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Dear JD, Hulsebosch SE, Johnson LR. Recognition and Diagnosis of Underlying Disease Processes in Bacterial Pneumonia. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1601. [PMID: 38891647 PMCID: PMC11171252 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia can present in both dogs and cats as either acute or chronic disease, and clinical signs may suggest respiratory or systemic impairment. Aspiration pneumonia, a common form of disease, can be caused by esophageal or laryngeal disease, vomiting, or altered mentation, such as with CNS disease or general anesthesia. Bacterial pneumonia can also develop due to inhaled airway foreign bodies, reduced local immune function, or impaired clearance of respiratory secretions. Rapid identification of the etiology and associated risk factors for pneumonia can help veterinarians develop a targeted therapeutic plan and prevent recurrence of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Dear
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.E.H.); (L.R.J.)
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Keiser NW, Cant E, Sitaraman S, Shoemark A, Limberis MP. Restoring Ciliary Function: Gene Therapeutics for Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Hum Gene Ther 2023; 34:821-835. [PMID: 37624733 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2023.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic disease characterized by defects in motile cilia, which play an important role in several organ systems. Lung disease is a hallmark of PCD, given the essential role of cilia in airway surface defense. Diagnosis of PCD is complicated due to its reliance on complex tests that are not utilized by every clinic and also its phenotypic overlap with several other respiratory diseases. Nonetheless, PCD is increasingly being recognized as more common than once thought. The disease is genetically complex, with several genes reported to be associated with PCD. There is no cure for PCD, but gene therapy remains a promising therapeutic strategy. In this review, we provide an overview of the clinical symptoms, diagnosis, genetics, and current treatment regimens for PCD. We also describe PCD model systems and discuss the therapeutic potential of different gene therapeutics for targeting the intended cellular target, the ciliated cells of the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin Cant
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amelia Shoemark
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Jung R, Choi J, Bae H, Jung DI, Cho KO, Yu D. Siewert-Kartagener's syndrome in a dog. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e57. [PMID: 37532300 PMCID: PMC10404705 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Siewert-Kartagener's syndrome, a type of primary ciliary dyskinesia, is a complex disease comprising situs inversus, rhinosinusitis, and bronchiectasis. Situs inversus totalis is a condition in which all organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities are reversed. Furthermore, primary ciliary dyskinesia, an autosomal genetic disease, may coexist with situs inversus totalis. Reports on Siewert-Kartagener's syndrome in veterinary medicine are limited. We report a rare case of primary ciliary dyskinesia with Siewert-Kartagener's syndrome in a dog, concurrently infected with canine distemper virus and type-2 adenovirus. This case highlights that situs inversus totalis can cause primary ciliary dyskinesia, and concurrent infections are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rankyung Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Jihye Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyeona Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Dong-In Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Oh Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
| | - DoHyeon Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
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NME5 frameshift variant in Alaskan Malamutes with primary ciliary dyskinesia. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008378. [PMID: 31479451 PMCID: PMC6743793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a hereditary defect of motile cilia in humans and several domestic animal species. Typical clinical findings are chronic recurrent infections of the respiratory tract and fertility problems. We analyzed an Alaskan Malamute family, in which two out of six puppies were affected by PCD. The parents were unaffected suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance. Linkage and homozygosity mapping defined critical intervals comprising ~118 Mb. Whole genome sequencing of one case and comparison to 601 control genomes identified a disease associated frameshift variant, c.43delA, in the NME5 gene encoding a sparsely characterized protein associated with ciliary function. Nme5-/- knockout mice exhibit doming of the skull, hydrocephalus and sperm flagellar defects. The genotypes at NME5:c.43delA showed the expected co-segregation with the phenotype in the Alaskan Malamute family. An additional unrelated Alaskan Malamute with PCD and hydrocephalus that became available later in the study was also homozygous mutant at the NME5:c.43delA variant. The mutant allele was not present in more than 1000 control dogs from different breeds. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated absence of the NME5 protein from nasal epithelia of an affected dog. We therefore propose NME5:c.43delA as the most likely candidate causative variant for PCD in Alaskan Malamutes. These findings enable genetic testing to avoid the unintentional breeding of affected dogs in the future. Furthermore, the results of this study identify NME5 as a novel candidate gene for unsolved human PCD and/or hydrocephalus cases. Motile cilia are required for clearing mucous, infectious agents and inhaled dust from the airways. Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a hereditary defect of motile cilia. Clinical findings may include recurrent airway infections, fertility problems, and sometimes hydrocephalus. We analyzed an Alaskan Malamute family, in which two out of six puppies were affected by an autosomal recessive form of PCD. Whole genome sequencing of an affected dog identified a one base pair deletion in the NME5 gene, c.43delA, leading to an early frame-shift and premature stop codon. Later in the study, we became aware of a previously published Alaskan Malamute with PCD involving respiratory infections and hydrocephalus. We observed perfect concordance of the NME5 genotypes with the PCD phenotype in all three affected Alaskan Malamutes and more than 1000 controls. The fact that the third case, which had no documented close relationship to the initial two cases, was homozygous for the same rare mutant NME5 allele, strongly supports our hypothesis that NME5:c.43delA causes the PCD phenotype. We confirmed absence of NME5 protein expression in nasal epithelium of an affected dog. Our results enable genetic testing in dogs and identify NME5 as novel candidate gene for unsolved human PCD cases.
