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Janssen R, Ariëns M, van Genugten J, Jacobi L, Koek G. Complex Dysautonomia in a Patient With Cerebral Cavernous Malformations Due to a KRIT1 Pleiotropic Gene Mutation. Cureus 2024; 16:e55202. [PMID: 38425333 PMCID: PMC10902799 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysautonomia is a disruption of the body's autonomic processes. Symptoms vary among patients, depending on the underlying disease pathways. Given that symptoms can affect all organ functions, dysautonomia often significantly impacts quality of life. However, due to its complex and varied presentation, early recognition of dysautonomia remains a challenge, yet it is crucial for improving patient outcomes. We report a case of a patient with a KRIT1 mutation presenting with dysautonomia causing urological, sexual, and bowel dysfunction. We hypothesize that the patient's symptoms are due to a pontine cavernous malformation (CM) caused by the KRIT1 mutation. A literature review was conducted to establish a link between pontine CM and dysautonomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel Janssen
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, NLD
| | - Maxime Ariëns
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, NLD
| | | | - Linda Jacobi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, NLD
| | - Ger Koek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, NLD
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Zhu J, Tang Y, Lv C, Cong H, Liu J, Zhao S, Wang Y, Zhang K, Yu W, Cai Q, Ma R, Wang J. Hyperprolactinaemia is common in Chinese premenopausal women with breast diseases. Front Genet 2023; 14:1018668. [PMID: 36845388 PMCID: PMC9950106 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1018668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Hyperprolactinaemia has been proposed to play a role in breast lesions pathophysiology. Thus far, controversial results have been reported for the relationship between hyperprolactinaemia and breast lesions. Moreover, the prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia in a population with breast lesions is scarcely reported. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia in Chinese premenopausal women with breast diseases, and explore the associations between hyperprolactinaemia with different clinical characteristics. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study performed in the department of breast surgery of Qilu hospital of Shandong University. Overall, 1,461 female patients who underwent the serum prolactin (PRL) level assay before breast surgery from January 2019 to December 2020 were included. Patients were divided into two groups: before and after menopause. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 software. Results: The results showed an elevated PRL level in 376 of the 1,461 female patients with breast lesions (25.74%). Furthermore, the proportion of hyperprolactinemia among premenopausal patients with breast disease (35.75%, 340/951) was significantly higher than among postmenopausal patients with breast disease (7.06%, 36/510). In premenopausal patients, the proportion of patients with hyperprolactinaemia and the mean serum PRL level were significantly higher in those diagnosed with fibroepithelial tumours (FETs) and in younger patients (aged < 35 years) than in those with non-neoplastic lesions and in those aged ≥ 35 years (both p < 0.05). Especially, the prolactin level exhibited steady ascending tendency for positive correlation with FET. Conclusion: Hyperprolactinaemia is prevalent in Chinese premenopausal patients with breast diseases, especially in those with FETs, which implies a potential association, to some extent, between the PRL levels in various breast diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuyi Tang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,Department of General practice, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cuixia Lv
- Shandong Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Han Cong
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Song Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenbin Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Cai
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Qian Cai, ; Rong Ma,
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Qian Cai, ; Rong Ma,
| | - Jianli Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Okafor IA, Okpara UD, Ibeabuchi KC. The Reproductive Functions of the Human Brain Regions: A Systematic Review. J Hum Reprod Sci 2022; 15:102-111. [PMID: 35928473 PMCID: PMC9345277 DOI: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_18_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction remains a vital characteristic of living things necessary for survival and continuity. Specific brain regions and structures are responsible for regulating the different aspects of human reproduction. This study systematically reviewed the brain regions that play structural, hormonal and physiological roles in controlling the various aspects of human reproduction from puberty, sexual function, gametogenesis, childbirth and fertility to infertility to inform advancement in research and therapeutic interventions in human reproductive disorders. A systematic literature search of online databases (MEDLINE, Europe PMC and Google Scholar) was made using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for observational and cross-sectional studies providing evidence for the role(s) of the brain region in human reproduction from the year 2011-2021. Out of 141 articles found, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria, including six cross-sectional and nine randomised controlled trials. The study acknowledged the roles of the pituitary gland, hypothalamus and pineal gland, widely known for regulating the human reproductive system in a gender-based approach while highlighting essential gaps and opportunities for future research. This review provides a 10-year update and overview of the role of different brain regions in human reproduction and will stimulate future research in human reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izuchukwu Azuka Okafor
