficacy and safety of percutaneous administration of dihydrotestosterone in children of different genetic backgrounds with micropenis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017; 30:1285-1291. [PMID: 29176021 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2016-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exogenous androgen supplement is an optional treatment for micropenis; however, its use in childhood is controversial due to potential side effects. METHODS Twenty-three children (mean age: 4.07±3.4 years) with micropenis of unknown causes harboring the 46,XY karyotype were recruited in an open prospective study. Androgen receptor (AR), steroid 5α-reductase-2 (SRD5A2), and SRY genes were sequenced; 2.5% dihydrotestosterone (DHT) transdermal gel (0.1-0.3 mg/kg/day) was applied and titrated within the normal DHT serum reference ranges. Stretched penile length (SPL) was measured before therapy, and after 1, 3 and 6 months of DHT gel treatment, respectively. RESULTS Two patients were found with AR gene mutations and five patients with SRD5A2 gene mutations. Average stretched penile lengths (SPLs) were 1.68±0.6 cm at baseline and 2.2±0.66 cm, 2.6±0.59 cm and 2.9±0.55 cm (mean ± 1 SD) after 1, 3 and 6 months of treatment, respectively. Fourteen cases (61%) reached standard penile length ranges (>-2.5 SD) and medication was discontinued; six cases (26%) were satisfied with the improved penile lengths despite failing to reach the aged matched standards. Three infants (13%) discontinued the medication after 3 months due to anxiety about the potential side effects. No significant side effects were found except the elevated DHT serum levels after therapy. CONCLUSIONS Short term and local application of DHT at low doses in patients with micropenis could accelerate penile growth effectively without evident side effects; however, precautions still need be taken due to the paucity of long term study and the lack of ideal DHT dosage.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai A Sopko
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Arthur L Burnett
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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16
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Controversies of Sex Re-assignment in Genetic Males with Congenital Inadequacy of the Penis. Indian J Pediatr 2017; 84:700-708. [PMID: 28687949 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-017-2412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sex assignment in 46XY genetic male children with congenital inadequacy of the penis (CIP) is controversial. Traditionally, children with penile length less than 2 cm at birth are considered unsuitable to be raised as males. They are typically re-assigned to female-sex and feminizing genitoplasty is usually done in infancy. However, the concept of cerebral androgen imprinting has caused paradigm shift in the philosophy of sex re-assignment. Masculinization of the brain, rather than length of the penis, is the modern criterion of sex re-assignment in CIP. This review summarizes the current understanding of the complex issue. In 46XY children with CIP, male-sex assignment appears appropriate in non-hormonal conditions such as idiopathic micropenis, aphallia and exstrophy. Female-sex re-assignment appears acceptable in complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS), while partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) patients are highly dissatisfied with the assignment of either sex. Children with 5-alpha reductase deficiency are likely to have spontaneous penile lengthening at puberty. Hence, they are better raised as males. Although female assignment is common in pure gonadal dysgenesis, long-term results are not known to justify the decision.
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17
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Sopko NA, Tuffaha SH, Lough D, Brandacher G, Lee WPA, Bivalacqua TJ, Redett RJ, Burnett AL. Penile Allotransplantation for Complex Genitourinary Reconstruction. J Urol 2017; 198:274-280. [PMID: 28286074 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reconstruction of complex functional structures is increasingly being performed with vascularized composite allotransplantation. Penile transplantation is a novel vascularized composite allotransplantation treatment option for severe penile tissue loss and disfigurement. Three allogeneic human penile transplantations have been reported. We review these cases as well as penile transplant indications, preclinical models and immunosuppression therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a comprehensive literature review for the years 1970 to 2016 via MEDLINE®, PubMed® and Google with the key words "penis transplantation," "penile rejection," "penile replantation," "penile tissue loss" and "penis vascularized composite allotransplantation." Relevant articles, including original research, reviews and nonscientific press reports, were selected based on contents, and a review of this literature was generated. RESULTS Three human allogeneic penile transplantations have been performed to date, of which 1 was removed 14 days after transplantation. The second recipient reports natural spontaneous erections and impregnating his partner. All 3 patients were able to void spontaneously through the graft's urethra. The complexity of the transplant is determined by how proximally the penile shaft anastomosis is performed and additional pelvic tissue may be transplanted en bloc if needed. CONCLUSIONS Penile transplantation is a technically demanding procedure with significant ethical and psychosocial implications that can provide tissue and functional replacement, including urinary diversion and natural erections. It is unclear how rejection and immunosuppression may affect graft function. Better models and more preclinical research are needed to better understand and optimize penile transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai A Sopko
- The James Buchannan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sami H Tuffaha
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Denver Lough
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - W P Andrew Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Trinity J Bivalacqua
- The James Buchannan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard J Redett
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Arthur L Burnett
- The James Buchannan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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18