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Viitanen SJ, Lappalainen AK, Koho NM, Pessa-Morikawa T, Ressel L, Rajamäki MM. Recurrent bacterial pneumonia in Irish Wolfhounds: Clinical findings and etiological studies. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:846-855. [PMID: 30666726 PMCID: PMC6430867 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased incidence of bacterial pneumonia (BP) has been reported in Irish Wolfhounds (IWHs), and recurrence of BP is common. The etiology of recurrent pneumonia in IWHs is largely unknown. OBJECTIVES To describe clinical findings in IWHs with recurrent BP and investigate possible etiologies. ANIMALS Eleven affected IWHs, 25 healthy IWHs, 28 healthy dogs of other Sighthound breeds, and 16 healthy dogs of other breeds. METHODS Prospective cross-sectional observational study. All affected IWHs underwent thorough clinical examinations including thoracic radiographs, thoracic computed tomography, electron microscopic evaluation of ciliary structure, and bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology and culture. Serum and BALF immunoglobulin concentrations were measured using an ELISA method, and peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed using flow cytometry. Esophageal function was assessed by fluoroscopy (n = 2). RESULTS Median age of onset was 5.0 years (range, 0.4-6.5 years), and when presented for study, dogs had experienced a median of 5 previous episodes of BP (range, 2-6). The following predisposing factors to BP were detected: focal bronchiectasis (10/11), unilateral (2/9) and bilateral (1/9) laryngeal paralysis, and esophageal hypomotility (2/2). Local or systemic immunoglobulin deficiencies or primary ciliary defects were not detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Recurrent BP affects mostly middle-aged and older IWHs without any evident immune deficit or primary ciliary defects. Focal BE was a frequent finding in affected dogs and likely contributed to the development of recurrent respiratory infections. Laryngeal and esophageal dysfunction identified in a minority of dogs may contribute to recurrent BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna J Viitanen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu K Lappalainen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ninna M Koho
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Pessa-Morikawa
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lorenzo Ressel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Minna M Rajamäki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Miranda IC, Granick JL, Armién AG. Histologic and Ultrastructural Findings in Dogs With Chronic Respiratory Disease Suspected of Ciliary Dyskinesia. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:802-812. [PMID: 28494707 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817705170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance is a main defense mechanism of the respiratory tract, which can be inherently impaired in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) or reversibly altered in secondary ciliary dyskinesia (SCD). Limited diagnostic test availability likely leads to misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis of PCD in animals. This study evaluated the light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) changes in the respiratory mucosa of 15 dogs with chronic respiratory disease suspected of PCD. Necropsy was performed in 1 case and 2 dogs were used as negative controls. PCD was confirmed in 1 dog, which presented with chronic otitis, bronchopneumonia, hydrocephalus and ultrastructural abnormalities in 84% of the assessed cilia, including absence of dynein arms and microtubular changes. The 14 other cases showed only nonspecific alterations, such as ciliary disorientation, compound cilia, ciliary edema, and axoneme bubbles in a minority of the evaluated cilia and were classified as SCD. Ciliary ultrastructural analysis can confirm a diagnosis of PCD if specific abnormalities exist. TEM remains an important investigational tool in veterinary medicine, as no other specific test for PCD in dogs has been standardized yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana C Miranda
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,2 Ultrastructural Pathology Unit, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer L Granick
- 3 Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Anibal G Armién
- 2 Ultrastructural Pathology Unit, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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Celona B, Crinò C, Bruno C, Di Pietro S, Giudice E. Renal Amyloidosis Associated With Kartagener Syndrome in a Dog. Top Companion Anim Med 2017; 32:61-65. [PMID: 28992906 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 4-year-old cocker spaniel, male, of 12kg body weight was presented because of the onset of polyuria or polydipsia. From the first months of its life, the dog had exhibited constant serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge, productive cough, sneezing, reverse sneezing, otitis, and recurrent episodes of fever. The respiratory signs had been treated several times with antibiotics, without ever achieving a complete resolution. Clinical examination revealed normal rectal temperature (38.3°C), increased respiratory rate (40breaths/min), a copious mucous nasal discharge and right deviation of the heart apex beat (ictus cordis). Increased respiratory sounds with moist rales and crackles were found on chest auscultation. An increase in serum creatinine, urea and phosphorus, hypoalbuminemia and proteinuria were found. Lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs of the thorax and of the abdomen showed the transposition of the heart, with the cardiac apex pointing toward the right (dextrocardia), bronchointerstitial lung pattern, areas of consolidation, lesions consistent with bronchiectasis caves and a mirror-image of abdominal organs, confirming the diagnosis of complete situs inversus (CSI). Respiratory signs, combined with CSI, suggested the diagnosis of Kartagener syndrome (KS). Abdominal ultrasound showed an increase in the echogenicity of the renal parenchyma, a loss of definition of the corticomedullary line, slight bilateral pyelectasis, and decreased cortical perfusion. The dog died 2 months later because of a further worsening of the clinical condition. Necroscopy demonstrated the existence of CSI, rhinosinusitis, bronchitis, and bronchiectasis, so confirming the diagnosis of KS, and renal amyloidosis. This is the first case reported in veterinary medicine of the presence of renal amyloidosis together with KS in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Crinò
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Messina, Italy.
| | | | - Simona Di Pietro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giudice
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Oda T, Yanagisawa H, Kamiya R, Kikkawa M. A molecular ruler determines the repeat length in eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Science 2014; 346:857-60. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1260214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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