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Griebsch C, Hall E, Barrs VR. Effectiveness of aspirin vs. clopidogrel in dogs with immune mediated haemolytic anaemia evaluated by serial thromboelastography and platelet mapping. Vet J 2022; 287:105882. [PMID: 35963596 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Most dogs with immune mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA) are hypercoagulable, as measured by thromboelastography (TEG). Thromboelastography-platelet mapping (TEG-PM) has been used to assess platelet function in human patients treated with aspirin or clopidogrel. The aim of this study was to compare platelet thromboxane A2-receptor inhibition (TXA2-RI) and platelet adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-receptor inhibition (ADP-RI) as measured by TEG-PM in dogs with primary IMHA receiving aspirin or clopidogrel to determine if TEG-PM might be useful to monitor treatment. Eighteen client-owned dogs with IMHA were enroled in a prospective double blinded study. Dogs were randomised to receive aspirin or clopidogrel in addition to standard therapy. Thromboelastography was measured before, and 1 and 4 days after commencing treatment. Thromboelastography-PM was performed on days 1 and 4. Non-responders were defined as < 50 % platelet thromboxane A2-receptor inhibition (TXA2-RI) in the aspirin group and < 50 % platelet adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-receptor inhibition (ADP-RI) in the clopidogrel group, on day 4. Mean platelet TXA2-RI and platelet ADP-RI were not significantly different between groups at any timepoint (P > 0.05). The overall mean percentage inhibition of TXA2-receptor was 25 % (aspirin 33 %, clopidogrel 15 %), and of ADP-receptor was 82 % (aspirin 83 %, clopidogrel 80 %). On day 4, 6/9 dogs (66 %) in the aspirin group and 2/8 dogs (25 %) in the clopidogrel group were non-responders (P = 0.086). Two dogs defined as responders based on TEG-PM developed thromboembolism. Overall, there was no significant difference in efficacy between aspirin and clopidogrel based on measurement of receptor inhibition using TEG-PM (P > 0.05), and routine TEG was not reliable for monitoring treatment response in dogs with IMHA. In some dogs, there was a discrepancy between TEG-PM results and clinical response. Further investigation of TEG-PM use in dogs, including its usefulness to monitor treatment response and adjust treatment in individual dogs and any effect of anaemia, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Griebsch
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - E Hall
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - V R Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Conway EA, Evans NP, Ridyard AE. Urinary 11-dehydrothromboxane B 2 concentrations in 20 dogs with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:86-96. [PMID: 34859495 PMCID: PMC8783321 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thromboembolic disease is a major cause of mortality in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA). At present, no reliable biomarkers of individual patient thrombotic risk are available. In human medicine, increased urinary thromboxane concentrations have utility as markers of prothrombotic tendency in various situations. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES First, to determine if urinary 11-dehydrothromboxane B2 (u11-dTXB) concentrations are increased in dogs with primary IMHA compared to normal dogs; second, to assess whether u11-dTXB concentration is associated with survival, known prognostic indicators, or frequency of thrombosis in dogs with IMHA. ANIMALS Twenty client-owned dogs diagnosed with primary IMHA and 17 healthy dogs volunteered by hospital staff. METHODS Prospective case-control study. A previously validated ELISA was used to measure urine 11-dTXB concentrations, which were normalized to urine creatinine concentration (u11-dTXB:Cr). Samples were obtained at presentation from patients with primary IMHA. Standard clincopathological data at baseline and survival data were collected. Urinary 11-dTXB:Cr was compared between outcome subgroups, and correlated with known markers of disease severity. RESULTS Baseline u11-dTXB:Cr was significantly higher in dogs with IMHA than in healthy dogs (median, 3.75; range, 0.83-25.36 vs 0.65; 0.24-2.57; P = .003) but did not differ between dogs with IMHA that survived and did not survive to 30 days after presentation, nor between dogs with and without clinical suspicion of thrombotic disease. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Urinary 11-dTXB:Cr is increased in dogs with IMHA compared to healthy controls, consistent with a prothrombotic state. However, in this IMHA population u11-dTXB:Cr was not associated with survival or suspected thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Conway
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Neil P. Evans
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowScotlandUnited Kingdom
| | - Alison E. Ridyard
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
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3
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Heimgartner LM, Stirn M, Kutter APN, Sigrist NE, Jud Schefer R. Whole blood platelet impedance aggregometry with the ROTEM platelet device: comparison of 2 anticoagulants and storage times for the establishment of canine reference intervals. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 34:15-22. [PMID: 34654336 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211051329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ROTEM platelet device, a point-of-care whole blood platelet impedance aggregometer, is an add-on to the rotational thromboelastometry ROTEM delta device. The latter has been validated in dogs. We examined whether canine whole blood is suited for analysis with the ROTEM platelet device using adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP) and arachidonic acid (ARA) as agonists for platelet activation, and if there are significant differences between sample storage times and anticoagulants used. Subsequently, we determined canine reference intervals (RIs) for the ROTEM platelet device for ADP and ARA. In a pilot study, we examined whole blood from 7 dogs after 15-min and 60-min storage of lithium-heparinized samples and 40-min and 80-min storage of hirudinized samples. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between ROTEM platelet device results for both ADP and ARA in lithium-heparin and hirudin anticoagulated canine whole blood. Lithium-heparinized blood samples analyzed after 15-min storage had the lowest coefficient of variation. RIs were determined for heparinized whole blood samples from 49 dogs after 15 min of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M Heimgartner
- Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Stirn
- Clinical Laboratory, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette P N Kutter
- Section of Anaesthesiology, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadja E Sigrist
- Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Jud Schefer
- Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Yankin I, Carver AM, Koenigshof AM. The use of impedance aggregometry to evaluate platelet function after the administration of DDAVP in healthy dogs treated with aspirin or clopidogrel. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:823-828. [PMID: 34554870 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.10.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of 1-Desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP; desmopressin acetate) on platelet aggregation in healthy dogs receiving aspirin or clopidogrel. ANIMALS 7 healthy staff-owned dogs. PROCEDURES In this randomized double-blinded crossover study, impedance aggregometry was performed on samples of lithium-heparinized whole blood samples from dogs before (T0) treatment with aspirin (1 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h for 4 days; ASP group) or clopidogrel (1 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h for 4 days; CLP group) and then before (T1) and after (T2) treatment with DDAVP (0.3 μg/kg, IV, once). There was a 14-day washout period before the crossover component. Aggregometry was performed with 4 different assays, each of which involved a different agonist reagent to stimulate platelet function: ADP, thrombin receptor activating peptide-6, arachidonic acid, or collagen type 1. RESULTS Median results for platelet aggregometry with agonist reagents ADP, arachidonic acid, or thrombin receptor activating peptide-6 significantly decreased between T0 and T1 for the CLP group; however, no meaningful difference in platelet aggregation was detected in the ASP group. Results for platelet aggregometry did not differ substantially between T1 and T2 regardless of treatment group or assay. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings suggested that administration of DDAVP may have no effect on platelet aggregation (measured with platelet aggregometry) in healthy dogs treated with clopidogrel. Because no inhibition of platelet aggregation was detected for dogs in the ASP group, no conclusion could be made regarding the effects of DDAVP administered to dogs treated with aspirin.
