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Likozar AR, Šebeštjen M. Predictors of functional and morphological arterial wall properties in coronary artery disease patients with increased lipoprotein (a) levels before and after treatment with proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 inhibitors. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2023; 21:15. [PMID: 37580777 PMCID: PMC10424345 DOI: 10.1186/s12947-023-00313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to proatherogenic properties, lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) has also pro-inflammatory, antifibrinolytic and prothrombogenic features. The aim of the current study was to identify the predictors of functional and morphological properties of the arterial wall in patients after myocardial infarction and increased Lp(a) levels at the beginning and after treatment with proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors. METHODS Seventy-six post-myocardial infarction patients with high Lp(a) levels were included in the study. Ultrasound measurements of flow-mediated dilation of brachial artery (FMD), carotid intima-media thickness (c-IMT) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were performed initially and after 6 months of treatment. At the same time points lipids, Lp(a), inflammatory and hemostasis markers were measured in blood samples. RESULTS In linear regression model FMD significantly correlated with age at first myocardial infarction (β = 0.689; p = 0.022), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (β = -1.200; p = 0.009), vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) (β = -0.992; p = 0.006), overall coagulation potential (β = 1.428; p = 0.014) and overall hemostasis potential (β = -1.473; p = 0.008). c-IMT significantly correlated with age at first myocardial infarction (β = 0.574; p = 0.033) and Lp(a) (β = 0.524; p = 0.040). PWV significantly correlated with systolic blood pressure (β = 0.332; p = 0.002), tumor necrosis factor alpha (β = 0.406; p = 0.002), interleukin-8 (β = -0.315; p = 0.015) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (β = 0.229; p = 0.031). After treatment FMD reached statistical significance only in univariant analysis with systolic blood pressure (r = -0.286; p = 0.004) and VCAM-1 (r = -0.229; p = 0.024). PWV and c-IMT correlated with age (r = 0.334; p = 0.001 and r = 0.486; p < 0.0001, respectively) and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.556; p < 0.0001 and r = 0.233; p = 0.021, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that age, systolic blood pressure, Lp(a) levels and other biochemical markers associated with Lp(a) are predictors of functional and morphological properties of the arterial vessel wall in post-myocardial patients with high Lp(a) levels initially. However, after 6 months of treatment with PCSK9 inhibitors only age and systolic blood pressure seem to be predictors of these properties. TRIAL REGISTRATION The protocol for this study was registered with clinicaltrials.gov on November, 3 2020 under registration number NCT04613167.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miran Šebeštjen
- Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Toomer KH, Gerber GF, Zhang Y, Daou L, Tushek M, Hooper JE, Francischetti IMB. SARS-CoV-2 infection results in upregulation of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and Neuroserpin in the lungs, and an increase in fibrinolysis inhibitors associated with disease severity. EJHAEM 2023; 4:324-338. [PMID: 37206290 PMCID: PMC10188457 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection results in coagulation activation although it is usually not associated with consumption coagulopathy. D-dimers are also commonly elevated despite systemic hypofibrinolysis. To understand these unusual features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) coagulopathy, 64 adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection (36 moderate and 28 severe) and 16 controls were studied. We evaluated the repertoire of plasma protease inhibitors (Serpins, Kunitz, Kazal, Cystatin-like) targeting the fibrinolytic system: Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), Tissue Plasminogen Activator/Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 complex (t-PA/PAI-1), α-2-Antiplasmin, Plasmin-α2-Antiplasmin Complex, Thrombin-activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor (TAFI)/TAFIa, Protease Nexin-1 (PN-1), and Neuroserpin (the main t-PA inhibitor of the central nervous system). Inhibitors of the common (Antithrombin, Thrombin-antithrombin complex, Protein Z [PZ]/PZ inhibitor, Heparin Cofactor II, and α2-Macroglobulin), Protein C ([PC], Protein C inhibitor, and Protein S), contact (Kallistatin, Protease Nexin-2/Amyloid Beta Precursor Protein, and α-1-Antitrypsin), and complement (C1-Inhibitor) pathways, in addition to Factor XIII, Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) and Vaspin were also investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The association of these markers with disease severity was evaluated by logistic regression. Pulmonary expression of PAI-1 and Neuroserpin in the lungs from eight post-mortem cases was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results show that six patients (10%) developed thrombotic events, and mortality was 11%. There was no significant reduction in plasma anticoagulants, in keeping with a compensated state. However, an increase in fibrinolysis inhibitors (PAI-1, Neuroserpin, PN-1, PAP, and t-PA/PAI-1) was consistently observed, while HRG was reduced. Furthermore, these markers were associated with moderate and/or severe disease. Notably, immunostains demonstrated overexpression of PAI-1 in epithelial cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells of fatal COVID-19, while Neuroserpin was found in intraalveolar macrophages only. These results imply that the lungs in SARS-CoV-2 infection provide anti-fibrinolytic activity resulting in a shift toward a local and systemic hypofibrinolytic state predisposing to (immuno)thrombosis, often in a background of compensated disseminated intravascular coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H. Toomer
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Gloria F. Gerber
- Division of HematologyDepartment of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of BiostatisticsJohns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Laetitia Daou
