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Beckwith-Cohen B, Petersen-Jones SM. Manifestations of systemic disease in the retina and fundus of cats and dogs. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1337062. [PMID: 38444779 PMCID: PMC10912207 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1337062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The fundus is unique in that it is the only part of the body that allows for a noninvasive and uninterrupted view of vasculature and nervous tissue. Utilization of this can be a powerful tool in uncovering salient incidental findings which point to underlying systemic diseases, and for monitoring response to therapy. Retinal venules and arterioles allow the clinician to assess changes in vascular color, diameter, outline, and tortuosity. The retina and optic nerve may exhibit changes associated with increased or decreased thickness, inflammatory infiltrates, hemorrhages, and detachments. While some retinal manifestations of systemic disease may be nonspecific, others are pathognomonic, and may be the presenting sign for a systemic illness. The examination of the fundus is an essential part of the comprehensive physical examination. Systemic diseases which may present with retinal abnormalities include a variety of disease classifications, as represented by the DAMNIT-V acronym, for Degenerative/Developmental, Anomalous, Metabolic, Neoplastic, Nutritional, Inflammatory (Infectious/Immune-mediated/ischemic), Toxic, Traumatic and Vascular. This review details systemic illnesses or syndromes that have been reported to manifest in the fundus of companion animals and discusses key aspects in differentiating their underlying cause. Normal variations in retinal anatomy and morphology are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billie Beckwith-Cohen
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Simon M. Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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2
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Katz ML, Cook J, Vite CH, Campbell RS, Coghill LM, Lyons LA. Beta-mannosidosis in a domestic cat associated with a missense variant in MANBA. Gene 2024; 893:147941. [PMID: 37913889 PMCID: PMC10841995 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
A 6-month-old cat of unknown ancestry presented for a neurologic evaluation due to progressive motor impairment. Complete physical and neurologic examinations suggested the disorder was likely to be hereditary, although the signs were not consistent with any previously described inherited disorders in cats. Due to the progression of disease signs including severely impaired motor function and cognitive decline, the cat was euthanized at approximately 10.5 months of age. Whole genome sequence analysis identified a homozygous missense variant c.2506G > A in MANBA that predicts a p.Gly836Arg alteration in the encoded lysosomal enzyme β -mannosidase. This variant was not present in the whole genome or whole exome sequences of any of the 424 cats represented in the 99 Lives Cat Genome dataset. β -Mannosidase enzyme activity was undetectable in brain tissue homogenates from the affected cat, whereas α-mannosidase enzyme activities were elevated compared to an unaffected cat. Postmortem examination of brain and retinal tissues revealed massive accumulations of vacuolar inclusions in most cells, similar to those reported in animals of other species with hereditary β -mannosidosis. Based on these findings, the cat likely suffered from β -mannosidosis due to the abolition of β -mannosidase activity associated with the p.Gly836Arg amino acid substitution. p.Gly836 is located in the C-terminal region of the protein and was not previously known to be involved in modulating enzyme activity. In addition to the vacuolar inclusions, some cells in the brain of the affected cat contained inclusions that exhibited lipofuscin-like autofluorescence. Electron microscopic examinations suggested these inclusions formed via an autophagy-like process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Katz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
| | - James Cook
- Specialists in Companion Animal Neurology, Clearwater, FL 33765, USA
| | - Charles H Vite
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca S Campbell
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lyndon M Coghill
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Cocostîrc V, Paștiu AI, Pusta DL. An Overview of Canine Inherited Neurological Disorders with Known Causal Variants. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3568. [PMID: 38003185 PMCID: PMC10668755 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary neurological conditions documented in dogs encompass congenital, neonatal, and late-onset disorders, along with both progressive and non-progressive forms. In order to identify the causal variant of a disease, the main two approaches are genome-wide investigations and candidate gene investigation. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals currently lists 418 Mendelian disorders specific to dogs, of which 355 have their likely causal genetic variant identified. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the canine nervous system phenes and their genetic causal variant. It has been noted that the majority of these diseases have an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. Additionally, the dog breeds that are more prone to develop such diseases are the Golden Retriever, in which six inherited neurological disorders with a known causal variant have been documented, and the Belgian Shepherd, in which five such disorders have been documented. DNA tests can play a vital role in effectively managing and ultimately eradicating inherited diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Cocostîrc
- Department of Genetics and Hereditary Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.I.P.); (D.L.P.)
