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Garcia Ribeiro M, da Silva CPC, Pchevuzinske LM, Portilho FVR, Siqueira AK, Takahira RK, Paschoal NR, de Souza AAL, Rodrigues CA, de Almeida BO, Bello TS, Filho MFÁ, de Lima Paz PJ, Dutra V, Nakazato L, Pereira NA, de Aguiar DM. Pleural effusion-related Nocardia otitidiscaviarum, Anaplasma platys and Ehrlichia canis coinfection in a dog. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2497-2504. [PMID: 37351788 PMCID: PMC10484848 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The coinfections by some microorganisms have been related to severe diseases in humans and animals, where immunosuppressive agents favor opportunistic behavior of other pathogens. A 4-month-old, female mixed-breed dog with a two-week history of inappetence, prostration, emaciation, and respiratory distress was admitted at a veterinary hospital in Brazil. Tachycardia, pale mucous membranes, severe respiratory distress, and a large number of ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l.) in different body regions were observed at clinical examination. Hematological examination of dog showed leukocytosis, neutrophilia, mild anemia, and thrombocytopenia, whereas unremarkable values in biochemical tests. Thoracic radiography revealed a pleural effusion image. Blood and the pleural fluid (purulent aspect) samples were subjected to qPCR (16S rRNA and dsb genes) and sequencing, which identified Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys coinfection. An aggregate of coccoid-to-branching or long filamentous microorganisms, surrounded by pyogranulomatous inflammatory reaction was seen at the cytology of the pleural fluid. Bacteriological culture of pleural effusion showed colonies compatible with the genus Nocardia, which revealed gram-positive filamentous organisms with a tendency of fragmentation and were identified as Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Therapy of N. otitidiscaviarum isolate using levofloxacin (supported by a previous in vitro susceptibility testing) and doxycycline for E. canis and A. platys resulted in complete resolution of the clinical picture. Here, we report for the first time a triple coinfection by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum, A. platys, and E. canis in a dog with pleural effusion, where debilitating or immunosuppressive conditions induced by A. platys and E. canis coinfection probably contributed to the opportunistic behavior of N. otitidiscaviarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Garcia Ribeiro
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Marry Pchevuzinske
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | | | | | - Regina Kiomi Takahira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Natália Rodrigues Paschoal
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Thaís Spessotto Bello
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Marcelo Fagali Árabe Filho
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Patrik Júnior de Lima Paz
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Valéria Dutra
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, MT Brazil
| | - Luciano Nakazato
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, MT Brazil
| | - Nathalia Assis Pereira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, MT Brazil
| | - Daniel Moura de Aguiar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, MT Brazil
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Condas LAZ, de Farias MR, Siqueira AK, Salerno T, Chi KD, Werner J, de Vargas AC, Bond GB, Gonoi T, Matsuzawa T, Ribeiro MG. Molecular identification and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Nocardia isolated from 14 diseased dogs and cats. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1287-1294. [PMID: 37079272 PMCID: PMC10234972 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00968-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nocardia are ubiquitous, saprophytic and opportunistic bacteria. They cause a set of pyogenic clinical infections in animals and humans, particularly immunocompromised patients, mostly affecting the skin and respiratory tract, with refractoriness to conventional therapy. The most descriptions of nocardial infections in companion animals involve case reports, and there are scarce case series studies focused on canine and feline nocardiosis in which diagnosis has been based on molecular techniques. We investigated epidemiological aspects, clinical findings, in vitro susceptibility profile, and molecular identification of Nocardia using PCR-based method targeted 16S rRNA gene in twelve dogs and two cats. Among dogs were observed cutaneous lesions (8/12 = 67%), pneumonia (3/12 = 25%), and encephalitis (2/12 = 17%), whereas cats developed cutaneous lesions and osteomyelitis. Nocardia and canine morbillivirus coinfection was described in six dogs (6/12 = 50%). A high mortality rate (6/8 = 75%) was seen among dogs. Three dogs (3/4 = 75%) and one cat (1/2 = 50%) with systemic signs (pneumonia, encephalitis, osteomyelitis), and 83% (5/6) of dogs with a history of concomitant morbillivirus infection died. N. nova (5/12 = 42%), N. cyriacigeorgica (3/12 = 25%), N. farcinica (2/12 = 17%), N. veterana (1/12 = 8%), and N. asteroides (1/12 = 8%) species were identified in dogs, whereas N. africana and N. veterana in cats. Among the isolates from dogs, cefuroxime (12/12 = 100%), amikacin (10/12 = 83%), gentamycin (10/12 = 83%), and imipenem (10/12 = 83%) were the most effective antimicrobials, whereas cefuroxime, cephalexin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, imipenem, and gentamycin were efficient against isolates from cats. Multidrug resistance was observed in 36% (5/14) of isolates. We describe a variety of Nocardia species infecting dogs and cats, multidrug-resistant ones, and a high mortality rate, highlighting a poor prognosis of nocardiosis in companion animals, particularly among animals systemically compromised or coinfected by canine morbillivirus. Our study contributes to species identification, in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility profile, clinical-epidemiological aspects, and outcome of natural Nocardia-acquired infections in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Anuska Zeni Condas
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, UniBrasil Centro Universitário, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil.