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Goggs R. Therapeutic Strategies for Treatment of Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2020; 50:1327-1349. [PMID: 32814628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia is a common hematologic disorder in dogs. Disease management involves immunosuppression using glucocorticoids, potentially in combination with other medications such as azathioprine, cyclosporine, or mycophenolate mofetil. Therapeutic drug monitoring may enhance the utility and maximize the safety of cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil. The disease is proinflammatory and prothrombotic. Antithrombotic drug administration is therefore essential, and anticoagulant therapy should be initiated at the time of diagnosis. Additional therapies include red blood cell transfusion to support blood oxygen content. Future therapies may include therapeutic plasma exchange, anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, and complement inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Goggs
- Emergency and Critical Care, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Gant P, McBride D, Humm K. Abnormal platelet activity in dogs and cats - impact and measurement. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:3-18. [PMID: 31919851 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal platelet activity can either lead to bleeding tendencies or inappropriate thrombus formation and can occur secondarily to a wide variety of disease processes, with a range of clinical consequences and severity. This article will discuss the pathophysiology of platelet function abnormalities and consider a logical diagnostic approach applicable to veterinary practice. Recent advances in platelet function testing will then be discussed, with regards to detection of platelet dysfunction and tailoring of pharmacological manipulation. Although many of these tests are still confined to research or academic institutions, techniques for indirectly assessing platelet function are starting to become more widely available. Although we still require further research to develop guidelines for the use of these tests in clinical decision-making, the recent advances in this field are an exciting step forward in being able to detect and manage platelet dysfunction in both primary care and referral practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gant
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals (QMHA), The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - D McBride
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals (QMHA), The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - K Humm
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals (QMHA), The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
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Thomason J, Mooney AP, Price JM, Whittemore JC. Effects of clopidogrel and prednisone on platelet function in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1198-1205. [PMID: 32246893 PMCID: PMC7255683 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoids cause hypercoagulability, but it is unknown if they counteract clopidogrel's antiplatelet effects. Hypothesis/Objectives Determine the effects of clopidogrel and prednisone on platelet function. Animals Twenty‐four healthy dogs. Methods Double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled randomized trial. Platelet function was evaluated using a platelet function analyzer and impedance aggregometry (days 0, 14, and 28) for dogs treated with placebo, clopidogrel (2‐3 mg/kg/d), prednisone (2 mg/kg/d), or prednisone with clopidogrel PO for 28 days. Results were categorized as nonresponder versus responder (platelet function analyzer), and inadequate, ideal, or excessive response (aggregometry). Results were compared using mixed model, split‐plot repeated measures analysis of variance and generalized estimating equation proportional odds models. P < .05 was considered significant. Results Closure times differed by treatment (F [3, 20] = 10.5; P < .001), time (F [2, 40] = 14.3; P < .001), and treatment‐by‐time (F [6, 40] = 3.4; P = .01). Area under the curve (AUC) differed by treatment (F [3, 20] = 19.6; P < .001), time (F [2, 40] = 35.4; P < .001), and treatment‐by‐time (F [6, 40] = 13.5; P < .001). Based on closure times, 5/6 dogs each in the clopidogrel and prednisone/clopidogrel groups were responders. All dogs in the prednisone/clopidogrel group were overcontrolled based on AUC (days 14 and 28), whereas 5/6 (day 14) and 2/6 (day 28) dogs treated with clopidogrel were overcontrolled. Compared to clopidogrel, dogs receiving prednisone/clopidogrel were 11 times (P = .03) more likely to have an excessive response. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Administration of clopidogrel/prednisone increases platelet dysfunction in healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Thomason
- The Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Allison P Mooney
- The Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joshua M Price
- The Office of Information Technology, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jacqueline C Whittemore
- The Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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8
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Shropshire S, Johnson T, Olver C. Platelet aggregometry testing during aspirin or clopidogrel treatment and measurement of clopidogrel metabolite concentrations in dogs with protein-losing nephropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:710-718. [PMID: 31981378 PMCID: PMC7096639 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dogs with protein‐losing nephropathy (PLN) are treated with antiplatelet drugs for thromboprophylaxis but no standardized method exists to measure drug response. It is also unknown if clopidogrel metabolite concentrations [CM] differ between healthy and PLN dogs. Objectives Assess response to aspirin or clopidogrel in PLN dogs using platelet aggregometry (PA) and compare [CM] between healthy and PLN dogs. Animals Six healthy and 14 PLN dogs. Methods Platelet aggregometry using adenosine diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid (AA), and saline was performed in healthy dogs at baseline and 1‐week postclopidogrel administration to identify responders or nonresponders. A decrease of ≥60% for ADP or ≥30% for AA at 1 or 3 hours postpill was used to define a responder. At 1 and 3 hours postclopidogrel, [CM] and PA were measured in healthy and PLN dogs. Platelet aggregometry was performed in PLN dogs at baseline, 1, 6, and 12 weeks after clopidogrel or aspirin administration. Results In PLN dogs receiving clopidogrel, PA differed from baseline at all time points for ADP but not for AA at any time point. Most dogs responded at 1 or both time points except for 1 dog that showed no response. For PLN dogs receiving aspirin, no differences from baseline were observed at any time point for either ADP or AA. No differences in [CM] were found at either time point between healthy and PLN dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Platelet aggregometry may represent an objective method to evaluate response to clopidogrel or aspirin treatment and PLN dogs appear to metabolize clopidogrel similarly to healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Shropshire
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Tyler Johnson
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Christine Olver