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nnewi, Nigeria.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Reproductive Health Sciences Program, Pan African University of Life and Earth Sciences Institute (Including Health and Agriculture), PAULESI, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ugochukwu Damian Okpara
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu OjukwuUniversity, Uli Campus, Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Kingsley Chinemerem Ibeabuchi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Nursing Sciences, Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital Complex, Ihiala, Anambra State, Nigeria
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Pfaus JG, Tsarski K. A Case of Female Orgasm Without Genital Stimulation. Sex Med 2022; 10:100496. [PMID: 35220156 PMCID: PMC9023237 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2022.100496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orgasm is a complex, multimodal reflex induced typically by genital stimulation. Genitally stimulated orgasms (GSOs) activate excitatory neurochemical pathways in the brain and spinal cord that ultimately stimulate sympathetic outflow and the inhibition of parasympathetic spinal circuits in the lower lumbar cord. However, some women claim to have orgasms spontaneously without genital stimulation. AIMS To report the case of a 33-year-old woman who developed the ability to attain and control the duration of a subjective orgasmic state without genital stimulation after tantric training. METHODS Blood was taken at weekly intervals before, during, and after spontaneously-induced orgasms that lasted 5 or 10 minutes, or after a 10-minutes period of book reading. Plasma was analyzed using ELISA for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, free testosterone, and prolactin. The woman also provided subjective scores for different types of orgasms using the Mah and Binik (2002) Orgasm Rating Scale (ORS). RESULTS Prolactin levels post orgasm increased by 25% and 48%, respectively, after the 5- or 10-minutes non-genitally stimulated orgasm (NGSO), and were still elevated from baseline 30 minutes after orgasm. No changes were observed in FSH or free testosterone. The pattern of sensory, affective, and evaluative orgasm ratings after a 10-minutes NGSO was similar to orgasms induced by clitoral or anal stimulation. Book reading did not result in any change in prolactin. CONCLUSION Prolactin surges after orgasm are an objective marker of orgasm quality. The increase in prolactin after her NGSOs indicate that they induce the same physiological changes as GSOs and result from "top-down" processing in the brain. Pfaus JG, Tsarski K, A Case of Female Orgasm Without Genital Stimulation. Sex Med 2022;10:100496.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Pfaus
- Department of Psychology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Prague, and Czech National Institutes of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Karolin Tsarski
- Instituto Superior de Estudios Psicologicos, Madrid, Spain, and Perfect Balance OÜ, Tallinn, Estonia
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Ramezani M, Ryan F, Sahraian MA, Simani L. The impact of brain lesions on sexual dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging studies. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 57:103336. [PMID: 35158464 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual dysfunction is common but underestimated clinical symptom in MS patients. A growing body of evidence has been suggested the link between brain lesions and sexual dysfunction (SD) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the clinical research investigating this relationship have shown inconsistent results. Here, we aimed to systematically review the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies evaluating the association between the brain lesions and SD in MS patients. METHODS This study was provided according to the recommendations of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statement. A comprehensive systematic search of online databases was performed to find eligible studies up to December 2020. The quality of studies was methodologically assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale score. RESULTS We identified eight articles regarding MS brain lesions and SD through the search strategy. Seven studies showed significant associations between SD and brain lesions. Three studies investigated the brain stem, two studies the insular and occipital region, one study the frontal lobe, prefrontal cortex, and temporal lobe and one study the parietal area. CONCLUSION The results of this systematic review showed that lesions in different brain areas are correlated with SD in MS patients. Plaques in the occipital and hippocampus areas, as well as left insula appear to be related to dysfunction of sexual arousability or lubrication/erection in MS patients. Orgasmic dysfunction in MS patients may be associated with brain lesions in pons, left temporal periventricular, and right occipital areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Ramezani
