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Matsubara A, Deng G, Gong L, Chew E, Furue M, Xu Y, Fang B, Hakozaki T. Sleep Deprivation Increases Facial Skin Yellowness. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12020615. [PMID: 36675544 PMCID: PMC9861417 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12020615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep shortage is a major concern in modern life and induces various psycho-physical disorders, including skin problems. In cosmeceutics, females are aware that sleep deprivation worsens their facial skin tone. Here, we measured the effects of sleep deprivation on facial skin yellowness and examined yellow chromophores, such as bilirubin and carotenoids, in blood serum as potential causes of yellowness. Total sleep deprivation (0 h sleep overnight, N = 28) and repeated partial sleep deprivation (4 h sleep for 5 consecutive days, N = 10) induced significant increases in facial skin yellowness. The higher yellowness was sustained even after both sleep deprivation types stopped. However, circulating levels of yellow chromophores were unchanged in the total sleep deprivation study. Neither circulating interleukin-6 nor urinary biopyrrin levels were affected by total sleep deprivation, suggesting that apparent oxidative stress in the body was not detected in the present total deprivation protocol. Facial redness was affected by neither total nor repeated partial sleep deprivation. Therefore, blood circulation may play a limited role in elevated yellowness. In conclusion, facial skin yellowness was indeed increased by sleep deprivation in our clinical studies. Local in situ skin-derived factors, rather than systemic chromophore change, may contribute to the sleep deprivation-induced elevation of facial skin yellowness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Matsubara
- Procter & Gamble Innovation G.K., 7-1-18 Onoedori, Chuo-ku, Kobe 651-0088, Japan
- Procter & Gamble International Operations SA SG Branch, 70 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138547, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-78-336-6022; Fax: +81-78-336-6171
| | - Gang Deng
- Procter & Gamble International Operations SA SG Branch, 70 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138547, Singapore
| | - Lili Gong
- Procter & Gamble Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., 35 Yu’an Rd, Shun Yi Qu, Beijing 101318, China
| | - Eileen Chew
- Procter & Gamble International Operations SA SG Branch, 70 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138547, Singapore
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ying Xu
- Procter & Gamble International Operations SA SG Branch, 70 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138547, Singapore
| | - Bin Fang
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, USA
| | - Tomohiro Hakozaki
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, USA
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Balter LJT, Matheson GJ, Sundelin T, Sterzer P, Petrovic P, Axelsson J. Experimental Sleep Deprivation Results in Diminished Perceptual Stability Independently of Psychosis Proneness. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1338. [PMID: 36291272 PMCID: PMC9599202 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12101338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Psychotic disorders as well as psychosis proneness in the general population have been associated with perceptual instability, suggesting weakened predictive processing. Sleep disturbances play a prominent role in psychosis and schizophrenia, but it is unclear whether perceptual stability diminishes with sleep deprivation, and whether the effects of sleep deprivation differ as a function of psychosis proneness. In the current study, we aimed to clarify this matter. In this preregistered study, 146 participants successfully completed an intermittent version of the random dot kinematogram (RDK) task and the 21-item Peters Delusion Inventory (PDI-21) to assess perceptual stability and psychosis proneness, respectively. Participants were randomized to sleep either as normal (8 to 9 h in bed) (n = 72; Mage = 24.7, SD = 6.2, 41 women) or to stay awake through the night (n = 74; Mage = 24.8, SD = 5.1, 44 women). Sleep deprivation resulted in diminished perceptual stability, as well as in decreases in perceptual stability over the course of the task. However, we did not observe any association between perceptual stability and PDI-21 scores, nor a tendency for individuals with higher PDI-21 scores to be more vulnerable to sleep-deprivation-induced decreases in perceptual stability. The present study suggests a compromised predictive processing system in the brain after sleep deprivation, but variation in psychosis trait is not related to greater vulnerability to sleep deprivation in our dataset. Further studies in risk groups and patients with psychosis are needed to evaluate whether sleep loss plays a role in the occurrence of objectively measured perceptual-related clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie J. T. Balter
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Granville J. Matheson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tina Sundelin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Sterzer
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Predrag Petrovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Axelsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Goetting MG. Role of Psychologists in Pediatric Sleep Medicine. Pediatr Clin North Am 2022; 69:989-1002. [PMID: 36207108 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disorders commonly afflict infants, children, and adolescents and have a significant adverse impact on them and their families, sometimes to a severe degree. They can cause immediate stress and suffering and long-term loss of opportunities and potential. Many of these disorders can be well managed by the psychologist and often one is required, either as the sole provider or as an integral part of a team. Sleep disorders have a bidirectional interplay with mental health disorders. The patient may therefore present initially to the psychologist, primary care provider, or the sleep medicine specialist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Goetting
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine; Department of Medicine, Center for Clinical Research, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Office 2627, 1000 Oakland Drive, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-8010, USA.
