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Mazaki-Tovi M, Bolin SR, Schenck PA. Adipokines secretion in feline primary adipose tissue culture in response to dietary fatty acids. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:324. [PMID: 31492181 PMCID: PMC6731618 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity in cats has been associated with alterations in adipokines including: adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have multiple beneficial effects on obesity-associated disorders, and therefore may alleviate these alterations. This study aimed to determine the effects of body condition, fat depot, troglitazone, and different fatty acids on secretion of adiponectin, IL6 and TNFα from adipose tissue of healthy cats. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue samples were collected from 18 healthy intact female cats, and body condition score (Range 3–7/9) was determined. Concentrations of adiponectin were measured in mature adipocytes cultures and concentrations of IL6 and TNFα were measured in stromovascular cells cultures following treatment with control medium, troglitazone at 10 μM, eicosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, or palmitic acid, at 25, 50, or 100 μM. Results Stromovascular cells of visceral origin secreted higher concentrations of IL6 than corresponding cells of subcutaneous origin (P = 0.003). Arachidonic acid treatment at 25, 50, and 100 μM increased IL6 secretion in subcutaneous (P = 0.045, P = 0.002, and P < 0.001, respectively) and visceral (P = 0.034, P = 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively) stromovascular cells. Eicosapentaenoic acid treatment increased TNFα secretion in subcutaneous stromovascular cells at 25, 50, and 100 μM (P = 0.002, P = 0.001, and P = 0.015, respectively) and in visceral stromovascular cells at 50 μM (P < 0.001). No significant effect on medium adiponectin concentration was observed following troglitazone treatment (P = 0.4) or fatty acids treatments at 25 (P = 0.2), 50 (P = 0.8), or 100 (P = 0.7) μM. Body condition score did not have significant effects on medium concentrations of adiponectin (P = 0.4), IL6 (P = 0.1), or TNFα (P = 0.8). Conclusions This study demonstrated higher basal secretion of IL6 from visceral compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue, a stimulatory effect of arachidonic acid on secretion of IL6 and a stimulatory effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on TNFα from feline adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mazaki-Tovi
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Present address: Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - S R Bolin
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - P A Schenck
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Present address: Veterinary Consulting, Dewitt, MI, 48820, USA
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Takashima S, Nishii N, Kobatake Y, Kiyosue M, Kimura S, Kitagawa H. Concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin in the serum of obese cats during weight loss. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1294-1300. [PMID: 31366817 PMCID: PMC6785622 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We monitored changes in serum leptin, adiponectin, and resistin concentrations in obese cats during weight loss. Six naturally developed obese cats were fed low-fat, high-fiber dry food
during a 9-week experimental period. Serum leptin, adiponectin, and resistin concentrations were measured at week 0, 4, 8, and 9. Body weight became significantly lower week 4 onward than
that at week 0 (P<0.05 or 0.01). At week 9, serum leptin concentrations were significantly lower than those at week 0 (P<0.05). Contrarily, serum
adiponectin and resistin concentrations did not significantly differ within the 9 weeks. While serum leptin levels were strongly positively correlated with body weight
(r=0.923, P<0.001), serum adiponectin levels were moderately negatively correlated with it (r=−0.529, P<0.01), with
serum resistin having a no correlation with body weight. Serum leptin levels might be more closely related with pathogenesis of adiposity than serum adiponectin or resistin in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takashima
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Naohito Nishii
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yui Kobatake
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masaharu Kiyosue
- Nisshin Pet Food Inc., 1-25 Kanda Nishiki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8441, Japan
| | - Seiji Kimura
- Nisshin Pet Food Inc., 1-25 Kanda Nishiki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8441, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kitagawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoi-no-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
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Teng KT, McGreevy PD, Toribio JALML, Raubenheimer D, Kendall K, Dhand NK. Associations of body condition score with health conditions related to overweight and obesity in cats. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:603-615. [PMID: 30033652 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the associations of cat body condition score with various health conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, dermatological conditions and hypertension, that have been shown to relate to overweight and/or obesity in cats, dogs or humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Electronic patient records between January 3, 2005 and June 21, 2015 were obtained from a cat-focused primary accession clinic in metropolitan Sydney where the body condition score of cats was routinely evaluated. Binomial logistic regression modelling was conducted to investigate the associations, after adjusting for age, sex and breed, between 21 health conditions and body condition score recorded on a 9-point scale. RESULTS Fourteen of the 21 health conditions examined showed significant associations with an increased body condition score, particularly those of 7 and above. These were dermatological conditions, atopic dermatitis, musculoskeletal conditions, arthritis, hypertension, respiratory conditions, asthma, oral conditions, diarrhoea, general and lower urinary tract conditions, ophthalmic conditions, diabetes mellitus and allergic conditions. Additionally, cats with body condition score of 8 or 9 had significantly higher odds for gastrointestinal conditions and upper urinary tract conditions when compared with cats with body condition score of 5. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE As far as we know, this is the first study reporting positive associations of high body condition score with atopic dermatitis, hypertension, asthma, diarrhoea, ophthalmic conditions and allergic conditions in cats. A large number of positive associations between health conditions and high body condition score indicates that excess fat mass should be given a greater emphasis in preventive health care for cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Teng
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - P D McGreevy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - J A L M L Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - D Raubenheimer
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - K Kendall
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - N K Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Abstract