- Brain Mapping Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fari Ryan
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Simani
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Rodriguez FD, Camacho A, Bordes SJ, Gardner B, Levin RJ, Tubbs RS. Female ejaculation: An update on anatomy, history, and controversies. Clin Anat 2020; 34:103-107. [PMID: 32681804 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Female ejaculation is a contentious topic. From a review of the literature, history indicates that it is not a modern concept; some females were aware of it in times past without understanding the role of the fluid or composition of the ejaculate. Over time, scholars experimented, mainly with anatomical studies, in an attempt to identify the source of the ejaculate and explore its physiological and anatomical benefits for the female sexual experience. Despite these studies, views about female ejaculation remain controversial and inconsistent, with no clear conclusion as to its function. This review discusses the history of studies of female ejaculation and presents various hypotheses from an anatomical and physiological perspective. After reviewing 44 publications from 1889 to 2019, it became apparent that clinical and anatomical studies conducted during recent decades provide substantial evidence in support of the female ejaculatory phenomenon. Anatomical studies have shown that the ejaculate originates in the paraurethral (Skene's) glands, but its composition has been debated. Female ejaculate differs from urine in its creatinine and urea concentrations. The fluid also contains prostate specific antigen (PSA) and could have antibacterial properties that serve to protect the urethra. While the specific function of female ejaculation remains a topic of debate, there is sufficient evidence to support the existence of the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amarilis Camacho
- University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Stephen J Bordes
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Brady Gardner
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George's, Grenada
| | | | - R Shane Tubbs
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George's, Grenada.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Steuer I, Guertin PA. Central pattern generators in the brainstem and spinal cord: an overview of basic principles, similarities and differences. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:107-164. [PMID: 30543520 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Central pattern generators (CPGs) are generally defined as networks of neurons capable of enabling the production of central commands, specifically controlling stereotyped, rhythmic motor behaviors. Several CPGs localized in brainstem and spinal cord areas have been shown to underlie the expression of complex behaviors such as deglutition, mastication, respiration, defecation, micturition, ejaculation, and locomotion. Their pivotal roles have clearly been demonstrated although their organization and cellular properties remain incompletely characterized. In recent years, insightful findings about CPGs have been made mainly because (1) several complementary animal models were developed; (2) these models enabled a wide variety of techniques to be used and, hence, a plethora of characteristics to be discovered; and (3) organizations, functions, and cell properties across all models and species studied thus far were generally found to be well-preserved phylogenetically. This article aims at providing an overview for non-experts of the most important findings made on CPGs in in vivo animal models, in vitro preparations from invertebrate and vertebrate species as well as in primates. Data about CPG functions, adaptation, organization, and cellular properties will be summarized with a special attention paid to the network for locomotion given its advanced level of characterization compared with some of the other CPGs. Similarities and differences between these networks will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Steuer
- Neuroscience Unit, Laval University Medical Center (CHUL - CHU de Québec), 2705 Laurier Blvd, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Pierre A Guertin
- Neuroscience Unit, Laval University Medical Center (CHUL - CHU de Québec), 2705 Laurier Blvd, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