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Fisher AD, Ristori J, Fanni E, Castellini G, Forti G, Maggi M. Gender identity, gender assignment and reassignment in individuals with disorders of sex development: a major of dilemma. J Endocrinol Invest 2016; 39:1207-1224. [PMID: 27287420 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0482-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) are a wide range of congenital conditions characterized by an incongruence of components involved in sexual differentiation, including gender psychosexual development. The management of such disorders is complex, and one of the most crucial decision is represented by gender assignment. In fact, the primary goal in DSD is to have a gender assignment consistent with the underlying gender identity in order to prevent the distress related to a forthcoming Gender Dysphoria. Historically, gender assignment was based essentially on surgical outcomes, assuming the neutrality of gender identity at birth. This policy has been challenged in the past decade refocusing on the importance of prenatal and postnatal hormonal and genetic influences on psychosexual development. AIMS (1) to update the main psychological and medical issues that surround DSD, in particular regarding gender identity and gender assignment; (2) to report specific clinical recommendations according to the different diagnosis. METHODS A systematic search of published evidence was performed using Medline (from 1972 to March 2016). Review of the relevant literature and recommendations was based on authors' expertise. RESULTS A review of gender identity and assignment in DSD is provided as well as clinical recommendations for the management of individuals with DSD. CONCLUSIONS Given the complexity of this management, DSD individuals and their families need to be supported by a specialized multidisciplinary team, which has been universally recognized as the best practice for intersexual conditions. In case of juvenile GD in DSD, the prescription of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues, following the World Professional Association for Transgender Health and the Endocrine Society guidelines, should be considered. It should always be taken into account that every DSD person is unique and has to be treated with individualized care. In this perspective, international registries are crucial to improve the understanding of these challenging conditions and clinical practice, in providing a better prediction of gender identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Fisher
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - J Ristori
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - E Fanni
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - G Castellini
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - G Forti
- Endocrine Unit, "Center for Research, Transfer and High Education on Chronic, Inflammatory, Degenerative and Neoplastic Disorders for the Development of Novel Therapies" (DENOThe), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - M Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
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Reisner SL, Poteat T, Keatley J, Cabral M, Mothopeng T, Dunham E, Holland CE, Max R, Baral SD. Global health burden and needs of transgender populations: a review. Lancet 2016; 388:412-436. [PMID: 27323919 PMCID: PMC7035595 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 747] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transgender people are a diverse population affected by a range of negative health indicators across high-income, middle-income, and low-income settings. Studies consistently document a high prevalence of adverse health outcomes in this population, including HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, mental health distress, and substance use and abuse. However, many other health areas remain understudied, population-based representative samples and longitudinal studies are few, and routine surveillance efforts for transgender population health are scarce. The absence of survey items with which to identify transgender respondents in general surveys often restricts the availability of data with which to estimate the magnitude of health inequities and characterise the population-level health of transgender people globally. Despite the limitations, there are sufficient data highlighting the unique biological, behavioural, social, and structural contextual factors surrounding health risks and resiliencies for transgender people. To mitigate these risks and foster resilience, a comprehensive approach is needed that includes gender affirmation as a public health framework, improved health systems and access to health care informed by high quality data, and effective partnerships with local transgender communities to ensure responsiveness of and cultural specificity in programming. Consideration of transgender health underscores the need to explicitly consider sex and gender pathways in epidemiological research and public health surveillance more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari L Reisner
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Tonia Poteat
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - JoAnne Keatley
- Center of Excellence for Transgender Health, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mauro Cabral
- Global Action for Trans* Equality, Buenos Aires, Argentina and New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Emilia Dunham
- Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA; Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Claire E Holland
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Max
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stefan D Baral
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Fertility and sexual dysfunction issues in adults with genitourinary congenital anomalies. Curr Opin Urol 2016; 26:357-62. [PMID: 27139192 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As growing numbers of adolescents with a history of congenital genitourinary anomalies successfully enter adulthood, their spectrum of urologic concerns broadens to include sexual function and reproduction. RECENT FINDINGS In hypospadias repair, preoperative testosterone was found to reduce rates of postoperative complications of urethrocutaneous fistula formation and meatal stenosis. Following hypospadias correction, dissatisfaction with surgical outcomes has been observed to correlate with psychological outcomes, rather than objective measurements such as location of meatus degree of curvature. In women with a congenital absence of a vagina, sigmoid vaginoplasty and dilation yield similar sexual outcomes, however, vaginoplasty was associated with a 20% rate of reoperation. Ilioinguinal-to-dorsal neurorrhaphy for restoration of penile sensation in myelomeningocele has shown success in a small pilot study. Both sexual activity and paternity rates are higher in women, compared with men who are born with bladder exstrophy. SUMMARY The extent and complexity of issues related to sexual function and fertility in the population of patients with a history of genitourinary malformation requires a thoughtful approach to timely surgical management and consistent care through their transition from childhood to adulthood.