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4
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Shao L, Jiang S, Li Y, Shi Y, Wang M, Liu T, Yang S, Ma L. Regular Late Bedtime Significantly Affects the Skin Physiological Characteristics and Skin Bacterial Microbiome. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2022; 15:1051-1063. [PMID: 35698548 PMCID: PMC9188400 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s364542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Late bedtime is a common form of unhealthy sleep pattern in adulthood, which influences circadian rhythm, and negatively affects health. However, little is known about the effect of regular late bedtime on skin characteristics, particularly on skin microbiome. Objective To investigate the changes and effects of the regular late bedtime on skin physiological parameters and facial bacterial microbiome of 219 cases of Chinese women aged 18-38 years living in Shanghai. Methods Based on the Self-Evaluation Questionnaire, bedtime was categorized as 11:00 PM; thus, the volunteers were divided into early bedtime group (S0) and late bedtime group (S1). The physiological parameters of facial skin were measured by non-invasive instrumental methods, and the skin microbiome was analyzed by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Results The skin physiological parameters of the late bedtime group exhibited significant decrease in skin hydration content, skin firmness (F4) and elasticity (R2), while TEWL, sebum and wrinkle significantly increased. The result indicated that late bedtime significantly impaired the integrity of skin barrier, damaged skin structure, and disrupted water-oil balance. Furthermore, the analysis of α-diversity, Sobs, Ace and Chao index were found to significantly decrease (P < 0.05) in the late bedtime group, suggesting that late bedtime reduced both the abundance and the diversity of facial bacterial microbiota. Moreover, the abundance of Pseudomonas increased significantly, while Streptococcus, Stenotrophomonas, Acinetobacter, Haemophilus, Actinomyces and Neisseria decreased significantly. In addition, Spearman correlation analysis revealed strong correlations between the microbiota and the physiological parameters. Notably, the abundance of Pseudomonas significantly positively correlated with skin firmness and elasticity, but significantly negatively correlated with skin hemoglobin content, melanin content and skin hydration. Conclusion Bedtime is an important factor in maintaining skin health. Regular late bedtime not only damages the skin barrier and skin structure but also reduces the diversity and composition of facial bacterial microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shao
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Sujing Jiang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- R&D Innovation Center, Shandong Freda Biotech Co., Ltd, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqin Shi
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,The Oriental Beauty Valley Research Institute, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Liu
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Suzhen Yang
- R&D Innovation Center, Shandong Freda Biotech Co., Ltd, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Laiji Ma
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,The Oriental Beauty Valley Research Institute, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Léger D, Gauriau C, Etzi C, Ralambondrainy S, Heusèle C, Schnebert S, Dubois A, Gomez-Merino D, Dumas M. "You look sleepy…" The impact of sleep restriction on skin parameters and facial appearance of 24 women. Sleep Med 2021; 89:97-103. [PMID: 34971928 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total sleep deprivation has a visible impact on subjective facial appearance. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how moderate sleep restriction objectively impairs skin quality and facial aspect. METHODS Twenty-four healthy good-sleeping women, aged 30-55, volunteered for this study on the impact of sleep restriction (SR) on their facial skin. SR was limited to 3 h per night for 2 consecutive nights. We assessed the following parameters at the same time of day, before and after SR: sebumetry (Sebumeter SM 815), hydration (Corneometer CM 825), trans-epidermal water loss (Tewameter TM 210), biomechanical properties (Cutometer MPA 580), pH (PH-meter 900), desquamation quantification (D-Squameter and microscopy), and image analysis (ColorFace - Newtone Technologies). We also obtained skin samples (swab) for malondialdehyde quantification (MDA). RESULTS We observed that some skin parameters are significantly associated with SR in both the morning and afternoon, including: lower hydration (p < 0.001), increased trans-epidermal water loss (PIE) (p < 0.001), and decreased extensibility (Uf; p = 0.015) and viscosity (Uv; p < 0.001) of the skin. The average pH increased from 4.8 (±0.2) to 4.9 ± 0.4; p < 0.001. For face photography, brightness and saturation also significantly decreased with SR in mornings and afternoons (p < 0.001 for all tests). Finally, we observed a significant decrease in isolated corneocytes after desquamation associated with SR (p < 0.001 for all tests). SR was also associated with significantly increased MDA levels (p < 0.001 for all tests). CONCLUSIONS Two nights of SR significantly altered the skin and facial appearances in our test group of typically good-sleeping women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Léger