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Fogarty MJ, Sieck GC. Evolution and Functional Differentiation of the Diaphragm Muscle of Mammals. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:715-766. [PMID: 30873594 PMCID: PMC7082849 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Symmorphosis is a concept of economy of biological design, whereby structural properties are matched to functional demands. According to symmorphosis, biological structures are never over designed to exceed functional demands. Based on this concept, the evolution of the diaphragm muscle (DIAm) in mammals is a tale of two structures, a membrane that separates and partitions the primitive coelomic cavity into separate abdominal and thoracic cavities and a muscle that serves as a pump to generate intra-abdominal (Pab ) and intrathoracic (Pth ) pressures. The DIAm partition evolved in reptiles from folds of the pleural and peritoneal membranes that was driven by the biological advantage of separating organs in the larger coelomic cavity into separate thoracic and abdominal cavities, especially with the evolution of aspiration breathing. The DIAm pump evolved from the advantage afforded by more effective generation of both a negative Pth for ventilation of the lungs and a positive Pab for venous return of blood to the heart and expulsive behaviors such as airway clearance, defecation, micturition, and child birth. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:715-766, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fogarty
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Spoelstra SK, Nijhuis ER, Weijmar Schultz WCM, Georgiadis JR. Female genito-pelvic reflexes: an overview. SEXUAL AND RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14681994.2018.1429593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Symen K. Spoelstra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center, Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther R. Nijhuis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nij Smellinghe Hospital, Drachten, The Netherlands
| | - Willibrord C. M. Weijmar Schultz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center, Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janniko R. Georgiadis
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Anatomy, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Dixson A. Copulatory and Postcopulatory Sexual Selection in Primates. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2018; 89:258-286. [DOI: 10.1159/000488105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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de Groat WC. Neurophysiology and Neuroanatomy of the Genitourinary Organs. Neuromodulation 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805353-9.00121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Cruz Y, Lucio RA, Palacios JL. Neural and Endocrine Factors Contribute to the Comorbidity of Urinary and Sexual Dysfunctions. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11930-017-0129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zilberlicht A, Haya N, Feferkorn I, Goldschmidt E, Kaldawy A, Abramov Y. Somatic, psychological, and sexual triggers for overactive bladder syndrome in women. Neurourol Urodyn 2017; 37:163-168. [PMID: 28220549 DOI: 10.1002/nau.23236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Patients with overactive bladder (OAB) often describe somatic, psychological, and sexual triggers for their symptoms. The aim of this study was to characterize these triggers and assess their impact on patients' symptoms and quality of life (QoL). METHODS Patients who visited our urogynecologic clinic between August 2015 and March 2016 and diagnosed with OAB syndrome were asked to fill a questionnaire comprising 34 statements regarding SOmatic, Psychological, and Sexual Triggers for OAB (SOPSETO). Patients additionaly completed the UDI-6 and IIQ-7 questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the prevalence of each trigger and its correlation with the UDI-6 and IIQ-7 scores. RESULTS Sixty four women enrolled in this study. The SOPSETO questionnaire was found to be relaiable with Cronbach's alpha of 0.73-0.88. Construct validity was high with good correlation between the SOPSETO and the UDI-6 and IIQ-7 questionnaires. The triggers which had the highest correlation with the total UDI-6 scores were: Being far from toilets (r = 0.32, P = 0.004), swimming (r = 0.44, P = 0.02), taking a shower/bath (r = 0.36, P = 0.004), touching water (r = 0.35, P = 0.004), stepping out of a car (r = 0.32, P = 0.014), and experiencing an orgasm (r = 0.59, P = 0.001). The triggers: Experiencing an orgasm (r = 0.4, P = 0.033), having intercourse (r = 0.53, P = 0.002), stepping out of a car (r = 0.45, P = 0.001), and touching water (r = 0.28, P = 0.03) most significantly correlated with the total IIQ-7 scores. CONCLUSIONS Certain somatic, psychological, and sexual factors may trigger OAB symptoms and are therefore potential targets for behavioral therapy of this disorder, and for further research regarding its pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Zilberlicht
- Division of Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Technion University, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nir Haya
- Division of Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Technion University, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ido Feferkorn
- Division of Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Technion University, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eyal Goldschmidt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bnei-Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anis Kaldawy
- Division of Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Technion University, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yoram Abramov
- Division of Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Technion University, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