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Michael Tushek
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jody E. Hooper
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
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Teixeira BC, Boeno FP, Geremia JM, Correa CDS, Lopes AL, Macedo RCO, Carteri RBK, Bandinelli E, Vaz MA, Ribeiro JL, Reischak-Oliveira A. Eccentric, but not concentric muscle contraction induce inflammation and impairs fibrinolysis in healthy young men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:386-392. [PMID: 36800893 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Different types of muscle contraction can cause different damage to the musculature and differences in inflammatory responses. Acute increases in circulatory inflammation markers can influence the crosstalk between coagulation and fibrinolysis processes, increasing the risk of thrombus formation and detrimental cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of concentric and eccentric exercise on hemostasis markers, C-reactive protein (CRP), and the relationship between these variables. Eleven healthy subjects with a mean age of 25.4 ± 2.8, non-smokers, with no history of cardiovascular disease and blood type O, randomly performed an isokinetic exercise protocol consisting of 75 concentric (CP) or eccentric (EP) contractions of knee extension, divided into five sets of 15 repetitions combined with 30-s rest. Blood samples for analysis of FVIII, von Willebrand factor, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), and CRP were collected pre, post, 24 h, and 48 h after each protocol. Increased levels of CRP at 48 h in EP versus CP (p = 0.002), increased PAI-1 activity 48 h in EP versus CP (p = 0.044), and a reduction in t-PA at 48 h when compared with post-protocol in both protocols (p = 0.001). A correlation was found between CRP and PAI-1 at 48 h of PE (r2 = 0.69; p = 0.02). This study showed that both EP and CP increase the clotting process, albeit only the exercise performed eccentrically induces inhibition of fibrinolysis. This is possibly due to the increase in PAI-1 48 h after the protocol, which correlates with the increase in inflammation as demonstrated by the CRP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Costa Teixeira
- Program of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance (ESEFID), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre 90690-200, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences (DCHM), Faculty of Physical Education, State University of Minas Gerais (UEMG), 3996 São Paulo Avenue, Ibirité 32412-190, Brazil
| | - Franccesco Pinto Boeno
- Program of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance (ESEFID), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre 90690-200, Brazil.,Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, 3226, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jeam Marcel Geremia
- Program of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance (ESEFID), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Cleiton da Silva Correa
- Program of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance (ESEFID), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre 90690-200, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Lopes
- Program of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance (ESEFID), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cauduro Oliveira Macedo
- Program of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance (ESEFID), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre 90690-200, Brazil.,University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), 2293 Independence Avenue, Santa Cruz do Sul 96815-900, Brazil
| | - Randhall Bruce Kreismann Carteri
- Program of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance (ESEFID), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre 90690-200, Brazil.,Methodist University Center (IPA), 80 Joaquim Pedro Salgado Street, Poro Alegre 90420-060, Brazil
| | - Eliane Bandinelli
- Institute of Bioscience - Genetics Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9500 Bento Gonçalves Avenue, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Vaz
- Program of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance (ESEFID), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Jerri Luiz Ribeiro
- Program of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance (ESEFID), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Reischak-Oliveira
- Program of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance (ESEFID), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre 90690-200, Brazil
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Claesen K, De Loose J, Van Wielendaele P, De bruyn E, Sim Y, Thys S, De Meester I, Hendriks D. ProCPU Is Expressed by (Primary) Human Monocytes and Macrophages and Expression Differs between States of Differentiation and Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043725. [PMID: 36835137 PMCID: PMC9967989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboxypeptidase U (CPU, TAFIa, CPB2) is a potent attenuator of fibrinolysis that is mainly synthesized by the liver as its inactive precursor proCPU. Aside from its antifibrinolytic properties, evidence exists that CPU can modulate inflammation, thereby regulating communication between coagulation and inflammation. Monocytes and macrophages play a central role in inflammation and interact with coagulation mechanisms resulting in thrombus formation. The involvement of CPU and monocytes/macrophages in inflammation and thrombus formation, and a recent hypothesis that proCPU is expressed in monocytes/macrophages, prompted us to investigate human monocytes and macrophages as a potential source of proCPU. CPB2 mRNA expression and the presence of proCPU/CPU protein were studied in THP-1, PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells and primary human monocytes, M-CSF-, IFN-γ/LPS-, and IL-4-stimulated-macrophages by RT-qPCR, Western blotting, enzyme activity measurements, and immunocytochemistry. CPB2 mRNA and proCPU protein were detected in THP-1 and PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells as well as in primary monocytes and macrophages. Moreover, CPU was detected in the cell medium of all investigated cell types and it was demonstrated that proCPU can be activated into functionally active CPU in the in vitro cell culture environment. Comparison of CPB2 mRNA expression and proCPU concentrations in the cell medium between the different cell types provided evidence that CPB2 mRNA expression and proCPU secretion in monocytes and macrophages is related to the degree to which these cells are differentiated. Our results indicate that primary monocytes and macrophages express proCPU. This sheds new light on monocytes and macrophages as local proCPU sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Claesen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Joni De Loose