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Thomason JM, Mooney AP, Price JM, Whittemore JC. Effects of Aspirin and Prednisone on Platelet Function and Thromboxane Synthesis in Healthy Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:393. [PMID: 31803764 PMCID: PMC6872492 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid administration is a risk factor for thromboembolism in hypercoagulable dogs, and it is unknown if aspirin counteracts glucocorticoid-induced hypercoagulability. The objective was to determine the effects of sustained aspirin and prednisone administration on platelet function and thromboxane synthesis. Our hypothesis was that aspirin would consistently inhibit platelet function and thromboxane synthesis when administered with or without prednisone. In 24 healthy dogs, platelet aggregometry and urine 11-dehydro-thromboxane-B2 (11-dTXB2)-to-creatinine ratios were measured on days 0, 14, and 28. Dogs were administered placebos, aspirin (2 mg/kg/d), prednisone (2 mg/kg/d), or prednisone/aspirin combination therapy PO for 28 days in a randomized double-blinded study. Aspirin response was based on a >25% reduction in platelet aggregation compared to pre-treatment values. Results were compared using mixed model, split-plot repeated measures ANOVAs. P < 0.05 was considered significant. AUC differed significantly by time [F(2,40) = 10.2, P < 0.001] but not treatment or treatment-by-time. On day 14, 2 dogs were aspirin responders (aspirin, 1; placebo, 1). On day 28, 3 dogs were aspirin responders (aspirin, 2; prednisone/aspirin, 1). Urine 11-dTXB2-to-creatinine ratios differed significantly by group [F(3,20) = 3.9, P = 0.024] and time [F(2,40) = 8.7, P < 0.001), but not treatment-by-time. Post-hoc analysis revealed significant differences between aspirin and placebo groups (P=0.008), aspirin and prednisone/aspirin groups (P = 0.030), and placebo and prednisone groups (P = 0.030). In healthy dogs, sustained aspirin, prednisone, and combination therapy do not inhibit platelet aggregation, and when used as individual therapies, aspirin and prednisone decreased thromboxane synthesis. Additional studies using varied platelet function methodologies in hypercoagulable dogs are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Thomason
- The Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Allison P Mooney
- The Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Joshua M Price
- The Office of Information Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jacqueline C Whittemore
- The Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Whittemore JC, Mooney AP, Price JM, Thomason J. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal changes from aspirin, prednisone, or combination treatment in healthy research dogs: A double-blind randomized trial. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1977-1987. [PMID: 31397009 PMCID: PMC6766539 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dogs with immune‐mediated disease are often coadministered glucocorticoids and aspirin, but ulcerogenic effects of current protocols are unknown. Objectives To compare gastrointestinal changes among dogs administered aspirin, prednisone, and combination treatment. Animals Twenty‐four healthy research dogs. Methods Double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled randomized trial of dogs administered placebo, aspirin (2 mg/kg q24h), prednisone (2 mg/kg q24h), or combination treatment PO for 28 days. Clinical signs were recorded daily, with laboratory work performed at baseline and day 28. Gastrointestinal mucosal hemorrhages, erosions, and ulcers were numerated for endoscopic studies performed on days 0, 14, and 28; endoscopic mucosal lesion scores were calculated. Results were compared using mixed model repeated‐measures analyses of variance and generalized estimating equation proportional odds models. P < .05 was considered significant. Results Gastric mucosal lesion scores differed by treatment‐by‐time (F[6, 40] = 4.4, P = .002), treatment (F[3, 20] = 7.1, P = .002), and time (F[2, 40] = 18.9, P < .001). Post hoc analysis revealed increased scores in the aspirin (day 14 only), prednisone, and prednisone/aspirin groups during treatment. Ulcers were identified on 14 studies, representing 10 dogs. Dogs receiving prednisone and prednisone/aspirin had 11.1 times (95% CI, 1.7‐73.6) and 31.5 times (95% CI, 3.5‐288.0) higher odds, respectively, of having endoscopic mucosal lesion scores ≥4 than dogs receiving placebo (P ≤ .01). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Gastrointestinal bleeding occurs commonly in dogs administered aspirin, prednisone, or prednisone/aspirin treatment, with higher lesion scores for dogs receiving combination treatment. Even severe lesions are not accompanied by clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline C Whittemore
- The Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Allison P Mooney
- The Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Joshua M Price
- The Office of Information Technology, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - John Thomason
- The Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
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Ekowati J, Diyah NW, Syahrani A. Synthesis and Antiplatelet Activites of Some Derivatives of p-Coumaric Acid. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht13.03.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Swann JW, Garden OA, Fellman CL, Glanemann B, Goggs R, LeVine DN, Mackin AJ, Whitley NT. ACVIM consensus statement on the treatment of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1141-1172. [PMID: 30847984 PMCID: PMC6524099 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) causes severe anemia in dogs and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Treatment with various immunosuppressive and antithrombotic drugs has been described anecdotally and in previous studies, but little consensus exists among veterinarians as to the optimal regimen to employ and maintain after diagnosis of the disease. To address this inconsistency and provide evidence‐based guidelines for treatment of IMHA in dogs, we identified and extracted data from studies published in the veterinary literature. We developed a novel tool for evaluation of evidence quality, using it to assess study design, diagnostic criteria, explanation of treatment regimens, and validity of statistical methods. In combination with our clinical experience and comparable guidelines for humans afflicted with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, we used the conclusions of this process to make a set of clinical recommendations regarding treatment of IMHA in dogs, which we refined subsequently by conducting several iterations of Delphi review. Additionally, we considered emerging treatments for IMHA in dogs and highlighted areas deserving of future research. Comments were solicited from several professional bodies to maximize clinical applicability before the recommendations were submitted for publication. The resulting document is intended to provide clinical guidelines for management of IMHA in dogs. These guidelines should be implemented pragmatically, with consideration of animal, owner, and veterinary factors that may vary among cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Swann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver A Garden
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Claire L Fellman
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Barbara Glanemann
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Goggs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Dana N LeVine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Andrew J Mackin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Nathaniel T Whitley
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Huntingdon, United Kingdom