| | | | - Amanda Keller Siqueira
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Tatiana Salerno
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Kung Darh Chi
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Juliana Werner
- Laboratório de Histopatologia Veterinária Werner & Werner, Curitiba, Brasil
| | | | - Guilherme Borges Bond
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, UniBrasil Centro Universitário, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Tohru Gonoi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Márcio Garcia Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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González-Martín M, Silva V, Poeta P, Corbera JA, Tejedor-Junco MT. Microbiological aspects of osteomyelitis in veterinary medicine: drawing parallels to the infection in human medicine. Vet Q 2022; 42:1-11. [PMID: 34936853 PMCID: PMC8725753 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.2022244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis is a challenging infectious disease affecting humans and animals. It is difficult to diagnose because, in many cases, symptoms are non-specific and, for example in implant-related cases, can appear long time after surgery. In addition to this, it is also difficult to treat due to the need to find the appropriate antibiotic regime and delivery system to reach the site of infection and to avoid development of bacterial resistance. The central purpose of this review is to compare the microbiological aspects of osteomyelitis in human and veterinary medicine, with the aim of improving the microbiological diagnosis and treatment of this infection in animals. Furthermore, the study of osteomyelitis in animals may help to improve the development of animal models for testing new treatments in humans. Host factors and underlying conditions have been studied mainly in humans, although aspects as immunodeficiency have been described in some veterinary cases. Even when Staphylococcus aureus is still considered the most prevalent causing microorganism, this prevalence should be reviewed using molecular diagnostic techniques, and this could affect treatment options. New approaches to treatment include local delivery of antibiotics using different biomaterials, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, and new antimicrobial compounds. We would like to remark the need of large, high-quality clinical trials and of the development of guides for the diagnosis and treatment of osteomyelitis in different animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita González-Martín
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Patricia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Juan Alberto Corbera
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Department of Animal Pathology, Animal Production and Food Science and Technology, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - María Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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Chronic vertebral
Escherichia coli
osteomyelitis in a 4‐year‐old dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Mund GM, Häußler TC, Aurich SH, Ewers C, Thiel C. Successful treatment of peritoneal nocardiosis caused by Nocardia paucivorans in a dog. N Z Vet J 2021; 69:355-360. [PMID: 34034632 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2021.1932628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CASE HISTORY A 7-year-old neutered female Labrador Retriever from Hesse (Germany) was referred for evaluation of peritoneal nodular masses identified by the referring veterinarian during an investigation for a 2-month history of lethargy. CLINICAL FINDINGS AND TREATMENT Ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen showed multiple cavernous nodules in the intra-abdominal fat and greater omentum surrounded by free fluid. These findings were suspicious of steatitis and fatty tissue necrosis in the cranial abdomen. Cytologic and microbiological analysis of fine-needle aspirates of the fatty tissue and abdominal fluid revealed septic pyogranulomatous inflammation caused by Nocardia paucivorans. The septic abdomen indicated surgical management was appropriate and a celiotomy was performed, which revealed an inflammed mass attached by fibrous tissue to the spleen, stomach and liver. All abnormal tissue including parts of the greater omentum and the spleen, were removed and samples taken for histopathology and microbial culture. Following surgery, the dog was treated with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. After initially improving, the dog's condition deteriorated 3 months later. Based on ultrasonographic and cytologic findings, and bacterial culture, recurrence of peritoneal nocardiosis was confirmed. In a second celiotomy, multiple inflammatory mass lesions inflammed masses in the remaining greater omentum were removed. After surgery, antimicrobial therapy was changed to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for a 10-month period. No recurrence of clinical signs was reported 6, 12 and 27 months after the initial surgery. DIAGNOSIS Peritonitis caused by Nocardia paucivorans. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To our knowledge, this is the first published report of canine infection with Nocardia paucivorans and the first case of peritoneal nocardiosis successfully treated in a dog. This report indicates that reducing the microbial burden by surgical debridement of affected tissues and peritoneal lavage followed by long-term treatment with a suitable antimicrobial may be an effective treatment for peritoneal nocardiosis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Mund
- Clinic for Small Animals, Surgical Department, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - T C Häußler
- Clinic for Small Animals, Surgical Department, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - S H Aurich
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - C Ewers