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Wielendaele
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Emilie De bruyn
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Yani Sim
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sofie Thys
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dirk Hendriks
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3-265-27-27
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5
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Humphreys SJ, Whyte CS, Mutch NJ. "Super" SERPINs-A stabilizing force against fibrinolysis in thromboinflammatory conditions. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1146833. [PMID: 37153474 PMCID: PMC10155837 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1146833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The superfamily of serine protease inhibitors (SERPINs) are a class of inhibitors that utilise a dynamic conformational change to trap and inhibit their target enzymes. Their powerful nature lends itself well to regulation of complex physiological enzymatic cascades, such as the haemostatic, inflammatory and complement pathways. The SERPINs α2-antiplasmin, plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1, plasminogen-activator inhibitor-2, protease nexin-1, and C1-inhibitor play crucial inhibitory roles in regulation of the fibrinolytic system and inflammation. Elevated levels of these SERPINs are associated with increased risk of thrombotic complications, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. Conversely, deficiencies of these SERPINs have been linked to hyperfibrinolysis with bleeding and angioedema. In recent years SERPINs have been implicated in the modulation of the immune response and various thromboinflammatory conditions, such as sepsis and COVID-19. Here, we highlight the current understanding of the physiological role of SERPINs in haemostasis and inflammatory disease progression, with emphasis on the fibrinolytic pathway, and how this becomes dysregulated during disease. Finally, we consider the role of these SERPINs as potential biomarkers of disease progression and therapeutic targets for thromboinflammatory diseases.
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6
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Yao D, Zhao J, Zhang Q, Wang T, Ni M, Qi S, Shen Q, Li W, Li B, Ding X, Liu Z. Aberrant methylation of Serpine1 mediates lung injury in neonatal mice prenatally exposed to intrauterine inflammation. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:164. [PMID: 36183130 PMCID: PMC9526974 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intrauterine inflammation (IUI) alters epigenetic modifications in offspring, leading to lung injury. However, the epigenetic mechanism underlying IUI-induced lung injury remains uncertain. In the present study, we aim to investigate the effect of IUI on lung development, and to identify the key molecule involved in this process and its epigenetic regulatory mechanism. Results Serpine1 was upregulated in the lung tissue of neonatal mice with IUI. Intranasal delivery of Serpine1 siRNA markedly reversed IUI-induced lung injury. Serpine1 overexpression substantially promoted cell senescence of both human and murine lung epithelial cells, reflected by decreased cell proliferation and increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, G0/G1 cell fraction, senescence marker, and oxidative and DNA damage marker expression. IUI decreased the methylation level of the Serpine1 promoter, and methylation of the promoter led to transcriptional repression of Serpine1. Furthermore, IUI promoted the expression of Tet1 potentially through TNF-α, while Tet1 facilitated the demethylation of Serpine1 promoter. DNA pull-down and ChIP assays revealed that the Serpine1 promoter was regulated by Rela and Hdac2. DNA demethylation increased the recruitment of Rela to the Serpine1 promoter and induced the release of Hdac2. Conclusion Increased Serpine1 expression mediated by DNA demethylation causes lung injury in neonatal mice with IUI. Therefore, therapeutic interventions targeting Serpine1 may effectively prevent IUI-induced lung injury. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00901-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongting Yao
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Departments of Neonatology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institution, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 910# Hengshan Road, Shanghai, 20030 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China ,grid.411480.80000 0004 1799 1816Department of Laboratory Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiuru Zhao
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Departments of Neonatology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institution, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 910# Hengshan Road, Shanghai, 20030 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Departments of Neonatology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institution, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 910# Hengshan Road, Shanghai, 20030 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Departments of Neonatology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institution, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 910# Hengshan Road, Shanghai, 20030 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Ni
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Departments of Neonatology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institution, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 910# Hengshan Road, Shanghai, 20030 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sudong Qi