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Blais MC, Bianco D, Goggs R, Lynch AM, Palmer L, Ralph A, Sharp CR. Consensus on the Rational Use of Antithrombotics in Veterinary Critical Care (CURATIVE): Domain 3-Defining antithrombotic protocols. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2019; 29:60-74. [PMID: 30654416 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically examine the evidence for use of a specific protocol (dose, frequency, route) of selected antithrombotic drugs, in comparisons to no therapy or to other antithrombotic therapies, to reduce the risk of complications or improve outcomes in dogs and cats at risk for thrombosis. DESIGN Standardized, systematic evaluation of the literature, categorization of relevant articles according to level of evidence (LOE) and quality (Good, Fair, or Poor), and development of consensus on conclusions via a Delphi-style survey for application of the concepts to clinical practice. SETTINGS Academic and referral veterinary medical centers. RESULTS Databases searched included Medline via PubMed and CAB abstracts. Eight different antithrombotic drugs were investigated using a standardized Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) question format both for dogs and cats, including aspirin, clopidogrel, warfarin, unfractionated heparin (UFH), dalteparin, enoxaparin, fondaparinux, and rivaroxaban, generating a total of 16 worksheets. Most studies identified were experimental controlled laboratory studies in companion animals (LOE 3) with only four randomized controlled clinical trials in companion animals (LOE 1). CONCLUSIONS Overall, evidence-based recommendations concerning specific protocols could not be formulated for most antithrombotic drugs evaluated, either because of the wide range of dosage reported (eg, aspirin in dogs) or the lack of evidence in the current literature. However, clopidogrel administration in dogs and cats at risk of arterial thrombosis, notably in cats at risk of cardiogenic thromboembolism, is supported by the literature, and specific protocols were recommended. Comparably, aspirin should not be used as a sole antithrombotic in cats with cardiomyopathy. Using the available safety profile information contained in the literature, the panel reached consensus on suggested dosage schemes for most antithrombotics. Significant knowledge gaps were highlighted, which will hopefully drive novel research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Blais
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Domenico Bianco
- Internal Medicine Department, Metropolitan Animal Specialty Hospital, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Alex M Lynch
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Lee Palmer
- Lieutenant Colonel, US Army Reserve, Veterinary Corps, Chair K9 Tactical Emergency Casualty Care Working Group, New Orleans, LA
| | | | - Claire R Sharp
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
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14
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Haines JM, Lee PM, Hegedus RM, Hwang JK, Court MH. Investigation into the causes of aspirin resistance in healthy dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 42:160-170. [PMID: 30302763 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antiplatelet effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin) may be poor in some individuals. Additionally, no method exists for predicting poor ASA response (resistance) in individual dogs. This study's main objective was to determine whether poor ASA response results from pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic causes. ASA concentrations causing 50% inhibition of platelet aggregation (in vitro IC50) were determined using whole blood collected from 21 drug-free healthy dogs to evaluate intrinsic sensitivity of platelets to ASA. Dogs were then administered ASA at 4 mg/kg once orally. Percent decrease in platelet aggregation from baseline, and plasma ASA and salicylic acid (SA) concentrations (expressed as AUC values) were measured for up to 3 hr. By 3 hr, 13/21 (62%) dogs showed >50% aggregation inhibition, while 8/21 (38%) dogs showed <50% inhibition. Aggregation inhibition values were negatively correlated with in vitro IC50 values (Rs = -0.49; p = 0.028) and positively correlated with ASA concentrations (Rs = 0.48; p = 0.03). Furthermore, ASA concentrations were strongly negatively correlated (Rs = -0.88; p < 0.001) with SA/ASA concentration ratios, an index of ASA metabolism to SA by esterase enzymes. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that 59% (p < 0.001) of interindividual variability in aggregation inhibition was explained by in vitro IC50 values (29% of variability) and ASA concentrations (29% of variability). Consequently, poor in vivo ASA response in these dogs resulted from both pharmacodynamic (decreased platelet sensitivity) and pharmacokinetic (lower ASA concentrations) causes. Lower ASA concentrations may be explained by reduced bioavailability associated with higher esterase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Haines
- Program in Individualized Medicine (PrIMe), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Pamela M Lee
- Program in Individualized Medicine (PrIMe), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Rachel M Hegedus
- Program in Individualized Medicine (PrIMe), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Julianne K Hwang
- Program in Individualized Medicine (PrIMe), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Michael H Court
- Program in Individualized Medicine (PrIMe), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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Saati S, Abrams‐Ogg A, Blois S, Wood R. Comparison of Multiplate, Platelet Function Analyzer-200, and Plateletworks in Healthy Dogs Treated with Aspirin and Clopidogrel. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:111-118. [PMID: 29194772 PMCID: PMC5787169 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet function testing may be warranted to assess response to aspirin and clopidogrel. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of aspirin, clopidogrel, or combination therapy using 3 platelet function tests: Multiplate Analyzer (MP), Platelet Function Analyzer-200 (PFA), and Plateletworks (PW). ANIMALS Six healthy laboratory Beagles. METHODS Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study (crossover design). Dogs were given aspirin 1 mg/kg, clopidogrel 2 mg/kg, or combination therapy for 1 week each, with a washout period of 2 weeks. Platelet function was assessed on days 0 and 7 of each phase using MP (adenosine diphosphate [ADP], arachidonic acid [AA], collagen [COL] agonists), PFA (P2Y, COL-ADP [CADP], COL-Epinephrine [CEPI] cartridges), and PW (ADP, AA, COL agonists). Platelet counts were obtained with impedance and optical counters. RESULTS For MP, mean aggregation was decreased for COL and AA with combination therapy and for ADP with all treatments. For PFA, mean CT was increased for the CEPI cartridge with aspirin; and for the P2Y and CADP cartridges with clopidogrel or combination therapy. More dogs receiving clopidogrel showed an increase in PFA CT using the P2Y than the CADP cartridge. For PW, mean aggregation was decreased for AA with all treatments; for ADP with clopidogrel or combination therapy; and for COL with clopidogrel. The PW results with the 2 hematology counters showed almost perfect agreement. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE All platelet function tests detected treatment effects in some dogs and may have utility for monitoring therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Saati
- Department of Clinical StudiesOntario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - A.C.G. Abrams‐Ogg
- Department of Clinical StudiesOntario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - S.L. Blois
- Department of Clinical StudiesOntario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - R.D. Wood
- Department of PathobiologyOntario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