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Bullock G, Johnson GS, Pattridge SG, Mhlanga-Mutangadura T, Guo J, Cook J, Campbell RS, Vite CH, Katz ML. A Homozygous MAN2B1 Missense Mutation in a Doberman Pinscher Dog with Neurodegeneration, Cytoplasmic Vacuoles, Autofluorescent Storage Granules, and an α-Mannosidase Deficiency. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1746. [PMID: 37761886 PMCID: PMC10531151 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A 7-month-old Doberman Pinscher dog presented with progressive neurological signs and brain atrophy suggestive of a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder. The dog was euthanized due to the progression of disease signs. Microscopic examination of tissues collected at the time of euthanasia revealed massive accumulations of vacuolar inclusions in cells throughout the central nervous system, suggestive of a lysosomal storage disorder. A whole genome sequence generated with DNA from the affected dog contained a likely causal, homozygous missense variant in MAN2B1 that predicted an Asp104Gly amino acid substitution that was unique among whole genome sequences from over 4000 dogs. A lack of detectable α-mannosidase enzyme activity confirmed a diagnosis of a-mannosidosis. In addition to the vacuolar inclusions characteristic of α-mannosidosis, the dog exhibited accumulations of autofluorescent intracellular inclusions in some of the same tissues. The autofluorescence was similar to that which occurs in a group of lysosomal storage disorders called neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs). As in many of the NCLs, some of the storage bodies immunostained strongly for mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit c protein. This protein is not a substrate for α-mannosidase, so its accumulation and the development of storage body autofluorescence were likely due to a generalized impairment of lysosomal function secondary to the accumulation of α-mannosidase substrates. Thus, it appears that storage body autofluorescence and subunit c accumulation are not unique to the NCLs. Consistent with generalized lysosomal impairment, the affected dog exhibited accumulations of intracellular inclusions with varied and complex ultrastructural features characteristic of autophagolysosomes. Impaired autophagic flux may be a general feature of this class of disorders that contributes to disease pathology and could be a target for therapeutic intervention. In addition to storage body accumulation, glial activation indicative of neuroinflammation was observed in the brain and spinal cord of the proband.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Bullock
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (G.B.); (G.S.J.); (S.G.P.); (T.M.-M.); (J.G.)
| | - Gary S. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (G.B.); (G.S.J.); (S.G.P.); (T.M.-M.); (J.G.)
| | - Savannah G. Pattridge
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (G.B.); (G.S.J.); (S.G.P.); (T.M.-M.); (J.G.)
| | - Tendai Mhlanga-Mutangadura
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (G.B.); (G.S.J.); (S.G.P.); (T.M.-M.); (J.G.)
| | - Juyuan Guo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (G.B.); (G.S.J.); (S.G.P.); (T.M.-M.); (J.G.)
| | - James Cook
- Specialists in Companion Animal Neurology, Clearwater, FL 33765, USA;
| | - Rebecca S. Campbell
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (R.S.C.); (C.H.V.)
| | - Charles H. Vite
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (R.S.C.); (C.H.V.)
| | - Martin L. Katz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Hernández‐Alonso G, Ramos‐Madrigal J, Sun X, Scharff‐Olsen CH, Sinding MS, Martins NF, Ciucani MM, Mak SST, Lanigan LT, Clausen CG, Bhak J, Jeon S, Kim C, Eo KY, Cho S, Boldgiv B, Gantulga G, Unudbayasgalan Z, Kosintsev PA, Stenøien HK, Gilbert MTP, Gopalakrishnan S. Conservation implications of elucidating the Korean wolf taxonomic ambiguity through whole-genome sequencing. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10404. [PMID: 37546572 PMCID: PMC10401669 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The taxonomic status of the now likely extirpated Korean Peninsula wolf has been extensively debated, with some arguing it represents an independent wolf lineage, Canis coreanus. To investigate the Korean wolf's genetic affiliations and taxonomic status, we sequenced and analysed the genomes of a Korean wolf dated to the beginning of the 20th century, and a captive wolf originally from the Pyongyang Central Zoo. Our results indicated that the Korean wolf bears similar genetic ancestry to other regional East Asian populations, therefore suggesting it is not a distinct taxonomic lineage. We identified regional patterns of wolf population structure and admixture in East Asia with potential conservation consequences in the Korean Peninsula and on a regional scale. We find that the Korean wolf has similar genomic diversity and inbreeding to other East Asian wolves. Finally, we show that, in contrast to the historical sample, the captive wolf is genetically more similar to wolves from the Tibetan Plateau; hence, Korean wolf conservation programmes might not benefit from the inclusion of this specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Hernández‐Alonso