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Departments of Neonatology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institution, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 910# Hengshan Road, Shanghai, 20030 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianwen Shen
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Departments of Neonatology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institution, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 910# Hengshan Road, Shanghai, 20030 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Li
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Departments of Neonatology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institution, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 910# Hengshan Road, Shanghai, 20030 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baihe Li
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Departments of Neonatology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institution, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 910# Hengshan Road, Shanghai, 20030 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiya Ding
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Departments of Neonatology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institution, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 910# Hengshan Road, Shanghai, 20030 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Departments of Neonatology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institution, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 910# Hengshan Road, Shanghai, 20030 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Pleiotropic Effects of Atorvastatin Result in a Downregulation of the Carboxypeptidase U System (CPU, TAFIa, CPB2) in a Mouse Model of Advanced Atherosclerosis. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101731. [PMID: 34684024 PMCID: PMC8540817 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins (hydroxymethyl-glutaryl-CoA-reductase inhibitors) lower procarboxypeptidase U (proCPU, TAFI, proCPB2). However, it is challenging to prove whether this is a lipid or non-lipid-related pleiotropic effect, since statin treatment decreases cholesterol levels in humans. In apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with a heterozygous mutation in the fibrillin-1 gene (ApoE−/−Fbn1C1039G+/−), a model of advanced atherosclerosis, statins do not lower cholesterol. Consequently, studying cholesterol-independent effects of statins can be achieved more straightforwardly in these mice. Female ApoE −/−Fbn1C1039G+/− mice were fed a Western diet (WD). At week 10 of WD, mice were divided into a WD group (receiving WD only) and a WD + atorvastatin group (receiving 10 mg/kg/day atorvastatin +WD) group. After 15 weeks, blood was collected from the retro-orbital plexus, and the mice were sacrificed. Total plasma cholesterol and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured with commercially available kits. Plasma proCPU levels were determined with an activity-based assay. Total plasma cholesterol levels were not significantly different between both groups, while proCPU levels were significantly lower in the WD + atorvastatin group. Interestingly proCPU levels correlated with CRP and circulating monocytes. In conclusion, our results confirm that atorvastatin downregulates proCPU levels in ApoE−/−Fbn1C1039G+/− mice on a WD, and evidence was provided that this downregulation is a pleiotropic effect of atorvastatin treatment.
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Chen H, Wang Y, Sun B, Bao X, Tang Y, Huang F, Zhu S, Xu J. Negative correlation between endoglin levels and coronary atherosclerosis. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:127. [PMID: 34602076 PMCID: PMC8487532 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common cardiovascular disease, and abnormal blood lipid metabolism is an important risk factor. Transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) and its receptor (TGF-ßR) can inhibit the release of inflammatory factors through the SMAD pathway-mediated immune response, thereby suppressing the progression of CAD. Endoglin (TGF-ßRIII), a TGF-ßR family homologous receptor protein, is directly involved in the immunoregulatory process, but the exact mechanism is unclear. This study aimed to clarify the pathophysiological effects of endoglin on the development of atherosclerosis and to explore the mechanism of the signalling pathway. Methods We downloaded the GEO dataset to perform a functional analysis of SMAD family activity and TGF-ß receptor protein expression in the monocyte expression profiles of patients with familial hyperlipidaemia (FH). The effect of endoglin on endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis was examined by disrupting the endoglin gene in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and validated by western blotting. The related genes and pathways regulated by endoglin were obtained by analysing the sequencing data. Results Research has shown that interference with endoglin can promote the proliferation and migration and significantly inhibit the apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells. Interference with endoglin particularly encourages the expression of VEGFB in vascular endothelial cells. Conclusion The endoglin gene in vascular endothelial cells regulates the PI3K-Akt, Wnt, TNF, and cellular metabolism pathways by activating the SMAD pathway. RAB26, MR1, CCL2, SLC29A4, IBTK, VEGFB, and GOLGA8B play critical roles. Endoglin interacts closely with 11 proteins such as CCL2 and SEPRINE1, which participate in the vital pathway of plaque formation. Interference with endoglin can alter the course of coronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 389, Xincun Road, Putuo District, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 389, Xincun Road, Putuo District, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 389, Xincun Road, Putuo District, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Xunxia Bao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 389, Xincun Road, Putuo District, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 389, Xincun Road, Putuo District, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Sibo Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Jiahong Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 389, Xincun Road, Putuo District, 200065, Shanghai, China.