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - C Thiel
- Clinic for Small Animals, Surgical Department, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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High EJ, Olivry T. The prevalence of bacterial infections during cyclosporine therapy in dogs: A critically appraised topic. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2020; 61:1283-1289. [PMID: 33299244 PMCID: PMC7659886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyclosporine is used to treat immune-mediated and allergic conditions and to prevent transplant rejection. To determine the prevalence of bacterial infections during cyclosporine therapy in dogs, 2 databases were searched and 14 articles reporting usable data were identified. In 828 dogs with atopic dermatitis receiving anti-allergic dosages of cyclosporine, the prevalence of bacterial infections was 11%; these occurred most often in the integument and urinary systems and not in multiple systems. In 95 dogs receiving cyclosporine at higher dosages for other conditions, the prevalence of bacterial infection was 17%, and these infections occurred most often in the gastrointestinal, urinary, and respiratory systems, often occurring at more than one body site. The prevalence of bacterial infections in atopic dogs treated with cyclosporine is low and occurs most often in the skin. When given for immunosuppression, the prevalence of bacterial infections is higher and can affect one or more body systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endya J High
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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7
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Yaemsiri S, Sykes JE. Successful Treatment of Disseminated Nocardiosis Caused by Nocardia veterana in a Dog. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:418-422. [PMID: 29105868 PMCID: PMC5787162 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5‐year‐old male castrated Lhasa Apso cross was evaluated for a 1‐month history of inappetence, lethargy, gagging, and progressive right thoracic limb lameness. Synovial fluid analysis revealed nonseptic suppurative inflammation, and a diagnosis of immune‐mediated polyarthritis (IMPA) was made. After 3 months of treatment with prednisone and later cyclosporine, the dog developed multiple firm cutaneous and subcutaneous masses and a focal mass within the jejunum. Cultures of blood, urine, skin lesions, and the jejunal mass identified Nocardia veterana by matrix‐absorption laser desorption ionization‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) and allowed for earlier identification of the organism compared to more traditional secA1 gene sequencing. Immunosuppressive drug treatment was discontinued, and the dog was treated for 3 months by administration of trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMS). No recurrence of clinical signs was reported 1 year later. This case report highlights the clinical utility of MALDI‐TOF MS, particularly for the rapid identification of slow‐growing, fastidious organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yaemsiri
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - J E Sykes
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
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Abstract
Discospondylitis can affect dogs of any age and breed and may be seen in cats. Although radiography remains the gold standard, advanced imaging, such as CT and MRI, has benefits and likely allows earlier diagnosis and identification of concurrent disease. Because discospondylitis may affect multiple disk spaces, imaging of the entire spine should be considered. There is a lengthening list of causative etiologic agents, and successful treatment hinges on correct identification. Image-guided biopsy should be considered in addition to blood and urine cultures and Brucella canis screening and as an alternative to surgical biopsy in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Ruoff
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4475, USA
| | - Sharon C Kerwin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
| | - Amanda R Taylor
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Greene Hall, 1130 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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9
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Ho K, Kennis B, Sandey M, White A. Successful medical management of cutaneous
Nocardia
species infection in a dog receiving ciclosporin (Atopica). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ho
- Department of Clinical SciencesAuburn College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Bob Kennis
- Department of Clinical SciencesAuburn College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Maninder Sandey
- Department of PathobiologyAuburn College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Amelia White
- Department of Clinical SciencesAuburn College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
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Abstract
Cytology of bone is a useful diagnostic tool. Aspiration of lytic or proliferative lesions can assist with the diagnosis of inflammatory or neoplastic processes. Bacterial, fungal, and protozoal organisms can result in significant osteomyelitis, and these organisms can be identified on cytology. Neoplasms of bone including primary bone tumors such as osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, synovial cell sarcoma, and histiocytic sarcoma and tumors of bone marrow including plasma cell neoplasia and lymphoma and metastatic neoplasia can result in significant bone lysis or proliferation and can be diagnosed effectively with cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Barger
- Pathobiology Department, University of Illinois, 1008 Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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