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Ireland JL, Lester A, Banse HE. Factors affecting measurement of basal adrenocorticotropic hormone in adult domestic equids: A scoping review. Vet J 2024; 304:106071. [PMID: 38341024 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Measurement of basal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentration is the most commonly used diagnostic test for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). Although several pre-analytical and analytical factors have been reported to affect basal ACTH concentrations in equids, the extent to which these have been evaluated in the context of PPID diagnosis is unclear. The objectives of this scoping review were to identify and systematically chart current evidence about pre-analytical and analytical factors affecting basal ACTH concentrations in adult domestic equids. Systematic searches of electronic databases and conference proceedings were undertaken in June 2022, repeated in October 2022 and updated in August 2023. English language publications published prior to these dates were included. Screening and data extraction were undertaken individually by the authors, using predefined criteria and a modified scoping review data extraction template. After removal of duplicates, 903 publications were identified, of which 235 abstracts were screened for eligibility and 134 publications met inclusion criteria. Time of year, exercise, breed/type and transportation were the factors most frequently associated with significant increases in ACTH concentration (n = 26, 16, 13 and 10 publications, respectively). Only 25 publications reported inclusion of PPID cases in the study population, therefore the relationship between many factors affecting basal ACTH concentration and diagnostic accuracy for PPID remains undefined. However, several factors were identified that could impact interpretation of basal ACTH results. Findings also highlight the need for detailed reporting of pre-analytical and analytical conditions in future research to facilitate translation of evidence to practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ireland
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst CH64 7TE, Cheshire, UK.
| | - A Lester
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst CH64 7TE, Cheshire, UK
| | - H E Banse
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Hovda LR. Therapeutic Medications and Illicit Medications and Supplements. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:151-160. [PMID: 37951813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides information on the toxicity of some therapeutic drugs, illicit drugs, and supplements. Medications in the therapeutic section are grouped into antibiotics, antipsychotic agents, bronchodilators, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and sedatives/tranquilizers. The section on illicit drugs and supplements provides information on more specific medications including commonly used or abused human medications and a few that are available only from Internet compounding pharmacies. Many drugs and supplements can be either therapeutic or illicit depending on the dosage and ultimate use of the horse. Some medications, however, are illicit no matter when and how they are administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Rolland Hovda
- Safetycall International and Pet Poison Helpline, 3600 American Boulevard West, Suite 725, Bloomington, MN 55431, USA; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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Gerardo C, Bettschart‐Wolfensberger R. Pre‐operative management of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia in a stallion scheduled for castration. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Citarella Gerardo
- Section of Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Regula Bettschart‐Wolfensberger
- Section of Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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Vladov I, Petrova E, Pavlova E, Tinkov AA, Ajsuvakova OP, Skalny AV, Gluhcheva Y. Alterations in Blood Metabolic Parameters of Immature Mice After Subchronic Exposure to Cobalt Chloride. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:588-593. [PMID: 32405686 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The wide use of cobalt (Co) in food, industry, and medical devices requires full elucidation of its biological effects on tissues and organs. The aim was to assess serum metabolic alterations in immature mice after subchronic exposure to CoCl2. Pregnant ICR mice were subjected to a daily dose of 75 mg cobalt chloride/kg body weight (CoCl2x6H2O) 2-3 days before they gave birth, and treatment continued until days 25 and 30 after delivery. The compound was dissolved in and obtained with regular tap water. ICP-DRC-MS analysis showed significantly elevated serum Co2+ and diverse alterations in metabolic parameters of 25- and 30-day-old pups after exposure to CoCl2. Cholesterol and urea levels were significantly elevated in day 25 mice while HDL-C and LDL-C were reduced. In day 30, Co-exposed mice LDL-C and triglycerides were significantly increased while the total cholesterol level remained unchanged. Alkaline phosphatase was significantly reduced in day 25 Co-exposed mice. Blood glucose level of Co-exposed mice remained close to the untreated controls. Total protein content was slightly increased in day 30 mice. Co-exposure reduced albumin content and albumin/globulin ratio but increased significantly globulin content. Co administration showed strong correlation with cholesterol, urea, and HDL-C in both day 25 and 30 mice. Inverse correlation was found with alkaline phosphatase and albumin for day 25 and with triglycerides, globulin, and total protein content in day 30 Co-exposed mice. Subchronic CoCl2 exposure of immature mice induced significant changes in key metabolic parameters suggesting possible further disturbances in energy metabolism, osteogenesis, and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivelin Vladov
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev, Str., Bl. 25, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Emilia Petrova
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev, Str., Bl. 25, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ekaterina Pavlova
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev, Str., Bl. 25, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Yaroslavl State University, Sovetskaya Str., 14, Yaroslavl, 150000, Russia
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119146, Russia
| | - Olga P Ajsuvakova
- Yaroslavl State University, Sovetskaya Str., 14, Yaroslavl, 150000, Russia
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Yaroslavl State University, Sovetskaya Str., 14, Yaroslavl, 150000, Russia
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119146, Russia
| | - Yordanka Gluhcheva