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Brotto L, Atallah S, Johnson-Agbakwu C, Rosenbaum T, Abdo C, Byers ES, Graham C, Nobre P, Wylie K. Psychological and Interpersonal Dimensions of Sexual Function and Dysfunction. J Sex Med 2016; 13:538-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Dwyer AA, Quinton R, Pitteloud N, Morin D. Psychosexual development in men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism on long-term treatment: a mixed methods study. Sex Med 2015; 3:32-41. [PMID: 25844173 PMCID: PMC4380912 DOI: 10.1002/sm2.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare, genetic, reproductive endocrine disorder characterized by absent puberty and infertility. Limited information is available on the psychosocial impact of CHH and psychosexual development in these patients. Aim The aim of this study was to determine the impact of CHH on psychosexual development in men on long-term treatment. Methods A sequential mixed methods explanatory design was used. First, an online survey (quantitative) was used to quantify the frequency of psychosexual problems among CHH men. Second, patient focus groups (qualitative) were conducted to explore survey findings in detail and develop a working model to guide potential nursing and interdisciplinary interventions. Main Outcome Measures Patient characteristics, frequency of body shame, difficulty with intimate relationships, and never having been sexually active were assessed. Additionally, we collected subjective patient-reported outcomes regarding the impact of CHH on psychological/emotional well-being, intimate relationships, and sexual activity. Results A total of 101 CHH men on long-term treatment (>1 year) were included for the analysis of the online survey (mean age 37 ± 11 years, range 19–66, median 36). Half (52/101, 51%) of the men had been seen at a specialized academic center and 37/101 (37%) reported having had fertility-inducing treatment. A high percentage of CHH men experience psychosexual problems including difficulty with intimate relationships (70%) and body image concerns/body shame (94/101, 93%), and the percentage of men never having been sexually active is five times the rate in a reference group (26% vs. 5.4%, P < 0.001). Focus groups revealed persisting body shame and low self-esteem despite long-term treatment that has lasting impact on psychosexual functioning. Conclusions CHH men frequently experience psychosexual problems that pose barriers to intimate relationships and initiating sexual activity. These lingering effects cause significant distress and are not ameliorated by long-term treatment. Psychosexual assessment in CHH men with appropriate psychological support and treatment should be warranted in these patients. Dwyer AA, Quinton R, Pitteloud N, and Morin D. Psychosexual development in men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism on long-term treatment: A mixed methods study. Sex Med 2015;3:32–41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Dwyer
- Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois Lausanne, Switzerland ; Institut universitaire de formation et de recherche en soins, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Quinton
- Institute of Genetic Medicine and the Royal Victoria Infirmary, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois Lausanne, Switzerland ; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology & Medicine, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diane Morin
- Institut universitaire de formation et de recherche en soins, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
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Timpano M, Falcone M, Kuehhas F, Ceruti C, Sedigh O, Oderda M, Gontero P, Frea B, Rolle L. Surgical management of hypogonadic patients with hypotrophic testicles and small penis: a novel, combined technique with an infrapubic approach. Asian J Androl 2015; 18:143-4. [PMID: 25761832 PMCID: PMC4736344 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.145431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Falcone
- Department of Urology, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin 10100, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Malignant penile lesions are uncommon but represent a challenge for reconstructive surgeons because their treatment has a profound effect on appearance and quality of life of the patient. RECENT FINDINGS Partial or total penectomy remains the gold standard in the treatment of penile carcinoma. However, less invasive options that may improve quality of life are being considered, based on stage and grade of the tumor. SUMMARY A variety of surgical options exist for penile cancer treatment. In this article, we review various reconstructive approaches after initial surgical management of penile carcinoma. Regardless of reconstruction method, the goals remain the same: creating a functional and aesthetically acceptable phallus with the ability to void standing and to achieve sexual function.
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Rolston AM, Gardner M, Vilain E, Sandberg DE. Parental Reports of Stigma Associated with Child's Disorder of Sex Development. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:980121. [PMID: 25918529 PMCID: PMC4396550 DOI: 10.1155/2015/980121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSD) are congenital conditions in which chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomic sex development is atypical. DSD-associated stigma is purported to threaten positive psychosocial adaptation. Parental perceptions of DSD-related stigma were assessed in 154 parents of 107 children (newborn-17 years) questionnaire comprising two scales, child-focused and parent-focused, and three subscales, perceived stigmatization, future worries, and feelings about the child's condition. Medical chart excerpts identified diagnoses and clinical management details. Stigma scale scores were generally low. Parents of children with DSD reported less stigma than parents of children with epilepsy; however, a notable proportion rated individual items in the moderate to high range. Stigma was unrelated to child's age or the number of DSD-related surgeries. Child-focused stigma scores exceeded parent-focused stigma and mothers reported more stigma than fathers, with a moderate level of agreement. Within 46,XY DSD, reported stigma was higher for children reared as girls. In conclusion, in this first quantitative study of ongoing experiences, DSD-related stigma in childhood and adolescence, while limited in the aggregate, is reported at moderate to high levels in specific areas. Because stigma threatens positive psychosocial adaptation, systematic screening for these concerns should be considered and, when reported, targeted for psychoeducational counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M. Rolston
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5456, USA
| | - Melissa Gardner
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5456, USA
| | - Eric Vilain
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7088, USA
| | - David E. Sandberg
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5456, USA
- *David E. Sandberg:
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Callens N, De Cuypere G, T’Sjoen G, Monstrey S, Lumen N, Van Laecke E, Hoebeke P, Cools M. Sexual quality of life after total phalloplasty in men with penile deficiency: an exploratory study. World J Urol 2014; 33:137-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-014-1283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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