Diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging for acute pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Accuracy of transthoracic lung ultrasound for diagnosing pulmonary embolism: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) simplifies the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) but is not suitable for all patients. Transthoracic lung ultrasound (LUS) is a potential alternative; this meta-analysis evaluates its accuracy for diagnosing PE.

METHODS

We systematically searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library from the inception of each database up to April 2024 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies guidelines. Study quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool, and a bivariate random effects model was used to pool sensitivity and specificity.

RESULTS

A total of 18 studies with 2158 patients were analyzed. Lung ultrasound showed a sensitivity of 0.80 (95 %, confidence interval (CI): 0.71-0.86; I2 = 85.2 %) and specificity of 0.87 (95 %, CI: 0.81-0.92; I2 = 87.3 %). The diagnostic score was 3.27 (95 %, CI: 2.75-3.78; I2 = 61.9 %), and the diagnostic odds ratio was 26 (95 %, CI: 16-44; I2 = 100.0 %). The pooled positive likelihood ratio was 6.2 (95 %, CI: 4.2-9.1; I2 = 79.2 %), and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.24 (95 %, CI: 0.16-0.34; I2 = 83.7 %). The summary area under the curve was 0.91 (95 %, CI: 0.88-0.93). Significant heterogeneity was observed, which may impact the generalisability of the results, and no publication bias was detected.

CONCLUSION

Transthoracic LUS shows potential as an alternative to CTPA for PE diagnosis, but further research is needed to improve its accuracy and establish standardised diagnostic criteria. The observed heterogeneity highlights the need for a cautious interpretation of the results.

An overview of systematic reviews on imaging tests for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism applying different network meta-analytic methods

PURPOSE

This study aimed to apply different methods of diagnostic test accuracy network meta-analysis (DTA-NMA) for studies reporting results of five imaging tests for the diagnosis of suspected pulmonary embolism (PE): pulmonary angiography (PA), computed tomography angiography (CTPA), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), planar ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scintigraphy and single-photon emission computed tomography ventilation/perfusion (SPECT V/Q).

METHODS

We searched four databases (MEDLINE [via PubMed], Cochrane CENTRAL, Scopus, and Epistemonikos) from inception until June 2, 2022 to identify systematic reviews (SRs) describing diagnostic accuracy of PA, CTPA, MRA, V/Q scan and SPECT V/Q for suspected PE. Study-level data were extracted and pooled using a hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) meta-regression approach and two DTA-NMA models to compare accuracy estimates of different imaging tests. Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2) tool and certainty of evidence using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) framework.

RESULTS

We identified 13 SRs, synthesizing data from 33 primary studies and for four imaging tests (PA, CTPA, MRA and V/Q scan). The HSROC meta-regression model using PA as the reference standard showed that MRA had the best overall diagnostic performance with sensitivity of 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.76, 1.00) and specificity of 0.94 (95% CI: 0.84, 0.99). However, DTA-NMA models indicated that V/Q scan had the highest sensitivity, while CTPA was most specific.

CONCLUSION

Selecting a different DTA-NMA method to assess multiple diagnostic tests can affect estimates of diagnostic accuracy. There is no established method, but the choice depends on the data and familiarity with Bayesian statistics.

Emergent Magnetic Resonance Angiography for Evaluation of the Thoracoabdominal and Peripheral Vasculature

Thoracoabdominal and peripheral vasculature pathologies include a variety of severe and life threatening conditions that may be encountered in the emergent setting. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) is the first-line modality for imaging of the vasculature in this context, but magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) also plays an important and emerging role in the evaluation of carefully selected patients. Intravenous (IV) iodinated contrast is necessary for CTA, although MRA is most useful in patients who cannot receive IV iodinated contrast for reasons including prior severe allergic-like reaction to iodinated contrast, poor IV access, or severe renal insufficiency. Gadolinium-based contrast agents are administered for MRA when possible, as they generally improve the diagnostic quality and shorten the duration of the exam. In most clinical situations, however, noncontrast MRA is sufficient to obtain a diagnostic evaluation. In this review, we discuss the key strengths and limitations of MRA performed in the emergent setting, highlighting the role of MRA in the diagnosis of acute aortic syndromes, aortitis, aortic aneurysm, pulmonary embolism, and peripheral vascular disease.