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Dunning M, May J, Adamany J, Heptinstall S, Fox S. A Remote Assay for Measuring Canine Platelet Activation and the Inhibitory Effects of Antiplatelet Agents. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:119-127. [PMID: 29197128 PMCID: PMC5787215 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiplatelet medications are increasingly used in dogs. Remote analysis of platelet activity is challenging, limiting assessment of antiplatelet drug efficacy. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate a method used in humans for stimulation and remote analysis of canine platelet activity. ANIMALS Forty-five dogs of various ages without a coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia. Six were receiving antiplatelet medication. METHODS Prospective observational study. Platelets were stimulated with combinations of arachidonic acid (AA) and epinephrine (Epi) or adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and the thromboxane A2 -mimetic U46619 (U4). PAMFix was added to the blood samples to facilitate delayed analysis of platelet activity. Activity was assessed by flow cytometric measurement of surface P-selectin (CD62P) expression. RESULTS Canine platelets could be stimulated with both AA/Epi and ADP/U4. The levels of P-selectin were significantly greater than paired, unstimulated samples (P < 0.001). Inhibition of P-selectin expression occurred after this stimulation by adding antiplatelet drugs in vitro. The efficacy of antiplatelet drugs in samples from treated dogs was also measurable ex vivo using this method. Delayed analysis of platelet activity at time points up to 22 days demonstrated excellent correlation between respective mf values at each time point (r2 = 0.92, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This study evaluated a new method to remotely assess canine platelet activity. It shows that PAMFix can be used for this purpose. This provides opportunities to interrogate the inhibitory action of antiplatelet drugs in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dunning
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - J May
- Clinical Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - J Adamany
- Pride Veterinary Centre, Derbyshire, UK
| | - S Heptinstall
- Clinical Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - S Fox
- Clinical Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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17
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Westgarth S, Blois SL, D. Wood R, Verbrugghe A, Ma DW. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and aspirin, alone and combined, on canine platelet function. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 59:272-280. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Westgarth
- Department of Clinical Studies; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontaria N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - S. L. Blois
- Department of Clinical Studies; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontaria N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - R. D. Wood
- Department of Pathobiology; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontaria N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - A. Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontaria N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - D. W. Ma
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontaria N1G 2W1 Canada
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18
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McLewee N, Archer T, Wills R, Mackin A, Thomason J. Effects of aspirin dose escalation on platelet function and urinary thromboxane and prostacyclin levels in normal dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:60-67. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. McLewee
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Mississippi State University; Mississippi MS USA
| | - T. Archer
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Mississippi State University; Mississippi MS USA
| | - R. Wills
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Mississippi State University; Mississippi MS USA
| | - A. Mackin
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Mississippi State University; Mississippi MS USA
| | - J. Thomason
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Mississippi State University; Mississippi MS USA
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Haines JM, Lee PM, Hegedus RM, Hwang JK, Court MH. Establishment of reference ranges and evaluation of in vitro concentration-dependent platelet inhibition by acetylsalicylic acid for multiple electrode impedance aggregometry in healthy dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40:618-628. [PMID: 28387027 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin) is an antiplatelet medication used for prevention of thromboembolism. Effects of ASA appear to vary widely between dogs, but the underlying mechanisms are not understood. The Multiplate analyzer is a newer form of whole-blood impedance aggregometry recently validated for use in healthy dogs. A method utilizing this instrument to measure ASA effects on platelet function has not been established. The goals of this study were to establish reference ranges for the Multiplate in healthy dogs and secondly, to develop a technique to determine the in vitro concentration of ASA needed to cause 50% inhibition of platelet aggregation (IC50). Reference ranges established from 40 dogs at multiple test times for three agonists were consistent with previously published values. In vitro IC50 values were calculated using the sigmoid Emax model in 20 healthy dogs on two occasions to determine individual repeatability. Calculated in vitro IC50 demonstrated four ASA response groups: responder (n = 16), poor responder (n = 1), variable responder (n = 2), and nonresponder (n = 1). Multiplate within-assay variability was <10% for area under the curve (AUC), and between-assay baseline AUC variability was <15%. The described technique allowed for determination of an in vitro IC50 for ASA in dogs using a multiple electrode impedance aggregometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Haines
- Program in Individualized Medicine (PrIMe), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - P M Lee
- Program in Individualized Medicine (PrIMe), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - R M Hegedus
- Program in Individualized Medicine (PrIMe), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - J K Hwang
- Program in Individualized Medicine (PrIMe), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - M H Court
- Program in Individualized Medicine (PrIMe), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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20
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Heggem-Perry B, Smith SA, McMichael MA, O'Brien M, Saunders A, Tarricone J. Concentrations of thromboxane metabolites in feline urine. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:1340-1345. [PMID: 27901385 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.12.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the predominant thromboxane (TX) metabolite in urine of healthy cats, evaluate whether the method of sample collection would impact concentration of that metabolite, and propose a reference interval for that metabolite in urine of healthy cats. ANIMALS 17 cats (11 purpose-bred domestic shorthair cats, 5 client-owned domestic shorthair cats, and 1 client-owned Persian cat). PROCEDURES All cats were deemed healthy on the basis of results for physical examination, a CBC, serum biochemical analysis, urinalysis, and measurement of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time. Voided and cystocentesis urine samples (or both) were collected. Aliquots of urine were stored at -80°C until analysis. Concentrations of TXB2, 11-dehydroTXB2, and 2,3 dinorTXB2 were measured with commercially available ELISA kits. Urinary creatinine concentration was also measured. RESULTS 11-dehydroTXB2 was the most abundant compound, representing (mean ± SD) 59 ± 18% of the total amount of TX detected. In all samples, the concentration of 11-dehydroTXB2 was greater than that of 2,3 dinorTXB2 (mean, 4.2 ± 2.7-fold as high). Mean concentration of 11-dehydroTXB2 for the 17 cats was 0.57 ± 0.47 ng/mg of creatinine. A reference interval (based on the 5% to 95% confidence interval) of 0.10 to 2.1 ng of 11-dehydroTXB2/mg of creatinine was proposed for healthy cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this study, 11-dehydroTXB2 was the major TX metabolite in feline urine. Measurement of this metabolite may represent a noninvasive, convenient method for monitoring in vivo platelet activation in cats at risk for thromboembolism.