- Université de Paris, EA 7330 VIFASOM (Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique), Paris, France; APHP, Hôtel-Dieu, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, Consultation de pathologie professionnelle Sommeil Vigilance et Travail, Paris, France.
| | - Caroline Gauriau
- APHP, Hôtel-Dieu, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, Consultation de pathologie professionnelle Sommeil Vigilance et Travail, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Etzi
- APHP, Hôtel-Dieu, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, Consultation de pathologie professionnelle Sommeil Vigilance et Travail, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Alexandre Dubois
- APHP, Hôtel-Dieu, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, Consultation de pathologie professionnelle Sommeil Vigilance et Travail, Paris, France; European Sleep Center, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Gomez-Merino
- Université de Paris, EA 7330 VIFASOM (Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique), Paris, France; IRBA (Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées), Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Marc Dumas
- LVMH RECHERCHE, Sciences du Vivant, Saint Jean De Braye, France
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Passeron T, Krutmann J, Andersen ML, Katta R, Zouboulis CC. Clinical and biological impact of the exposome on the skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 34 Suppl 4:4-25. [PMID: 32677068 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The skin exposome is defined as the totality of environmental exposures over the life course that can induce or modify various skin conditions. Here, we review the impact on the skin of solar exposure, air pollution, hormones, nutrition and psychological factors. Photoageing, photocarcinogenesis and pigmentary changes are well-established consequences of chronic exposure of the skin to solar radiation. Exposure to traffic-related air pollution contributes to skin ageing. Particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide cause skin pigmentation/lentigines, while ozone causes wrinkles and has an impact on atopic eczema. Human skin is a major target of hormones, and they exhibit a wide range of biological activities on the skin. Hormones decline with advancing age influencing skin ageing. Nutrition has an impact on numerous biochemical processes, including oxidation, inflammation and glycation, which may result in clinical effects, including modification of the course of skin ageing and photoageing. Stress and lack of sleep are known to contribute to a pro-inflammatory state, which, in turn, affects the integrity of extracellular matrix proteins, in particular collagen. Hormone dysregulation, malnutrition and stress may contribute to inflammatory skin disorders, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne and rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Passeron
- Côte d'Azur University, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Centre Nice, Nice, France.,Côte d'Azur University, INSERM U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | - J Krutmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Medical faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M L Andersen
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)/Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Katta
- Volunteer Clinical Faculty, Baylor College of Medicine, McGovern Medical School at UT Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Dessau, Germany
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7