- Section for Hologenomics, The Globe InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The Globe InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jazmín Ramos‐Madrigal
- Section for Hologenomics, The Globe InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The Globe InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Xin Sun
- Section for Hologenomics, The Globe InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The Globe InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | | | - Nuno F. Martins
- Section for Hologenomics, The Globe InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The Globe InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Marta Maria Ciucani
- Section for Hologenomics, The Globe InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Sarah S. T. Mak
- Section for Hologenomics, The Globe InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The Globe InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Liam Thomas Lanigan
- Section for Hologenomics, The Globe InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Cecilie G. Clausen
- Section for Hologenomics, The Globe InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jong Bhak
- Clinomics Inc.UlsanKorea
- Korean Genomics CenterUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsanKorea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information‐Bio Convergence EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsanKorea
- Personal Genomics InstituteGenome Research FoundationOsongKorea
| | - Sungwon Jeon
- Clinomics Inc.UlsanKorea
- Korean Genomics CenterUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsanKorea
| | | | - Kyung Yeon Eo
- Department of Animal Health & WelfareSemyung UniversityJecheonKorea
| | - Seong‐Ho Cho
- Natural History MuseumKyungpook National UniversityGunwiKorea
| | - Bazartseren Boldgiv
- Laboratory of Ecological and Evolutionary SynthesisNational University of MongoliaUlaanbaatarMongolia
| | | | | | - Pavel A. Kosintsev
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesYekaterinburgRussia
- Ural Federal UniversityEkaterinburgRussia
| | - Hans K. Stenøien
- NTNU University MuseumNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - M. Thomas P. Gilbert
- Section for Hologenomics, The Globe InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The Globe InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- University MuseumNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Shyam Gopalakrishnan
- Section for Hologenomics, The Globe InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The Globe InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Bioinformatics, Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
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Moura E, Tasqueti UI, Mangrich-Rocha RMV, Filho JRE, de Farias MR, Pimpão CT. Inborn Errors of Metabolism in Dogs: Historical, Metabolic, Genetic, and Clinical Aspects. Top Companion Anim Med 2022; 51:100731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bullock G, Johnson GS, Mhlanga-Mutangadura T, Petesch SC, Thompson S, Goebbels S, Katz ML. Lysosomal storage disease associated with a CNP sequence variant in Dalmatian dogs. Gene X 2022; 830:146513. [PMID: 35447247 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A progressive neurological disorder was identified in purebred Dalmatian dogs. The disease is characterized by anxiety, pacing and circling, hypersensitivity, cognitive decline, sleep disturbance, loss of coordination, loss of control over urination and defecation, and visual impairment. Neurological signs first became apparent when the dogs were approximately 18 months of age and progressed slowly. Two affected littermates were euthanized at approximately 7 years, 5 months and 8 years, 2 months of age due to the severity of neurological impairment. The mother of the affected dogs and four other relatives exhibited milder, later-onset neurological signs. Pronounced accumulations of autofluorescent intracellular inclusions were found in cerebral cortex, cerebellum, optic nerve, and cardiac muscle of the affected dogs. These inclusions co-localized with immunolabeling of the lysosomal marker protein LAMP2 and bound antibodies to mitochondrial ATPase subunit c, indicating that the dogs suffered from a lysosomal storage disease with similarities to the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Ultrastructural analysis indicated that the storage bodies were surrounded by a single-layer membrane, but the storage granules were distinct from those reported for other lysosomal storage diseases. Whole genome sequences, generated with DNA from the two euthanized Dalmatians, both contained a rare, homozygous single-base deletion and reading-frame shift in CNP which encodes the enzyme CNPase (EC 3.1.4.37). The late-onset disease was exhibited by five of seven related Dalmatians that were heterozygous for the deletion allele and over 8 years of age, whereas none of 16 age-matched reference-allele homozygotes developed neurologic signs. No CNPase antigen could be detected with immunohistochemical labeling in tissues from the dogs with the earlier-onset disorder. Similar to the later-onset