Practical relevance: Hepatic lipidosis (HL) is the most common form of liver dysfunction in cats. If recognized early and treated appropriately, the prognosis is good; if not, the prognosis is grave. Clinical challenges: Distinguishing HL as idiopathic or secondary is critical since the presence of a concurrent disease affects the therapeutic plan and the prognosis. AUDIENCE Despite the unique and severe nature of a cat's response to anorexia and the complexity of the metabolic changes underlying this condition, the clinical acumen and technical ability to effectively diagnose and treat HL are readily available to all small animal practitioners. Patient group: Although many species develop a 'fatty liver', the cat is one of relatively few species that suffer from HL. The classic presentation is that of an overweight cat that stops eating for days to weeks, losing weight in the process. Equipment: Abdominal ultrasound is frequently employed in the diagnostic work-up of an anorectic cat; ultrasonographic findings often support a presumptive diagnosis, provide samples for cytology and, perhaps most importantly, help identify concurrent conditions that must be addressed for therapeutic success. All of the equipment necessary for essential nutritional intervention in an anorectic cat is readily available and easily affordable. Evidence base: The material for this review draws heavily on a relatively large number of original studies, excellent reviews by recognized experts, and informative communication with experienced clinicians, hence the term 'collective effort'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig B Webb
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Small Animal Medicine, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
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Abstract
Feline hepatic lipidosis (FHL) is a common and potentially fatal liver disorder. Although the pathophysiologic mechanisms of FHL remain elusive, there is an imbalance between the influx of fatty acids from peripheral fat stores into the liver, de novo liposynthesis, and the rate of hepatic oxidation and dispersal of hepatic TAG via excretion of very-low density lipoproteins. The diagnosis of FHL is based on anamnestic, clinical, and clinicopathologic findings, associated with diagnostic imaging of the liver, and cytology, or histological examination of liver biopsies. Fluid therapy, electrolyte correction and adequate early nutrition are essential components of the therapy for FHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Valtolina
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert P Favier
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Fujiwara M, Mori N, Sato T, Tazaki H, Ishikawa S, Yamamoto I, Arai T. Changes in fatty acid composition in tissue and serum of obese cats fed a high fat diet. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:200. [PMID: 26268360 PMCID: PMC4534048 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity and overweight have been frequently observed in dogs and cats in recent years as in humans. The compositions of fatty acids (FAs) in the accumulated lipids in tissues of obese animals may have important roles in the process and mechanisms related to the onset of metabolic disorders. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a high fat (HF) diet, which contained a higher proportion of saturated FAs, on FA metabolism and distribution in obese cats. Cats (N = 12) were divided into control diet group (crude fat; 16.0 %) (n = 4) or a high fat (HF) diet group (crude fat; 23.9 %) (n = 8). The HF diet contained up to 60 % of calories from fat and was rich in stearic acid. Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks after the feeding. Adipose and liver tissues were collected at the 6th week after feeding. We performed analysis of histological findings and fatty acid composition in serum and tissues. Results Body weights of the cats significantly increased in the HF group. The increased activities of hepatic enzymes and the accumulation of lipid droplets were found in hepatocytes in the HF group at the 6th week after feeding. In this study, the stearic acid (C18:0)-rich HF diet contained less oleic acid (C18:1n-9) and more linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) than the control. However, the composition of oleic acid in the liver was higher, and those of stearic acid and linoleic acid were lower in the HF group at the 6th week after feeding. The higher oleic acid:stearic acid ratio suggests an increase in the conversion from saturated FA to mono-unsaturated FAs, which may reflect the hepatic storage of FAs as a relatively harmless form. Conclusion The stearic acid-rich HF diet increased hepatic lipid accumulation accompanied by the increased of hepatic oleic acid, increased serum oleic acid and activation of hepatic enzymes. These findings could be an important sign of early stages of dyslipidemia and hepatic damage. Also, the higher oleic acid:stearic acid ratio might be related to the increased activity of SCD-1, which suggests that the stearic acid-rich HF diet evoked hepatic lipogenesis in the feline liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Fujiwara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Senndagi, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.
| | - Nobuko Mori
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-City, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Touko Sato
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-City, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Tazaki
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-City, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Shingo Ishikawa
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-City, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-City, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Toshiro Arai
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-City, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.
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Dick MF, Hurford J, Lei S, Mustonen AM, Nieminen P, Rouvinen-Watt K. High feeding intensity increases the severity of fatty liver in the American mink (Neovison vison) with potential ameliorating role for long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:5. [PMID: 24438337 PMCID: PMC3896742 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-56-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid body fat mobilization, obesity, and an inadequate supply of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been suggested to play roles in the etiology of fatty liver in the American mink (Neovison vison). This study examined the effects of feeding intensity and dietary fat source on fatty liver induced by fasting. In a multi-factorial design, 3 different fat sources (herring oil, rich in n-3 PUFA, soya oil, rich in n-6 PUFA, and canola oil, rich in n-9 monounsaturated fatty acids) were fed to mink at a low and high feeding intensity for 10 weeks, followed by an overnight or a 5-day fasting treatment to induce fatty liver. Results Fasting led to the development of fatty liver with increased severity in the mink fed at the high feeding intensity. The herring oil diet, high in long-chain n-3 PUFA, was found to decrease the severity of fatty liver in the mink at the high feeding intensity. Conclusion Preventing excessive weight gain and increasing dietary intake of n-3 long-chain PUFA may help prevent excessive lipid accumulation during prolonged periods of fasting or inappetence by promoting hepatic fatty acid oxidation.
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