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Pfaus JG, Scardochio T, Parada M, Gerson C, Quintana GR, Coria-Avila GA. Do rats have orgasms? SOCIOAFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE & PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 6:31883. [PMID: 27799081 PMCID: PMC5087696 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v6.31883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although humans experience orgasms with a degree of statistical regularity, they remain among the most enigmatic of sexual responses; difficult to define and even more difficult to study empirically. The question of whether animals experience orgasms is hampered by similar lack of definition and the additional necessity of making inferences from behavioral responses. METHOD Here we define three behavioral criteria, based on dimensions of the subjective experience of human orgasms described by Mah and Binik, to infer orgasm-like responses (OLRs) in other species: 1) physiological criteria that include pelvic floor and anal muscle contractions that stimulate seminal emission and/or ejaculation in the male, or that stimulate uterine and cervical contractions in the female; 2) short-term behavioral changes that reflect immediate awareness of a pleasurable hedonic reward state during copulation; and 3) long-term behavioral changes that depend on the reward state induced by the OLR, including sexual satiety, the strengthening of patterns of sexual arousal and desire in subsequent copulations, and the generation of conditioned place and partner preferences for contextual and partner-related cues associated with the reward state. We then examine whether physiological and behavioral data from observations of male and female rats during copulation, and in sexually-conditioned place- and partner-preference paradigms, are consistent with these criteria. RESULTS Both male and female rats display behavioral patterns consistent with OLRs. CONCLUSIONS The ability to infer OLRs in rats offers new possibilities to study the phenomenon in neurobiological and molecular detail, and to provide both comparative and translational perspectives that would be useful for both basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Pfaus
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada;
| | - Tina Scardochio
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mayte Parada
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Laboratory for the Biopsychosocial Study of Sexuality, Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christine Gerson
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gonzalo R Quintana
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Genaro A Coria-Avila
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, VER, México
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Jannini EA, Ciocca G, Limoncin E, Mollaioli D, Di Sante S, Gianfrilli D, Lombardo F, Lenzi A. Premature ejaculation: old story, new insights. Fertil Steril 2015; 104:1061-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Cho HJ, Kang TH, Chang JH, Choi YR, Park MG, Choi KD, Sung SM, Park KP, Jung DS. Neuroanatomical correlation of urinary retention in lateral medullary infarction. Ann Neurol 2015; 77:726-33. [PMID: 25627980 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We prospectively recruited 10 patients who presented with urinary retention as a neurological deficit that was attributable to lateral medullary infarction. Of these, 9 patients underwent a urodynamic study, which demonstrated detrusor underactivity of the bladder in 7 patients. Urinary retention developed mainly when the lesions involved the lateral tegmentum of the middle or caudal medulla. We concluded that interruption of the descending pathway from the pontine micturition center to the sacral spinal cord in the lateral medulla was responsible for the development of urinary retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jin Cho
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Busan
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Herrity AN, Rau KK, Petruska JC, Stirling DP, Hubscher CH. Identification of bladder and colon afferents in the nodose ganglia of male rats. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:3667-82. [PMID: 24845615 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The sensory neurons innervating the urinary bladder and distal colon project to similar regions of the central nervous system and often are affected simultaneously by various diseases and disorders, including spinal cord injury. Anatomical and physiological commonalities between the two organs involve the participation of shared spinally derived pathways, allowing mechanisms of communication between the bladder and colon. Prior electrophysiological data from our laboratory suggest that the bladder also may receive sensory innervation from a nonspinal source through the vagus nerve, which innervates the distal colon as well. The present study therefore aimed to determine whether anatomical evidence exists for vagal innervation of the male rat urinary bladder and to assess whether those vagal afferents also innervate the colon. Additionally, the relative contribution to bladder and colon sensory innervation of spinal and vagal sources was determined. By using lipophilic tracers, neurons that innervated the bladder and colon in both the nodose ganglia (NG) and L6/S1 and L1/L2 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were quantified. Some single vagal and spinal neurons provided dual innervation to both organs. The proportions of NG afferents labeled from the bladder did not differ from spinal afferents labeled from the bladder when considering the collective population of total neurons from either group. Our results demonstrate evidence for vagal innervation of the bladder and colon and suggest that dichotomizing vagal afferents may provide a neural mechanism for cross-talk between the organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- April N Herrity