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Burmańczuk A, Milczak A, Grabowski T, Osypiuk M, Kowalski C. The using of a piglets as a model for evaluating the dipyrone hematological effects. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:263. [PMID: 27884143 PMCID: PMC5123311 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dipyrone (MET, metamizole) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used both in human and in veterinary medicine. After oral administration, is broken down rapidly to metabolites which largely retain the activity of the parent drug. Its metabolites have analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects. RESULTS The subjects were eight healthy male Large White post-suckling piglets, weighing between 5.0 to 7.4 kg, of ages 35 ± 10 days. The animals were administered MET (100 mg/kg) by an intramuscular (I.M.) injection. The study calculated the value of several hemorheological parameters. Significant impact of MET treatment (p < 0.05) was proven in case: activated partial thromboplastin time; ratio of activated partial thromboplastin time; hemoglobin; hematocrit; mean corpuscular hemoglobin; mean corpuscular volume; red blood cells volume; white blood cells volume; prothrombin time index. CONCLUSIONS In summation, our observations suggest that a piglet model is useful for studying the impact of MET on hemorheological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Burmańczuk
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Milczak
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Sub-Department of Companion Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Głęboka 30, 20- 612, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Monika Osypiuk
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Cezary Kowalski
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
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Wang MM, Xue M, Miao Y, Kou N, Xu YG, Yang L, Zhang Y, Shi DZ. Panax quinquefolium saponin combined with dual antiplatelet drugs inhibits platelet adhesion to injured HUVECs via PI3K/AKT and COX pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 192:10-19. [PMID: 27401285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax quinquefolium saponin (PQS) is the active component extracted from traditional Chinese medicine Panax quinquefolius L. and has been widely used as a supplement to dual antiplatelet drugs (DA) for treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD) for two decades; however, the efficacy of PQS combined with DA against platelet adhesion to endothelial cells (ECs), an essential step in thrombosis, remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To compare PQS combined with DA and DA alone in inhibiting platelet adhesion to injured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and to explore the possible mechanisms focusing on PI3K/AKT, COX-2/6-keto-PGF1α, and COX-1/TXB2 pathways. METHODS HUVECs injured by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) were randomly allocated into control, model, DA, PQS+DA (P+DA), LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor)+DA (L+DA), and LY294002+PQS+DA (LP+DA) groups. HUVEC apoptosis, platelet adhesion to injured HUVECs, and platelet CD62p expression were assayed by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). The concentrations of 6-keto-PGF1α and TXB2 in the supernatant were measured by radioimmunoassay. Protein expression of phosphorylated-PI3K, PI3K, phosphorylated-AKT, AKT, COX-1, and COX-2 in both platelets and HUVECs was evaluated by western blot. RESULTS Compared to DA alone, PQS combined with DA reduced platelet adhesion to HUVECs and HUVEC apoptosis more potently, increased the concentration of supernatant 6-keto-PGF1α and up-regulated phospho-AKT protein in HUVECs. LY294002 mitigated the effects of PQS on HUVEC apoptosis and platelet adhesion. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that PQS as a powerful supplement to DA, attenuated HUVEC apoptosis and improved the DA-mediated reduction of platelet adhesion to injured HUVECs and the underlying mechanisms may be associated with PI3K/AKT and COX pathways in HUVECs and platelets. PQS might provide a new complementary approach to improve the prognosis of thrombotic diseases in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Mei Xue
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Yu Miao
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Na Kou
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong-Gang Xu
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Da-Zhuo Shi
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China.
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Burkett BN, Thomason JM, Hurdle HM, Wills RW, Fontenot RL. Effects of Firocoxib, Flunixin Meglumine, and Phenylbutazone on Platelet Function and Thromboxane Synthesis in Healthy Horses. Vet Surg 2016; 45:1087-1094. [PMID: 27731498 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) on platelet function and thromboxane synthesis immediately after drug administration and following 5 days of NSAID administration in healthy horses. STUDY DESIGN Randomized cross-over study. ANIMALS Healthy adult horses (n=9; 6 geldings and 3 mares). METHODS Horses received either flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg IV every 12 hours), phenylbutazone (2.2 mg/kg IV every 12 hours), or firocoxib (loading dose of 0.27 mg/kg IV on day 1, then 0.09 mg/kg IV every 24 hours for 4 days) for a total of 5 days. Blood samples were collected prior to drug administration (day 0), 1 hour after initial NSAID administration (day 1), and then 1 hour post-NSAID administration on day 5. Platelet function was assessed using turbidimetric aggregometry and a platelet function analyzer. Serum thromboxane B2 concentrations were determined by commercial ELISA kit. A minimum 14 day washout period occurred between trials. RESULTS At 1 hour and 5 days postadministration of firocoxib, flunixin meglumine, or phenylbutazone, there was no significant effect on platelet aggregation or function using turbidimetric aggregometry or a platelet function analyzer. There was, however, a significant decrease in thromboxane synthesis at 1 hour and 5 days postadministration of flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone that was not seen with firocoxib. CONCLUSION Preoperative administration of flunixin meglumine, phenylbutazone, or firocoxib should not inhibit platelet function based on our model. The clinical implications of decreased thromboxane B2 synthesis following flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone administration are undetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna N Burkett
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - John M Thomason
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Holly M Hurdle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Robert W Wills
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Robin L Fontenot
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi.