Dalmatians, autofluorescent storage granules were apparent in brain and cardiac tissue from transgenic mice that were nullizygous for Cnp. Based on the clinical signs, the histopathological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and molecular-genetic findings, and the finding that nullizygous Cnp mice accumulate autofluorescent storage granules, we propose that the earlier-onset Dalmatian disorder is a novel lysosomal storage disease that results from a loss-of-function mutation in CNP and that shares features characteristic of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. That the later-onset disorder occurred only in dogs heterozygous for the CNP deletion variant suggests that this disorder is a result of the variant allele's presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Bullock
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gary S Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Tendai Mhlanga-Mutangadura
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Scott C Petesch
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Sandra Goebbels
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin L Katz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Laboratory, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Carrier Rate and Mutant Allele Frequency of GM1 Gangliosidosis in Miniature Shiba Inus (Mame Shiba): Population Screening of Breeding Dogs in Japan. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101242. [PMID: 35625088 PMCID: PMC9137666 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
GM1 gangliosidosis is a progressive, recessive, autosomal, neurodegenerative, lysosomal storage disorder that affects the brain and multiple systemic organs due to an acid β-galactosidase deficiency encoded by the GLB1 gene. This disease occurs in the Shiba Inu breed, which is one of the most popular traditional breeds in Japan, due to the GLB1:c.1649delC (p.P550Rfs*50) mutation. Previous surveys performed of the Shiba Inu population in Japan found a carrier rate of 1.02–2.94%. Currently, a miniature type of the Shiba Inu called “Mame Shiba”, bred via artificial selection to yield smaller individuals, is becoming more popular than the standard Shiba Inu and it is now one of the most popular breeds in Japan and China. The GM1 gangliosidosis mutation has yet to be surveyed in the Mame Shiba population. This study aimed to determine the frequency of the mutant allele and carrier rate of GM1 gangliosidosis in the Mame Shiba breed. Blood samples were collected from 1832 clinically healthy adult Mame Shiba Inus used for breeding across 143 Japanese kennels. The genotyping was performed using a real-time PCR assay. The survey found nine carriers among the Mame Shibas, indicating that the carrier rate and mutant allele frequency were 0.49% and 0.00246, respectively. This study demonstrated that the mutant allele has already been inherited by the Mame Shiba population. There is a risk of GM1 gangliosidosis occurrence in the Mame Shiba breed if breeders use carriers for mating. Further genotyping surveys are necessary for breeding Mame Shibas to prevent the inheritance of this disease.
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Cognitive Abilities of Dogs with Mucopolysaccharidosis I: Learning and Memory. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030397. [PMID: 32121123 PMCID: PMC7143070 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I) results from a deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme, alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA). IDUA deficiency leads to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) accumulation resulting in cellular degeneration and multi-organ dysfunction. The primary aims of this pilot study were to determine the feasibility of cognitive testing MPS I affected dogs and to determine their non-social cognitive abilities with and without gene therapy. Fourteen dogs were tested: 5 MPS I untreated, 5 MPS I treated, and 4 clinically normal. The treated group received intrathecal gene therapy as neonates to replace the IDUA gene. Cognitive tests included delayed non-match to position (DNMP), two-object visual discrimination (VD), reversal learning (RL), attention oddity (AO), and two-scent discrimination (SD). Responses were recorded as correct, incorrect, or no response, and analyzed using mixed effect logistic regression analysis. Significant differences were not observed among the three groups for DNMP, VD, RL, or AO. The MPS I untreated dogs were excluded from AO testing due to failing to pass acquisition of the task, potentially representing a learning or executive function deficit. The MPS I affected group (treated and untreated) was significantly more likely to discriminate between scents than the normal group, which may be due to an age effect. The normal group was comprised of the oldest dogs, and a mixed effect logistic model indicated that older dogs were more likely to respond incorrectly on scent discrimination. Overall, this study found that cognition testing of MPS I affected dogs to be feasible. This work provides a framework to refine future cognition studies of dogs affected with diseases, including MPS I, in order to assess therapies in a more comprehensive manner.