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
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Levin RJ. The pharmacology of the human female orgasm - its biological and physiological backgrounds. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 121:62-70. [PMID: 24560912 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The female orgasm has been examined over the years by numerous scientific disciplines yet it still has many secrets to be disclosed. Because its physiology, especially its neurophysiology, is sparingly understood its pharmacology is necessarily limited based mainly on the side effects of drugs. Few published studies have used a placebo group as controls. The paucity of focussed studies is well illustrated by the fact that there still is no approved medication to treat female orgasmic dysfunction. The present brief overview examines the most important aspects of its biology and especially its physiology highlighting the many questions that need answering if we are to have a comprehensive pharmacology of the female orgasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy J Levin
- Honorary Research Associate, Sexual Physiology Laboratory, Porterbrook Clinic, 75 Osborne Road, Sheffield S11 9BF, Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom.
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The midbrain periaqueductal gray changes the eupneic respiratory rhythm into a breathing pattern necessary for survival of the individual and of the species. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 212:351-84. [PMID: 25194206 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63488-7.00017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of respiration is a prerequisite for survival of the individual and of the species. For example, respiration has to be adjusted in case of speech, strenuous exercise, laughing, crying, or sudden escape from danger. Respiratory centers in pons and medulla generate the basic respiratory rhythm or eupnea, but they cannot modulate breathing in the context of emotional challenges, for which they need input from higher brain centers. In simple terms, the prefrontal cortex integrates visual, auditory, olfactory, and somatosensory information and informs subcortical structures such as amygdala, hypothalamus, and finally the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) about the results. The PAG, in turn, generates the final motor output for basic survival, such as setting the level of all cells in the brain and spinal cord. Best known in this framework is determining the level of pain perception. The PAG also controls heart rate, blood pressure, micturition, sexual behavior, vocalization, and many other basic motor output systems. Within this context, the PAG also changes the eupneic respiratory rhythm into a breathing pattern necessary for basic survival. This review examines the latest developments regarding of how the PAG controls respiration.
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Holstege G. The periaqueductal gray controls brainstem emotional motor systems including respiration. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 209:379-405. [PMID: 24746059 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63274-6.00020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Respiration is a motor system essential for the survival of the individual and of the species. Because of its vital significance, studies on respiration often assume that breathing takes place independent of other motor systems. However, motor systems generating vocalization, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, as well as parturition, ejaculation, and defecation encompass abdominal pressure control, which involves changes in the respiratory pattern. The mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG) controls all these motor systems. It determines the level setting of the whole body by means of its very strong projections to the ventromedial medullary tegmentum, but it also controls the cell groups that generate vocalization, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, as well as respiration. For this control, the PAG maintains very strong connections with the nucleus retroambiguus, which enables it to control abdominal and intrathoracic pressure. In this same context, the PAG also runs the pelvic organs, bladder, uterus, prostate, seminal vesicles, and the distal colon and rectum via its projections to the pelvic organ stimulating center and the pelvic floor stimulating center. These cell groups, via long descending projections, have direct control of the parasympathetic motoneurons in the sacral cord as well as of the somatic motoneurons in the nucleus of Onuf, innervating the pelvic floor. Respiration, therefore, is not a motor system that functions by itself, but is strongly regulated by the same systems that also control the other motor output systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Holstege
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
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