Vascular imaging of the lung: perspectives on current imaging methods

This commentary will discuss the use of advanced non-invasive imaging methodology for the pulmonary vascular system with special attention to a rubric for the imaging and clinical team to use for any particular clinical situation.

Role of MRI in the Evaluation of Thoracoabdominal Emergencies

Thoracic and abdominal pathology are common in the emergency setting. Although computed tomography is preferred in many clinical situations, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) have emerged as powerful techniques that often play a complementary role to computed tomography or may have a primary role in selected patient populations in which radiation is of specific concern or intravenous iodinated contrast is contraindicated. This review will highlight the role of MRI and MRA in the emergent imaging of thoracoabdominal pathology, specifically covering acute aortic pathology (acute aortic syndrome, aortic aneurysm, and aortitis), pulmonary embolism, gastrointestinal conditions such as appendicitis and Crohn disease, pancreatic and hepatobiliary disease (pancreatitis, choledocholithiasis, cholecystitis, and liver abscess), and genitourinary pathology (urolithiasis and pyelonephritis). In each section, we will highlight the specific role for MRI, discuss basic imaging protocols, and illustrate the MRI features of commonly encountered thoracoabdominal pathology.

Primary diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with unenhanced MRI for patients not eligible for CTPA: Clinical outcome

Purpose

To follow up the clinical outcome of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE), in those only imaged using unenhanced, free-breathing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods and materials

Fifty-seven patients aged 29-99 years (mean 70, SD 18) that could not undergo Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA) were offered alternative imaging diagnostics in parallel with ongoing methodological studies validating MRI vs CTPA. Contraindications included renal failure (n = 44), severe iodine contrast allergy (n = 10), pregnancy (n = 2) and radioactive iodine therapy (n = 1). The unenhanced MRI protocol was based on free-breathing, steady-state free precession with no cardiac or respiratory gating. Retrospective review of the electronic medical record (EMR) was made of 0-12 months post-imaging and was collected during 2012-2018.

Results

All 57 MRIs were of diagnostic quality and 12 pulmonary embolisms were diagnosed. Of the 57 patients, 44 were already on, or had started anticoagulation therapy due to clinical suspicion of PE. Four of the patients were put on anticoagulation after the positive MRI and 13 were taken off anticoagulation after a negative MRI report. Other diagnoses reported (considering dyspnea) were pleural effusion (n = 24), consolidation (n = 12) and pericardial effusion (n = 2). One patient had a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) within three months of our negative MRI result and then had a stroke within one year. Another patient suffered a stroke within three months of being diagnosed (by MRI) with PE and given anticoagulation as treatment.

Conclusions

Our method supported or altered clinical decision-making and treatment in this cohort. A diagnostic tool for PE without intravenous contrast agent or radiation is of great benefit for certain patients.

[Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism]

The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) is nowadays based on the sequential use of several diagnostic tests rather than on a single test. These diagnostic strategies are safe and have been prospectively validated. The first step after identifying patients with suspicion of PE is to establish the pre-test clinical probability. Several scores are available in order to make a standardised and reproducible assessment of the clinical probability, and therefore represent precious diagnostic tools. Indeed, clinical probability guides further investigations. Indeed, in patients with a low or an intermediate clinical probability or an "unlikely" probability, PE can be safely ruled out by negative D-dimers in approximately one third of outpatients without additional imaging. In case of positive D-dimers and a high clinical probability or a "likely" clinical probability, CT pulmonary angiography is now the recommended imaging technique. However, lower limb venous compression ultrasound and ventilation/perfusion scans remain useful in patients with contra-indications to CT, mainly those with renal insufficiency. Finally, some novel diagnostic tests seem promising. For example, V/Q SPECT has arisen as a highly accurate test and a potential alternative to CTPA. However, prospective management outcome studies are still lacking and are warranted before its implementation in routine clinical practice.

Diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced and unenhanced combined pulmonary artery MRI and magnetic resonance venography techniques in the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism

OBJECTIVE:

We aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of the contrast-enhanced and unenhanced combined pulmonary arterial MRI and magnetic resonance venography techniques in the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism (VTE).

METHODS:

44 patients who underwent CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) for suspected PE constituted the study population. Patients underwent combined pulmonary and lower extremity MRI, and Doppler ultrasonography within 72 h after CTPA. Combined MRI included two sequences: unenhanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) and contrast-enhanced three-dimensional (3D) gradient echo (GRE). The presence of emboli in pulmonary arteries and thrombi in lower extremity veins on 3D-GRE and SSFP sequences was recorded.

RESULTS:

CTPA showed a total of 244 emboli in 33 (75%) patients whereas contrast-enhanced 3D-GRE MRI showed deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in 34 (77%) subjects. Sensitivities for SSFP vs 3D-GRE MRI respectively in PE detection were 87.9 vs 100% on a per-patient basis, and 53.7 vs 73% on a per-embolus basis. Of 34 patients with established DVT, 31 (91%) were detected by Doppler ultrasound and 29 (85%) were detected by SSFP technique respectively.

CONCLUSION:

Both contrast-enhanced and unenhanced combined MRI of acute PE and DVT are feasible one-stop-shopping techniques in patients with suspected thromboembolism.

ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE:

Pulmonary VTE is a common disease with high mortality. Non-invasive techniques withhigh accuracy are required for the assessment of VTE. CT-related radiation and contrast material risks cause concerns. MRI is a radiation-free technique evaluating the vessels with and without contrast. Combined contrast enhancedor unenhanced pulmonary and lower extremity MRI is feasible in patients with suspected thromboembolism.

Comparison between CT and MRI in the assessment of pulmonary embolism: A meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

Besides pulmonary arteriography, a number of imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT), were adopted in the detection of identifying pulmonary embolism (PE). However, the contrast of sensitivity and specificity in these methods was studied little in a statistical way. To compare the effects of MRI and CT, this study used a series of methods to analyze data in included researches.

METHODS

A comprehensive computer search was conducted through internet up to July 2016. The quality assessment was performed by the Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies, version 2 tool. The diagnostic value of comparison between MRI and CT was evaluated by using the pooled estimate of sensitivity, specificity, and summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve. In addition, sensitivity analysis and bias analysis were applied to ensure the accuracy of the results.

RESULTS

Ten studies with 590 cases were involved in the study. Only 2 trials had high risk regarding bias while other trials were supposed to be at low risk of applicability. Heterogeneity existed in analysis of both CT and MRI. The pooled sensitivity of CT was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.85-0.93), pooled specificity was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.77 to 0.95), the pooled sensitivity of MRI was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.89-0.94), and pooled specificity was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.77-0.97). The Q index of sensitivity and specificity for CT and MRI were 71.38, 19.67, 47.14, and 12.35, respectively. The SROC curve area under the curve of CT and MRI were 0.94 (95% CI: 0.91-0.96) and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.91-0.95), respectively.

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis demonstrates that MRI has better sensitivity and specificity in detecting subsegmental artery PE. MRI is a relatively better detection technique for PE. This conclusion is consistent with many published researches.

How to train radiology residents to diagnose pulmonary embolism using a dedicated MRI protocol

Background

In recent years, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been suggested as an alternative to computed tomography angiography (CTA) to diagnose pulmonary embolism (PE). In previous studies, only senior radiologists have been evaluated as reviewers.

Purpose

To investigate if radiology residents can be trained to review MRI regarding PE and to determine the learning curve effects.

Material and Methods

Four residents independently went through a training program consisting of 70 participants that had undergone steady-state free precession MRI. The individuals were randomized into ten training sessions. For each exam, the review time and presence or absence of embolus was recorded. After completing each session, the residents received feedback on diagnostic accuracy compared to a consensus reading by two specialists. The residents were also presented with the corresponding CTA.