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Moro CA, Hanna-Rose W. Animal Model Contributions to Congenital Metabolic Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1236:225-244. [PMID: 32304075 PMCID: PMC8404832 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2389-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic model systems allow researchers to probe and decipher aspects of human disease, and animal models of disease are frequently specifically engineered and have been identified serendipitously as well. Animal models are useful for probing the etiology and pathophysiology of disease and are critical for effective discovery and development of novel therapeutics for rare diseases. Here we review the impact of animal model organism research in three examples of congenital metabolic disorders to highlight distinct advantages of model system research. First, we discuss phenylketonuria research where a wide variety of research fields and models came together to make impressive progress and where a nearly ideal mouse model has been central to therapeutic advancements. Second, we review advancements in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome research to illustrate the role of models that do not perfectly recapitulate human disease as well as the need for multiple models of the same disease to fully investigate human disease aspects. Finally, we highlight research on the GM2 gangliosidoses Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease to illustrate the important role of both engineered traditional laboratory animal models and serendipitously identified atypical models in congenital metabolic disorder research. We close with perspectives for the future for animal model research in congenital metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna A Moro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Wendy Hanna-Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Kuil LE, López Martí A, Carreras Mascaro A, van den Bosch JC, van den Berg P, van der Linde HC, Schoonderwoerd K, Ruijter GJG, van Ham TJ. Hexb enzyme deficiency leads to lysosomal abnormalities in radial glia and microglia in zebrafish brain development. Glia 2019; 67:1705-1718. [PMID: 31140649 PMCID: PMC6772114 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipidoses are severe, mostly infantile lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) caused by defective glycosphingolipid degradation. Two of these sphingolipidoses, Tay Sachs and Sandhoff diseases, are caused by β-Hexosaminidase (HEXB) enzyme deficiency, resulting in ganglioside (GM2) accumulation and neuronal loss. The precise sequence of cellular events preceding, and leading to, neuropathology remains unclear, but likely involves inflammation and lysosomal accumulation of GM2 in multiple cell types. We aimed to determine the consequences of Hexb activity loss for different brain cell types using zebrafish. Hexb deficient zebrafish (hexb-/- ) showed lysosomal abnormalities already early in development both in radial glia, which are the neuronal and glial progenitors, and in microglia. Additionally, at 5 days postfertilization, hexb-/- zebrafish showed reduced locomotor activity. Although specific oligosaccharides accumulate in the adult brain, hexb-/- ) zebrafish are viable and apparently resistant to Hexb deficiency. In all, we identified cellular consequences of loss of Hexb enzyme activity during embryonic brain development, showing early effects on glia, which possibly underlie the behavioral aberrations. Hereby, we identified clues into the contribution of non-neuronal lysosomal abnormalities in LSDs affecting the brain and provide a tool to further study what underlies the relative resistance to Hexb deficiency in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Kuil
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Anna López Martí
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ana Carreras Mascaro
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jeroen C. van den Bosch
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Paul van den Berg
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Herma C. van der Linde
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Kees Schoonderwoerd
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - George J. G. Ruijter
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Tjakko J. van Ham
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
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Ito D, Ishikawa C, Jeffery ND, Ono K, Tsuboi M, Uchida K, Yamato O, Kitagawa M. Two-Year Follow-Up Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Findings and Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis of a Dog with Sandhoff's Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:797-804. [PMID: 29478290 PMCID: PMC5867010 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A 13‐month‐old female Toy Poodle was presented for progressive ataxia and intention tremors of head movement. The diagnosis of Sandhoff's disease (GM2 gangliosidosis) was confirmed by deficient β‐N‐acetylhexosaminidase A and B activity in circulating leukocytes and identification of the homozygous mutation (HEXB: c.283delG). White matter in the cerebrum and cerebellum was hyperintense on T2‐weighted and fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance images. Over the next 2 years, the white matter lesions expanded, and bilateral lesions appeared in the cerebellum and thalamus, associated with clinical deterioration. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed progressive decrease in brain N‐acetylaspartate, and glycine‐myo‐inositol and lactate‐alanine were increased in the terminal clinical stage. The concentrations of myelin basic protein and neuron specific enolase in cerebrospinal fluid were persistently increased. Imaging and spectroscopic appearance correlated with histopathological findings of severe myelin loss in cerebral and cerebellar white matter and destruction of the majority of cerebral and cerebellar neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ito
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - C Ishikawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - N D Jeffery
- Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TX
| | - K Ono
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - M Tsuboi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - O Yamato
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - M Kitagawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
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13