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Interaction between COX-1 and COX-2 Variants Associated with Aspirin Resistance in Chinese Stroke Patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 25:2136-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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25
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Jeffery U, Staber J, LeVine D. Using the laboratory to predict thrombosis in dogs: An achievable goal? Vet J 2016; 215:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Zatelli A, Roura X, D'Ippolito P, Berlanda M, Zini E. The effect of renal diet in association with enalapril or benazepril on proteinuria in dogs with proteinuric chronic kidney disease. Open Vet J 2016; 6:121-7. [PMID: 27540513 PMCID: PMC4980477 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v6i2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating proteinuria in dogs reduces the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD); renal diets and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitors are cornerstones of treatment. Whether different ACE-inhibitors have distinct kidney protective effects is unknown; it is therefore hypothesized that renal diets and enalapril or benazepril have different beneficial effects in proteinuric CKD dogs. Forty-four dogs with proteinuric CKD (IRIS stages 1-4) were enrolled in the study and were fed renal diet for 30 days. Thereafter, they were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups. Dogs in group A (n=22) received enalapril (0.5 mg/kg, q12h) and in group B (n=22) benazepril (0.5 mg/kg, q24h); in both groups, dogs were fed the same renal diet. After randomization, dogs were monitored for 120 days. Body weight and body condition score (BCS), serum concentrations of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin and total proteins, and urine protein-to-creatinine (UPC) ratio were compared at different time-points. After 30 days of renal diet, creatinine, BUN and UPC ratio decreased significantly (p<0.0001). Compared to randomization, body weight, BCS, albumin, total proteins, creatinine and BUN did not vary during follow-up in the 44 dogs and differences between group A and B were not observed. However, the UPC ratio of group A at day 60, 90 and 150 was significantly lower than in group B and compared to randomization (p<0.05). In group B it did not vary overtime. It is concluded that the renal diet is beneficial to decrease creatinine, BUN and UPC ratio in proteinuric CKD dogs. Enalapril further ameliorates proteinuria if administered along with renal diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zatelli
- Medical Consultancy Services, G. Calì Street 60, TBX1424 TàXbiex, Malta
| | - X Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - P D'Ippolito
- Medical Consultancy Services, G. Calì Street 60, TBX1424 TàXbiex, Malta
| | - M Berlanda
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), University of Padova, Italy
| | - E Zini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), University of Padova, Italy; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy
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27
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Thames BE, Lovvorn J, Papich MG, Wills R, Archer T, Mackin A, Thomason J. The effects of clopidogrel and omeprazole on platelet function in normal dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:130-139. [PMID: 27452307 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Omeprazole is used concurrently with clopidogrel to reduce gastrointestinal adverse effects. In humans, the concurrent use of these two drugs can reduce the antiplatelet efficacy of clopidogrel. Our objective was to determine the effects of omeprazole and clopidogrel on platelet function in healthy dogs. A crossover study utilized turbidimetric aggregometry (ADP and collagen) and the PFA-100® with the collagen/ADP cartridge to evaluate platelet function in eight healthy dogs during the administration of clopidogrel (1 mg/kg/24 h p.o.), omeprazole (1 mg/kg/24 h p.o.), and a combination of clopidogrel and omeprazole. Drug metabolite concentrations were also measured. Compared to pretreatment, on Days 3 and 5, with ADP as the agonist, there was a significant decrease in maximum amplitude on aggregometry for both clopidogrel and clopidogrel/omeprazole groups. The following revealed no significant differences between clopidogrel and clopidogrel/omeprazole groups when compared on Days 3 and 5: maximum amplitude on aggregometry with ADP or collagen agonists, and PFA-100® closure times. When compared to the clopidogrel group, clopidogrel metabolite concentrations in the clopidogrel/omeprazole group were significantly higher on Days 3 and 5. The concurrent administration of omeprazole and clopidogrel in healthy dogs was associated with an increase in the plasma concentration of an inactive metabolite of clopidogrel, but does not significantly alter the antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Thames
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - J Lovvorn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - M G Papich
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - R Wills
- Departments of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - T Archer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - A Mackin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - J Thomason
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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Thomason J, Archer T, Wills R, Press S, Mackin A. The Effects of Cyclosporine and Aspirin on Platelet Function in Normal Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1022-30. [PMID: 27156005 PMCID: PMC5084737 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclosporine increases thromboxane synthesis in dogs, potentially increasing the thrombogenic properties of platelets. Hypothesis/Objectives Our hypothesis was that the concurrent administration of low‐dose aspirin and cyclosporine would inhibit cyclosporine‐associated thromboxane synthesis without altering the antiplatelet effects of aspirin. The objective was to determine the effects of cyclosporine and aspirin on primary hemostasis. Animals Seven healthy dogs. Methods A randomized, crossover study utilized turbidimetric aggregometry and a platelet function analyzer to evaluate platelet function during the administration of low‐dose aspirin (1 mg/kg PO q24h), high‐dose aspirin (10 mg/kg PO q12h), cyclosporine (10 mg/kg PO q12h), and combined low‐dose aspirin and cyclosporine. The urine 11‐dehydro‐thromboxane‐B2 (11‐dTXB2)‐to‐creatinine ratio also was determined. Results On days 3 and 7 of administration, there was no difference in the aggregometry amplitude or the platelet function analyzer closure time between the low‐dose aspirin group and the combined low‐dose aspirin and cyclosporine group. On day 7, there was a significant difference in amplitude and closure time between the cyclosporine group and the combined low‐dose aspirin and cyclosporine group. High‐dose aspirin consistently inhibited platelet function. On both days, there was a significant difference in the urinary 11‐dTXB2‐to‐creatinine ratio between the cyclosporine group and the combined low‐dose aspirin and cyclosporine group. There was no difference in the urinary 11‐dTXB2‐to‐creatinine ratio among the low‐dose aspirin, high‐dose aspirin, and combined low‐dose aspirin and cyclosporine groups. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Low‐dose aspirin inhibits cyclosporine‐induced thromboxane synthesis, and concurrent use of these medications does not alter the antiplatelet effects of aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomason
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, 39762-6100
| | - T Archer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, 39762-6100
| | - R Wills
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, 39762-6100
| | - S Press
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, 39762-6100