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Holding BC, Ingre M, Petrovic P, Sundelin T, Axelsson J. Quantifying Cognitive Impairment After Sleep Deprivation at Different Times of Day: A Proof of Concept Using Ultra-Short Smartphone-Based Tests. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:666146. [PMID: 33927603 PMCID: PMC8076531 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.666146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive functioning is known to be impaired following sleep deprivation and to fluctuate depending on the time of day. However, most methods of assessing cognitive performance remain impractical for environments outside of the lab. This study investigated whether 2-min smartphone-based versions of commonly used cognitive tests could be used to assess the effects of sleep deprivation and time of day on diverse cognitive functions. After three nights of normal sleep, participants (N = 182) were randomised to either one night of sleep deprivation or a fourth night of normal sleep. Using the Karolinska WakeApp (KWA), participants completed a battery of 2-min cognitive tests, including measures of attention, arithmetic ability, episodic memory, working memory, and a Stroop test for cognitive conflict and behavioural adjustment. A baseline measurement was completed at 22:30 h, followed by three measurements the following day at approximately 08:00 h, 12:30 h, and 16:30 h. Sleep deprivation led to performance impairments in attention, arithmetic ability, episodic memory, and working memory. No effect of sleep deprivation was observed in the Stroop test. There were variations in attention and arithmetic test performance across different times of day. The effect of sleep deprivation on all cognitive tests was also found to vary at different times of day. In conclusion, this study shows that the KWA's 2-min cognitive tests can be used to detect cognitive impairments following sleep deprivation, and fluctuations in cognitive performance relating to time of day. The results demonstrate the potential of using brief smartphone-based tasks to measure a variety of cognitive abilities within sleep and fatigue research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. Holding
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Ingre
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Predrag Petrovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tina Sundelin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Axelsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Floros O, Axelsson J, Almeida R, Tigerström L, Lekander M, Sundelin T, Petrovic P. Vulnerability in Executive Functions to Sleep Deprivation Is Predicted by Subclinical Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 6:290-298. [PMID: 33341402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep loss results in state instability of cognitive functioning. It is not known whether this effect is more expressed when there is an increased cognitive demand. Moreover, while vulnerability to sleep loss varies substantially among individuals, it is not known why some people are more affected than others. We hypothesized that top-down regulation was specifically affected by sleep loss and that subclinical inattention and emotional instability traits, related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, predict this vulnerability in executive function and emotion regulation, respectively. METHODS Healthy subjects (ages 17-45 years) rated trait inattention and emotional instability before being randomized to either a night of normal sleep (n = 86) or total sleep deprivation (n = 87). Thereafter, they performed a neutral and emotional computerized Stroop task, involving words and faces. Performance was characterized primarily by cognitive conflict reaction time and reaction time variability (RTV), mirroring conflict cost in top-down regulation. RESULTS Sleep loss led to increased cognitive conflict RTV. Moreover, a higher level of inattention predicted increased cognitive conflict RTV in the neutral Stroop task after sleep deprivation (r = .30, p = .0055) but not after normal sleep (r = .055, p = .65; interaction effect β = 6.19, p = .065). This association remained after controlling for cognitive conflict reaction time and emotional instability, suggesting domain specificity. Correspondingly, emotional instability predicted cognitive conflict RTV for the emotional Stroop task only after sleep deprivation, although this effect was nonsignificant after correcting for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that sleep deprivation affects cognitive conflict variability and that less stable performance in executive functioning may surface after sleep loss in vulnerable individuals characterized by subclinical symptoms of inattention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis Floros
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Axelsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stress Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rita Almeida
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm University Brain Imaging Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Tigerström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Lekander
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stress Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tina Sundelin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stress Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Predrag Petrovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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