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Mishra A, Malik R, Hachiya T, Jürgenson T, Namba S, Posner DC, Kamanu FK, Koido M, Le Grand Q, Shi M, He Y, Georgakis MK, Caro I, Krebs K, Liaw YC, Vaura FC, Lin K, Winsvold BS, Srinivasasainagendra V, Parodi L, Bae HJ, Chauhan G, Chong MR, Tomppo L, Akinyemi R, Roshchupkin GV, Habib N, Jee YH, Thomassen JQ, Abedi V, Cárcel-Márquez J, Nygaard M, Leonard HL, Yang C, Yonova-Doing E, Knol MJ, Lewis AJ, Judy RL, Ago T, Amouyel P, Armstrong ND, Bakker MK, Bartz TM, Bennett DA, Bis JC, Bordes C, Børte S, Cain A, Ridker PM, Cho K, Chen Z, Cruchaga C, Cole JW, de Jager PL, de Cid R, Endres M, Ferreira LE, Geerlings MI, Gasca NC, Gudnason V, Hata J, He J, Heath AK, Ho YL, Havulinna AS, Hopewell JC, Hyacinth HI, Inouye M, Jacob MA, Jeon CE, Jern C, Kamouchi M, Keene KL, Kitazono T, Kittner SJ, Konuma T, Kumar A, Lacaze P, Launer LJ, Lee KJ, Lepik K, Li J, Li L, Manichaikul A, Markus HS, Marston NA, Meitinger T, Mitchell BD, Montellano FA, Morisaki T, Mosley TH, Nalls MA, Nordestgaard BG, O'Donnell MJ, Okada Y, Onland-Moret NC, Ovbiagele B, Peters A, Psaty BM, Rich SS, Rosand J, Sabatine MS, Sacco RL, Saleheen D, Sandset EC, Salomaa V, Sargurupremraj M, Sasaki M, Satizabal CL, Schmidt CO, Shimizu A, Smith NL, Sloane KL, Sutoh Y, Sun YV, Tanno K, Tiedt S, Tatlisumak T, Torres-Aguila NP, Tiwari HK, Trégouët DA, Trompet S, Tuladhar AM, Tybjærg-Hansen A, van Vugt M, Vibo R, Verma SS, Wiggins KL, Wennberg P, Woo D, Wilson PWF, Xu H, Yang Q, Yoon K, Millwood IY, Gieger C, Ninomiya T, Grabe HJ, Jukema JW, Rissanen IL, Strbian D, Kim YJ, Chen PH, Mayerhofer E, Howson JMM, Irvin MR, Adams H, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Christensen K, Ikram MA, Rundek T, Worrall BB, Lathrop GM, Riaz M, Simonsick EM, Kõrv J, França PHC, Zand R, Prasad K, Frikke-Schmidt R, de Leeuw FE, Liman T, Haeusler KG, Ruigrok YM, Heuschmann PU, Longstreth WT, Jung KJ, Bastarache L, Paré G, Damrauer SM, Chasman DI, Rotter JI, Anderson CD, Zwart JA, Niiranen TJ, Fornage M, Liaw YP, Seshadri S, Fernández-Cadenas I, Walters RG, Ruff CT, Owolabi MO, Huffman JE, Milani L, Kamatani Y, Dichgans M, Debette S. Stroke genetics informs drug discovery and risk prediction across ancestries. Nature 2022; 611:115-123. [PMID: 36180795 PMCID: PMC9524349 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of stroke - the second leading cause of death worldwide - were conducted predominantly in populations of European ancestry1,2. Here, in cross-ancestry GWAS meta-analyses of 110,182 patients who have had a stroke (five ancestries, 33% non-European) and 1,503,898 control individuals, we identify association signals for stroke and its subtypes at 89 (61 new) independent loci: 60 in primary inverse-variance-weighted analyses and 29 in secondary meta-regression and multitrait analyses. On the basis of internal cross-ancestry validation and an independent follow-up in 89,084 additional cases of stroke (30% non-European) and 1,013,843 control individuals, 87% of the primary stroke risk loci and 60% of the secondary stroke risk loci were replicated (P < 0.05). Effect sizes were highly correlated across ancestries. Cross-ancestry fine-mapping, in silico mutagenesis analysis3, and transcriptome-wide and proteome-wide association analyses revealed putative causal genes (such as SH3PXD2A and FURIN) and variants (such as at GRK5 and NOS3). Using a three-pronged approach4, we provide genetic evidence for putative drug effects, highlighting F11, KLKB1, PROC, GP1BA, LAMC2 and VCAM1 as possible targets, with drugs already under investigation for stroke for F11 and PROC. A polygenic score integrating cross-ancestry and ancestry-specific stroke GWASs with vascular-risk factor GWASs (integrative polygenic scores) strongly predicted ischaemic stroke in populations of European, East Asian and African ancestry5. Stroke genetic risk scores were predictive of ischaemic stroke independent of clinical risk factors in 52,600 clinical-trial participants with cardiometabolic disease. Our results provide insights to inform biology, reveal potential drug targets and derive genetic risk prediction tools across ancestries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Mishra
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rainer Malik
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tsuyoshi Hachiya
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Tuuli Jürgenson
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Shinichi Namba
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Daniel C Posner
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frederick K Kamanu
- TIMI Study Group, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masaru Koido
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Quentin Le Grand
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mingyang Shi
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yunye He
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marios K Georgakis
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ilana Caro
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kristi Krebs
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yi-Ching Liaw
- Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Felix C Vaura
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | - Kuang Lin
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bendik Slagsvold Winsvold
- Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vinodh Srinivasasainagendra
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Livia Parodi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Disease Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Michael R Chong
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liisa Tomppo
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rufus Akinyemi
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Gennady V Roshchupkin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi Habib
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yon Ho Jee
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesper Qvist Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vida Abedi
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, VA, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Jara Cárcel-Márquez
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marianne Nygaard
- The Danish Twin Registry, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hampton L Leonard
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Chaojie Yang
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ekaterina Yonova-Doing
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria J Knol
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adam J Lewis
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Renae L Judy
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tetsuro Ago
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- University of Lille, INSERM U1167, RID-AGE, LabEx DISTALZ, Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Public Health Department, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicole D Armstrong
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mark K Bakker
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Traci M Bartz
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Constance Bordes
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sigrid Børte
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research and Communication Unit for Musculoskeletal Health (FORMI), Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anael Cain
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelly Cho
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - John W Cole
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Phil L de Jager
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rafael de Cid
- GenomesForLife-GCAT Lab Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Matthias Endres
- Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leslie E Ferreira
- Post-Graduation Program on Health and Environment, Department of Medicine and Joinville Stroke Biobank, University of the Region of Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mirjam I Geerlings
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie C Gasca
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jun Hata
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jing He
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alicia K Heath
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yuk-Lam Ho
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM-HiLIFE, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jemma C Hopewell
- Clinical Trial Service and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hyacinth I Hyacinth
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael Inouye
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Baker Systems Genomics Initiative, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Baker Systems Genomics Initiative, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mina A Jacob
- Department of Neurology, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christina E Jeon
- Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christina Jern
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Masahiro Kamouchi
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keith L Keene
- Department of Biology, Brody School of Medicine Center for Health Disparities, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Steven J Kittner
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology and Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Takahiro Konuma
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Amit Kumar
- Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Paul Lacaze
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaido Lepik
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, VA, USA
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hugh S Markus
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas A Marston
- TIMI Study Group, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Felipe A Montellano
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Takayuki Morisaki
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- The MIND Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin J O'Donnell
- College of Medicine Nursing and Health Science, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - N Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce Ovbiagele
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München,, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jonathan Rosand
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc S Sabatine
- TIMI Study Group, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph L Sacco
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Else Charlotte Sandset
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Research and Development, The Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation, Oslo, Norway
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Muralidharan Sargurupremraj
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Makoto Sasaki
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Carsten O Schmidt
- University Medicine Greifswald, Institute for Community Medicine, SHIP/KEF, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Atsushi Shimizu
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Nicholas L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelly L Sloane
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yoichi Sutoh
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yan V Sun
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kozo Tanno
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Steffen Tiedt
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Unviersity Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nuria P Torres-Aguila
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hemant K Tiwari
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David-Alexandre Trégouët
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anil Man Tuladhar
- Department of Neurology, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marion van Vugt
- Division Heart & Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Riina Vibo
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Shefali S Verma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kerri L Wiggins
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patrik Wennberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniel Woo
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Peter W F Wilson
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Huichun Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qiong Yang
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyungheon Yoon
- Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Iona Y Millwood
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Toshiharu Ninomiya
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), site Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ina L Rissanen
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Strbian
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Pei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ernst Mayerhofer
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joanna M M Howson
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marguerite R Irvin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hieab Adams
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kaare Christensen
- The Danish Twin Registry, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mohammad A Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bradford B Worrall
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Public Health Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Moeen Riaz
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eleanor M Simonsick
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janika Kõrv
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Paulo H C França
- Post-Graduation Program on Health and Environment, Department of Medicine and Joinville Stroke Biobank, University of the Region of Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ramin Zand
- Geisinger Neuroscience Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | | | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank-Erik de Leeuw
- Department of Neurology, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Liman
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Klinik für Neurologie, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | - Ynte M Ruigrok
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ulrich Heuschmann
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Clinical Trial Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - W T Longstreth
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Keum Ji Jung
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Lisa Bastarache
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott M Damrauer
- Department of Surgery and Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Christopher D Anderson
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John-Anker Zwart
- Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Teemu J Niiranen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yung-Po Liaw
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Israel Fernández-Cadenas
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robin G Walters
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian T Ruff
- TIMI Study Group, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mayowa O Owolabi
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Debette
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France.
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
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