| | - A Mackin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, 39762-6100
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Morassi A, Bianco D, Park E, Nakamura RK, White GA. Evaluation of the safety and tolerability of rivaroxaban in dogs with presumed primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 26:488-94. [PMID: 27074368 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and tolerability of rivaroxaban (RIV), an oral direct factor Xa inhibitory drug, in dogs with presumed primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (pIMHA). DESIGN Prospective, multicenter, positive-controlled, unblinded clinical trial. Client-owned dogs were enrolled between October 2012 and March 2014. SETTING Private referral centers. ANIMALS Twenty-four client-owned dogs with pIMHA. Enrolled dogs were randomized in 2 treatment groups to receive by mouth RIV or clopidogrel (CL) and low-dose aspirin (LDA). All dogs were monitored for 90 days from the enrollment in the study. INTERVENTIONS Enrolled dogs were given a standardized immunosuppressive protocol and RIV or CL and LDA. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS There was no identifiable adverse drug reaction, evidence of hemorrhage, significant prolongation of prothrombin time or activated partial thromboplastin time, or increase in transfusion requirements associated with RIV therapy compared to CL and LDA in dogs with pIMHA. There was no significant difference between treatment groups with respect to thrombotic events, survival rates to discharge, at 1 month and 3 months from diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that RIV at a median dose of 0.89 mg/kg by mouth once daily was safe and well tolerated in a small group of dogs with presumed pIMHA able to tolerate oral medications and treated with a standardized immunosuppressive treatment protocol. Conclusions regarding the relative efficacy of RIV as compared to CL and LDA cannot be made due to the small size of the treatment groups and because pharmacodynamic effects were not assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Morassi
- Internal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99165
| | - Domenico Bianco
- Internal Medicine Department, Advanced Critical Care Emergency and Specialty Services, Woodland Hills, CA, 91364
| | - Ed Park
- Emergency and Critical Care Department, Fresno Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Center, Fresno, CA, 93719
| | - Reid K Nakamura
- Cardiology Department, Southern California Veterinary Specialty Hospital, Irvine, CA, 92614
| | - George A White
- Emergency and Critical Care Department, Fresno Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Center, Fresno, CA, 93719
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Wang MM, Xue M, Xu YG, Miao Y, Kou N, Yang L, Zhang Y, Shi DZ. Panax notoginseng saponin is superior to aspirin in inhibiting platelet adhesion to injured endothelial cells through COX pathway in vitro. Thromb Res 2016; 141:146-52. [PMID: 27043068 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate the effect of Panax notoginseng saponin (PNS) on platelet adhesion to injured endothelial cells (ECs) and platelet activation induced by injured ECs, and to explore its underlying mechanisms. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) pretreated with aspirin (ASA,15μg/mL) or PNS (160μg/mL), or neither, were exposed to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL,80mg/L) for 16h. Platelets were then added and co-cultured with HUVECs for 5min. Platelet adhesion to ECs, platelet CD62p expression, and HUVEC apoptosis were assessed by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)·Supernatant concentration of 6-keto-PGF1α and thromboxane 2 (TXB2) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 protein expression were measured by western blotting. RESULTS The inhibitory effect of PNS on platelet activation was similar to ASA, but the inhibitory effect of PNS on platelet adhesion to ECs was superior to ASA. PNS modulated COX-2 expression, and increased 6-keto-PGF1α concentration in HUVECs, while down-regulated COX-1 expression and decreased supernatant TXB2 concentration in platelets. Co-culturing of injured HUVECs with platelets increased HUVEC apoptosis induced by ox-LDL compared with HUVECs cultured without platelets; ASA increased HUVEC apoptosis induced by ox-LDL when cultured without platelets, while decreased the apoptosis when co-cultured with platelets. CONCLUSIONS EC protection by ASA is closely associated with its inhibitory effect on platelet activation. PNS is superior to ASA in protecting ECs and in inhibiting platelet adhesion to injured ECs, and the regulation of COX pathway in both ECs and platelets might be the underlying mechanisms of PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Mei Xue
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yong-Gang Xu
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yu Miao
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Na Kou
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Da-Zhuo Shi
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China.
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31
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Thomason J, Lunsford K, Mackin A. Anti-platelet therapy in small animal medicine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 39:318-35. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Thomason
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Mississippi State University; Mississippi State MS USA
| | - K. Lunsford
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Mississippi State University; Mississippi State MS USA
| | - A. Mackin
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Mississippi State University; Mississippi State MS USA
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Haines JM, Thomason JM, Seage EC, Wills RW, Bulla C, Lunsford KV, Mackin AJ. In vitro and in vivo assessment of platelet function in healthy dogs during administration of a low-dose aspirin regimen. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:174-85. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.2.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Safra N, Hayward LJ, Aguilar M, Sacks BN, Westropp JL, Mohr FC, Mellersh CS, Bannasch DL. DNA Sequence Variants in the Five Prime Untranslated Region of the Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene Are Commonly Found in Healthy Dogs and Gray Wolves. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133127. [PMID: 26244515 PMCID: PMC4526539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of regional DNA variants upstream to the translation initiation site of the canine Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) gene in healthy dogs. Cox-2 plays a role in various disease conditions such as acute and chronic inflammation, osteoarthritis and malignancy. A role for Cox-2 DNA variants in genetic predisposition to canine renal dysplasia has been proposed and dog breeders have been encouraged to select against these DNA variants. We sequenced 272–422 bases in 152 dogs unaffected by renal dysplasia and found 19 different haplotypes including 11 genetic variants which had not been described previously. We genotyped 7 gray wolves to ascertain the wildtype variant and found that the wolves we analyzed had predominantly the second most common DNA variant found in dogs. Our results demonstrate an elevated level of regional polymorphism that appears to be a feature of healthy domesticated dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Safra
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Miriam Aguilar
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin N. Sacks
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California United States of America
| | - Jodi L. Westropp
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - F. Charles Mohr
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | | | - Danika L. Bannasch
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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