Results

The review time was nearly halved (P = 0.0002) during the training program. Comparing the first three sessions with the last three sessions for all residents, the review time decreased from 5:22 min to 2:51 min. The inter-reader agreement improved for all residents during the training program reaching a clinically acceptable level after seven sessions.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that radiology residents can be trained to independently review MRI investigations regarding PE within a short training program. Similar training programs could be more extensively used as effective teaching method for residents.

Diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism

Advances in the management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) have improved diagnostic accuracy and made management algorithms safer, easier to use, and well standardized. These diagnostic algorithms are mainly based on the assessment of clinical pretest probability, D-dimer measurement, and imaging tests-predominantly computed tomography pulmonary angiography. These diagnostic algorithms allow safe and cost-effective diagnosis for most patients with suspected PE. In this review, we summarize signs and symptoms of PE, current existing evidence for PE diagnosis, and focus on the challenge of diagnosing PE in special patient populations, such as pregnant women, or patients with a prior VTE. We also discuss novel imaging tests for PE diagnosis and highlight some of the additional challenges that might require adjustments to current diagnostic strategies, such as the reduced clinical suspicion threshold, resulting in a lower proportion of PE among suspected patients as well as the overdiagnosis of subsegmental PE.

Detection of pulmonary embolism using repeated MRI acquisitions without respiratory gating: a preliminary study

Background Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a severe medical condition with non-specific clinical findings. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) using iodinated contrast agents is the golden standard for diagnosis, but many patients have contraindications for CTA. Purpose To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of repeated acquisitions of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), without respiratory gating or breath holding, in diagnosing PE using CTA as the reference standard. Material and Methods Thirty-three patients with clinically suspected PE underwent MRI within 48 h after diagnostic CTA. A control group of 37 healthy participants underwent MRI and was matched with an equal number of negative CTA exams. The MRI protocol was based on free-breathing steady-state free precession producing 4.5 mm slices in axial, sagittal, and coronal planes. Instead of respiratory or cardiac gating five repetitive slices were obtained in each anatomical position to compensate for movement and artifacts. Clinical assessment including d-dimer and Well's score was performed prior to imaging. One radiologist reviewed the CTA exams and two radiologists reviewed the MRI scans. Results All 70 MRI exams were of diagnostic quality and the total acquisition time for each MRI scan was 9 min 34 s. On CTA, 29 patients were diagnosed with PE and the MRI readers detected 26 and 27 of those, respectively. Specificity was 100% for both readers. Sensitivity was 90% and 93%, respectively. Inter-reader agreement using Cohen's kappa was 0.97. Conclusion Our unenhanced MRI protocol shows a high sensitivity and specificity for PE, but further studies are required before considering it as a safe diagnostic test.

Diagnosis of suspected venous thromboembolism

The primary goal of diagnostic testing for venous thromboembolism (VTE) is to identify all patients who could benefit from anticoagulant therapy. Test results that identify patients as having a ≤2% risk of VTE in the next 3 months are judged to exclude deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE). Clinical evaluation, with assessment of: (1) clinical pretest probability (CPTP) for VTE; (2) likelihood of important alternative diagnoses; and (3) the probable yield of D-dimer and various imaging tests, guide which tests should be performed. The combination of nonhigh CPTP and negative D-dimer testing excludes DVT or PE in one-third to a half of outpatients. Venous ultrasound of the proximal veins, with or without examination of the distal veins, is the primary imaging test for leg and upper-extremity DVT. If a previous test is not available for comparison, the positive predictive value of ultrasound is low in patients with previous DVT. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is the primary imaging test for PE and often yields an alternative diagnosis when there is no PE. Ventilation-perfusion scanning is associated with less radiation exposure than CTPA and is preferred in younger patients, particularly during pregnancy. If DVT or PE cannot be "ruled-in" or "ruled-out" by initial diagnostic testing, patients can usually be managed safely by: (1) withholding anticoagulant therapy; and (2) doing serial ultrasound examinations to detect new or extending DVT.