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Sillen M, Declerck PJ. A Narrative Review on Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and Its (Patho)Physiological Role: To Target or Not to Target? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052721. [PMID: 33800359 PMCID: PMC7962805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the main physiological inhibitor of plasminogen activators (PAs) and is therefore an important inhibitor of the plasminogen/plasmin system. Being the fast-acting inhibitor of tissue-type PA (tPA), PAI-1 primarily attenuates fibrinolysis. Through inhibition of urokinase-type PA (uPA) and interaction with biological ligands such as vitronectin and cell-surface receptors, the function of PAI-1 extends to pericellular proteolysis, tissue remodeling and other processes including cell migration. This review aims at providing a general overview of the properties of PAI-1 and the role it plays in many biological processes and touches upon the possible use of PAI-1 inhibitors as therapeutics.
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Genetic Polymorphisms Associated with Thrombotic Disease Comparison of Two Territories: Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:3745735. [PMID: 31781299 PMCID: PMC6875327 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3745735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose The thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is an important inhibitor of fibrinolysis and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis; genetic polymorphisms of the TAFI gene affect its activity and increase the risk of thrombosis. Moreover, studies in young patients are still scarce. The aim was to examine the contribution of the Thr325Ile and Ala147Thr polymorphisms with ST acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) or idiopathic ischemic stroke (IIS) in the young Mexican population. Methods A total of 244 patients with STEMI ≤45 years of age and 244 controls. In a second study, 250 patients with IIS ≤45 years of age were recruited, including 250 controls. In both studies, cases and controls were matched by age and sex. The polymorphisms were determined in all participants by PCR-RFLP. Results There was significant difference in the Thr325Ile genotype distribution (P = 0.001) and allele frequency (P = 0.001) between STEMI and control groups, but no difference in the Ala147Thr genotype distribution (P = 0.24) and allele frequency (P = 0.46), neither in the Thr325Ile genotype distribution (P = 0.25) nor in the Ala147Thr genotype distribution (P = 0.46) or their allele frequencies; there was significant difference between IIS and the control group. There were independent factors for STEMI: the Ile allele (P = 0.01), type 2 diabetes mellitus (P = 0.001), hypertension (P = 0.001), smoking (P = 0.001), dyslipidemia (P = 0.001), and family history of atherothrombotic disease (P = 0.001). The independent factors for IIS were hypertension (P = 0.001), smoking (P < 0.01), and family history of atherothrombotic disease (P < 0.01). Conclusions The Thr325Ile polymorphism, but no Ala147Thr polymorphism, represents an independent risk factor for STEMI in the young Mexican population.
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Vlasov TD, Nesterovich II, Shimanski DA. Endothelial dysfunction: from the particular to the general. Return to the «Old Paradigm»? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.24884/1682-6655-2019-18-2-19-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is a heterogeneous structure with diverse functions, being an active metabolic system. Endothelial cells mediate inflammatory and immune processes, regulate leukocyte adhesion, permeability and vascular tone, participate in the hemostasis system, stimulate the processes of angiogenesis. Endothelial dysfunction can initiate individual disorders, but more often it is a universal link in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Currently, endothelial dysfunction is presented as an imbalance between the production of vasodilating, angioprotective, antiproliferative factors, on the one hand, and vasoconstrictive, prothrombotic, proliferative factors, on the other hand. The manifestations of endothelial dysfunction, the direction and severity of these changes may vary depending on the disease. The review provides examples of combined endothelial disorders in the most studied and common diseases (essential hypertension, type 2 diabetes, systemic diseases of the connective tissue, atherosclerosis, and malignant tumors). Despite the presence of rare cases of isolated endothelial dysfunction, it can be argued that in the absolute majority of diseases, endothelial dysfunction has combined type of violations. The allocation of individual endothelial disorder spectra, typical for a specific disease, is problematic, due to the universality and nonspecificity of the manifestations of endothelial dysfunction. These conclusions allow us to return to the origins of this problem, considering endothelial dysfunction as a holistic concept, not limited to a certain range of its disorders.
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