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev, Str., Bl. 25, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Kinsella HM, Hostnik LD, Rings LM, Swink JM, Burns TA, Toribio RE. Glucagon, insulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol in response to carbohydrates and fasting in healthy neonatal foals. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:550-559. [PMID: 33415818 PMCID: PMC7848351 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The endocrine pancreas and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis (HPAA) are central to energy homeostasis, but information on their dynamics in response to energy challenges in healthy newborn foals is lacking. Objectives To evaluate glucagon, insulin, ACTH, and cortisol response to fasting and carbohydrate administration in healthy foals. Animals Twenty‐two healthy Standardbred foals ≤4 days of age. Methods Foals were assigned to fasted (n = 6), IV glucose (IVGT; n = 5), PO glucose (OGT; n = 5), and PO lactose (OLT; n = 6) test groups. Blood samples were collected frequently for 210 minutes. Nursing was allowed from 180 to 210 minutes. Plasma glucagon, ACTH, serum insulin, and cortisol concentrations were measured using immunoassays. Results Plasma glucagon concentration decreased relative to baseline at 45, 90, and 180 minutes during the OLT (P = .03), but no differences occurred in other test groups. Nursing stimulated marked increases in plasma glucagon, serum insulin, and glucose concentrations in all test groups (P < .001). Plasma ACTH concentration increased relative to baseline at 180 minutes (P < .05) during fasting and OLT, but no differences occurred in other test groups. Serum cortisol concentration increased relative to baseline during OLT at 180 minutes (P = .04), but no differences occurred in other test groups. Nursing resulted in decreased plasma ACTH and serum cortisol concentrations in all test groups (P < .01). Conclusions and Clinical Importance The endocrine response to enterally and parenterally administered carbohydrates, including the major endocrine response to nursing, suggests that factors in milk other than carbohydrates are strong stimulators (directly or indirectly) of the endocrine pancreas and HPAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Kinsella
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Laura D Hostnik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Lindsey M Rings
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Jacob M Swink
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Teresa A Burns
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Ramiro E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine
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Navas de Solis C. Ventricular arrhythmias in horses: Diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Vet J 2020; 261:105476. [PMID: 32741491 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) are often incidental or coincidental with systemic disease. Ventricular arrhythmias are also the most likely cause of many sudden cardiac deaths in horses. This dichotomy creates challenges in the management of horses with VAs. This review presents current knowledge of diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of VAs in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristobal Navas de Solis
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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Wenzel RG, Major D, Hesp KF, Hall E, Doble P. Cobalt accumulation in horses following repeated administration of cobalt chloride. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:465-472. [PMID: 31418855 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To monitor cobalt concentrations in urine, red blood cells and plasma after chronic parenteral administration of cobalt chloride evaluate these results against the current International Federation of Horseracing Authorities thresholds for detecting cobalt misuse. DESIGN Eight mares were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, with two mares in each group: Group 1 - control group, Group 2 - 25 milligrams cobalt intravenously as CoCl2 weekly, Group 3 - 50 milligrams cobalt intravenously as CoCl2 weekly, and Group 4 - 25 milligrams cobalt intravenously mid-week and at the end of the week. Urine and blood samples were collected before each weekly administration so that trough levels were assessed. In the group receiving two doses per week, urine and blood were collected prior to the dose given at the end of each week. Samples were initially collected at time zero then weekly for 10 weeks. Three further collections of urine and blood were made at days 81, 106 and 127. METHODS Urine creatinine measurements to assess horse hydration status were performed by the Jaffe reaction method. Cobalt determinations in plasma, blood and urine were by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Haematocrit concentrations, used to calculate red cell cobalt levels, were performed using a microhematocrit centrifuge. Statistical analyses were conducted in Genstat (v17, VSNi). RESULTS Marked cobalt accumulation was evident with increasing cobalt concentrations for all sample matrices in specimens collected immediately prior to cobalt administration. Correlation between the sample matrices improved when urine cobalt concentration was adjusted for creatinine level. Red cell cobalt levels remained elevated for at least 12 weeks after cessation of administration, consistent with the lifespan of the red cell. There was no significant change in haematocrit concentrations for the duration of the study. CONCLUSION The current urine cobalt threshold was only effective at detecting acute cobalt exposure while the plasma cobalt threshold was able to consistently identify chronic high-level cobalt exposure and potential cobalt misuse. The threshold values legislated for urine cobalt do not correlate with those set for plasma. The acute nature of urinary cobalt excretion provides a relatively small window through which cobalt administration is detected. Plasma and red cell cobalt concentrations can provide a clearer picture of potential cobalt misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Wenzel
- NSW Health Pathology, Trace Elements Laboratory, Royal North Shore Hospital, Level 5, Acute Services Building, Pacific Highway, St Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia.,Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, 2001, Australia
| | - D Major
- Derek Major Consulting Pty Ltd, Richmond, New South Wales, 2753, Australia
| | - K F Hesp
- NSW Health Pathology, Trace Elements Laboratory, Royal North Shore Hospital, Level 5, Acute Services Building, Pacific Highway, St Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia
| | - E Hall
- Veterinary Biostatistics, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
| | - P Doble
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, 2001, Australia
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Skalny AV, Zaitseva IP, Gluhcheva YG, Skalny AA, Achkasov EE, Skalnaya MG, Tinkov AA. Cobalt in athletes: hypoxia and doping - new crossroads. J Appl Biomed 2019; 17:28. [DOI: 10.32725/jab.2018.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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