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Wang P, Henthorn PS, Galban E, Lin G, Takedai T, Casal M. Canine GM2-Gangliosidosis Sandhoff Disease Associated with a 3-Base Pair Deletion in the HEXB Gene. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:340-347. [PMID: 29106755 PMCID: PMC5787214 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GM2-gangliosidosis is a fatal neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by deficiency of either β-hexosaminidase A (Hex-A) and β-hexosaminidase B (Hex-B) together, or the GM2 activator protein. Clinical signs can be variable and are not pathognomonic for the specific, causal deficiency. OBJECTIVES To characterize the phenotype and genotype of GM2-gangliosidosis disease in an affected dog. ANIMALS One affected Shiba Inu and a clinically healthy dog. METHODS Clinical and neurologic evaluation, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), assays of lysosomal enzyme activities, and sequencing of all coding regions of HEXA, HEXB, and GM2A genes. RESULTS A 14-month-old, female Shiba Inu presented with clinical signs resembling GM2-gangliosidosis in humans and GM1-gangliosidosis in the Shiba Inu. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the dog's brain indicated neurodegenerative disease, and evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) identified storage granules in leukocytes. Lysosomal enzyme assays of plasma and leukocytes showed deficiencies of Hex-A and Hex-B activities in both tissues. Genetic analysis identified a homozygous, 3-base pair deletion in the HEXB gene (c.618-620delCCT). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Clinical, biochemical, and molecular features are characterized in a Shiba Inu with GM2-gangliosidosis. The deletion of 3 adjacent base pairs in HEXB predicts the loss of a leucine residue at amino acid position 207 (p.Leu207del) supporting the hypothesis that GM2-gangliosidosis seen in this dog is the Sandhoff type. Because GM1-gangliosidosis also exists in this breed with almost identical clinical signs, genetic testing for both GM1- and GM2-gangliosidosis should be considered to make a definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wang
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - P S Henthorn
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - E Galban
- Section of Neurology & Neurosurgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - G Lin
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - T Takedai
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M Casal
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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14
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Jaffey JA, Harmon MR, Villani NA, Creighton EK, Johnson GS, Giger U, Dodam JR. Long-term Treatment with Methylene Blue in a Dog with Hereditary Methemoglobinemia Caused by Cytochrome b5 Reductase Deficiency. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1860-1865. [PMID: 28963729 PMCID: PMC5697180 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A juvenile male mixed breed dog was presented for lethargy, exercise intolerance, and aggression when touched on the head. Cyanosis, tachycardia, and tachypnea were observed and persisted during oxygen supplementation. Arterial blood gas analysis by co‐oximetry identified an increased methemoglobin concentration (27%; normal, <2%) with normal arterial oxygen tension. The methemoglobinemia and associated clinical signs resolved after administration of methylene blue (1 mg/kg) IV, and the dog was discharged. The affected dog's whole‐genome sequence contained 2 potentially causal heterozygous CYB5R3 missense mutations suggesting that cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency was responsible for the methemoglobinemia. This hypothesis was confirmed by enzyme analysis that identified cytochrome b5 reductase activity in the affected dog's erythrocytes to only approximately 6% of that in a control sample. Clinical signs recurred 11 days after discharge but normalized and the methemoglobin concentration decreased with methylene blue administration PO (1.5 mg/kg, initially daily and then every other day).
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Jaffey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - M R Harmon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - N A Villani
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - E K Creighton
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - G S Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - U Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - J R Dodam
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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15
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Katz ML, Rustad E, Robinson GO, Whiting REH, Student JT, Coates JR, Narfstrom K. Canine neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses: Promising models for preclinical testing of therapeutic interventions. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 108:277-287. [PMID: 28860089 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are devastating inherited progressive neurodegenerative diseases, with most forms having a childhood onset of clinical signs. The NCLs are characterized by progressive cognitive and motor decline, vision loss, seizures, respiratory and swallowing impairment, and ultimately premature death. Different forms of NCL result from mutations in at least 13 genes. The clinical signs of some forms overlap significantly, so genetic testing is the only way to definitively determine which form an individual patient suffers from. At present, an effective treatment is available for only one form of NCL. Evidence of NCL has been documented in over 20 canine breeds and in mixed-breed dogs. To date, 12 mutations in 8 different genes orthologous to the human NCL genes have been found to underlie NCL in a variety of dog breeds. A Dachshund model with a null mutation in one of these genes is being utilized to investigate potential therapeutic interventions, including enzyme replacement and gene therapies. Demonstration of the efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy in this model led to successful completion of human clinical trials of this treatment. Further research into the other canine NCLs, with in-depth characterization and understanding of the disease processes, will likely lead to the development of successful therapeutic interventions for additional forms of NCL, for both human patients and animals with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Katz
- Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
| | - Eline Rustad
- Blue Star Animal Hospital, Göteborg 417 07, Sweden
| | - Grace O Robinson
- Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Rebecca E H Whiting
- Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Student
- Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Joan R Coates
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kristina Narfstrom
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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