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Hawes C, Kathrani A. In-hospital mortality in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy and associated risk factors. J Vet Intern Med 2024. [PMID: 38819636 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk factors associated with negative outcomes in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) are well documented. However, mortality before hospital discharge and associated risk factors are not well described. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Report the percentage of dogs with PLE that do not survive to hospital discharge and identify associated risk factors. ANIMALS One-hundred and seven dogs presented to a referral hospital and diagnosed with PLE caused by inflammatory enteritis, intestinal lymphangiectasia or both. METHODS Retrospective cross-sectional study assessing hospital records. Data on in-hospital mortality and cause were assessed, and presenting signs, treatments prescribed, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, serum albumin, globulin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations, and histopathologic findings were compared between survivors and non-survivors. RESULTS In-hospital mortality was 21.5% with the most common causes including financial limitations, failure to improve and aspiration pneumonia. Factors associated with mortality during hospitalization included longer duration of hospitalization (P = .04), longer duration of clinical signs (P = .02) and an increase in serum CRP concentration after 1-3 days of in-hospital treatment (P = .02). Higher mortality was identified in Pugs (odds ratio [OR], 4.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41-17.2; P = .01) and was a result of presumptive aspiration pneumonia in 5/6 of these dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Protein-losing enteropathy in dogs has substantial mortality during hospitalization. Monitoring for improvement in CRP concentration after treatment during hospitalization may help predict survival to discharge. Pugs have increased in-hospital mortality because of aspiration pneumonia; measures to prevent, recognize, and promptly treat this complication may improve outcomes in this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Hawes
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Aarti Kathrani
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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2
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Agulla B, Villaescusa A, Sainz Á, Díaz‐Regañón D, Rodríguez‐Franco F, Calleja‐Bueno L, Olmeda P, García‐Sancho M. Peripheral and intestinal T lymphocyte subsets in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1437-1448. [PMID: 38472110 PMCID: PMC11099799 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulated T lymphocyte response is thought to play a key role in chronic intestinal inflammation (CIE). OBJECTIVES To evaluate the presence of changes in peripheral and intestinal T lymphocyte subsets and to describe potential immune and inflammatory biomarkers in dogs with CIE. ANIMALS Sixteen healthy dogs and 26 dogs were diagnosed with CIE. METHODS Prospective case-control study evaluating peripheral and intestinal T lymphocytes using flow cytometry and inflammatory markers obtained from complete blood cell counts. RESULTS Dogs with CIE had higher peripheral activated T helper (Th) lymphocytes (87/μL [18-273] CIE, 44/μL [16-162] healthy control (HC, P = .013) and regulatory T cells (Treg; 108/μL [2-257] CIE, 34/μL [1-114] HC, P = .004). In the intestinal epithelium, CIE dogs presented lower percentages of Th (4.55% [1.75-18.67] CIE, 8.77% [3.79-25.03] HC, P = .002), activated Th cells (0.16% [0.02-0.83] CIE, 0.33% [0.05-0.57] HC, P = .03) and CD4/CD8 ratio (0.08 [0.02-0.39] CIE, 0.21 [0.07-0.85] HC, P = .003). Conversely, higher percentage of activated T cytotoxic cells (20.24% [3.12-77.12] CIE, 12.32% [1.21-39.22] HC, P = .04) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) producing T lymphocytes (7.36% [0.63-55.83] CIE, 1.44% [0.00-10.56] HC, P = .01) within the epithelium was observed. In the lamina propria the percentage of Treg lymphocytes was higher (6.02% [1.00-21.48] CIE, 3.52% [0.18-10.52] HC, P = .02). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Systemic and intestinal immune alterations occur in dogs with CIE suggesting that blood IFN-γ producing T lymphocytes and the systemic immune-inflamation index (SII) could potentially serve as biomarkers for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Agulla
- Department Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de VeterinàriaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Alejandra Villaescusa
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Ángel Sainz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - David Díaz‐Regañón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez‐Franco
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Lydia Calleja‐Bueno
- Facultad de VeterinariaUniversidad Alfonso X El Sabio (UAX), Avenida de la Universidad 1MadridSpain
| | - Patricia Olmeda
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Mercedes García‐Sancho
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
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Jablonski SA, Mazepa ASW, Tolbert MK. Use of octreotide for the treatment of protein-losing enteropathy in dogs: Retrospective study of 18 cases. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:145-151. [PMID: 38038236 PMCID: PMC10800202 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 50% of dogs with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) fail to respond to standard therapies. Octreotide, a somatostatin analogue, is used in cases of intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL) in humans with some success. OBJECTIVES Describe the use of octreotide in dogs with PLE including reason for and details of prescription, adverse effects, and apparent response. ANIMALS Eighteen dogs with PLE, 13 with histopathology available. Ninety-two percent (12/13) had IL diagnosed on biopsy. All 13 dogs had intestinal inflammatory infiltrates noted. METHODS Multicenter, retrospective, descriptive study. Cases were volunteered for inclusion by individual attending veterinarians who reported the use of octreotide in cases of PLE. RESULTS In 16/18 (89%) cases octreotide was prescribed to PLE dogs with a clinical suspicion or confirmed diagnosis of IL that were refractory to standard therapies. Median serum albumin at the time of octreotide prescription was 1.7 g/dL (range, 1.0-3.1 g/dL). The median dose of octreotide prescribed was 20 μg/kg, SQ, daily with a range of 4-39 μg/kg, SQ, daily. Adverse effects were noted in 3/18 (17%, 95% CI [4%, 41%]) of dogs; discontinuation of the drug was necessary in 1 dog. Improvement in clinical signs was noted in 6/12 (50%, 95% CI [21%, 79%]). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Octreotide was most commonly prescribed to dogs with PLE and suspected or confirmed IL that had failed to respond to standard therapies. Though a benefit to PLE dogs cannot be confirmed, octreotide was well tolerated by the majority of dogs at the doses prescribed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Jablonski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | | | - M. Katherine Tolbert
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
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Maden M, Gülersoy E. Serum/Faecal S100A12, CRP and lactoferrin can be used to distinguish ınfectious and non-ınfectious canine diarrhoea. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2485-2496. [PMID: 37688789 PMCID: PMC10650241 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacies of selected inflammatory and intestinal biomarkers in cases of infectious and non-infectious diarrhoea in dogs. METHODS A total of 60 dogs, 12 healthy (Control Group) and 48 with diarrhoea were used. Viral, Bacterial, Parasitic (infectious) and Nutritional diarrhoea (non-infectious) subgroups (n: 12) were formed according to the aetiology, on the basis of clinical and laboratory examinations. Selected inflammatory and intestinal biomarkers (Calgranulin, S100A12; Lactoferrin, LCTF; C-reactive protein, CRP) were measured both in serum and faecal samples. RESULTS Compared to the Control and Nutritional Diarrhoea groups, the infectious diarrhoea groups had higher serum S100A12, LCTF, CRP, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine (CR), alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase, and lower glucose (GLU), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentrations (p < 0.05); Viral and Parasitic Diarrhoea groups had lower serum albumin (ALB) and total protein (TP) concentrations (p < 0.05). Faecal S100A12, LCTF and CRP concentrations were higher in infectious diarrhoea groups compared to the Control and Nutritional Diarrhoea groups (p < 0.05). Faecal LCTF and CRP concentrations were higher in the Bacterial Diarrhoea group than in the Viral and Parasitic Diarrhoea groups (p < 0.05). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE It was determined that serum (area under curve, AUC: 0.842 and 0.956) and faecal (AUC: 0.975 and 0.786) S100A12 and CRP concentrations in viral diarrhoea; serum (AUC: 0.956) and faecal (AUC: 0.992) LCTF concentrations in bacterial diarrhoea have diagnostic values in the diagnosis of the presence of intestinal inflammation and damage and can be used in the differential diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Maden
- Department of Internal MedicineVeterinary FacultySelcuk UniversityKonyaTurkey
| | - Erdem Gülersoy
- Department of Internal MedicineVeterinary FacultyHarran UniversityŞanlıurfaTurkey
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Wootton FE, Hoey CSFK, Woods G, Schmitz SS, Reeve J, Larsen J, Kathrani A. An undernutrition screening score for dogs with protein-losing enteropathy: A prospective multicenter study. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1821-1829. [PMID: 37480212 PMCID: PMC10472980 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of undernutrition in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) caused by inflammatory enteritis, intestinal lymphangiectasia, or both and which variables are most predictive of outcome are unknown. OBJECTIVES Develop an undernutrition screening score (USS) for use at the time of diagnosis of PLE in dogs, which is predictive of outcome. ANIMALS Fifty-seven dogs with PLE prospectively recruited from 3 referral hospitals in the United Kingdom. METHODS An USS based on the presence and severity of 5 variables: appetite, weight loss, and body, muscle, and coat condition and scored out of 15, with higher scores reflecting worse undernutrition, was calculated at the time of diagnosis. Follow-up information was obtained for at least 6 months. RESULTS Dogs that failed to achieve clinical remission within 6 months had higher USS at diagnosis compared with dogs that achieved remission (median, 7.5; range, 2-14 and median, 5; range, 0-14, respectively). The USS at diagnosis gave an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.656 for predicting nonclinical remission within 6 months, whereas a score consisting of just epaxial muscle loss and coat condition resulted in a larger AUC of 0.728. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Of the 5 variables assessed in the USS, a combination of epaxial muscle loss and coat condition was most predictive of not achieving clinical remission within 6 months in dogs with PLE. Additional studies will help determine the effect of changes in USS and the 5 associated variables after diagnosis on outcome variables in these dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence E. Wootton
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
| | | | - Glynn Woods
- University of Edinburgh, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Hospital for Small AnimalsEaster BushUK
| | - Silke Salavati Schmitz
- University of Edinburgh, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Hospital for Small AnimalsEaster BushUK
| | - Jenny Reeve
- Bristol Veterinary SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Jennifer Larsen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Aarti Kathrani
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
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Pieper CC. Back to the Future II-A Comprehensive Update on the Rapidly Evolving Field of Lymphatic Imaging and Interventions. Invest Radiol 2023; 58:610-640. [PMID: 37058335 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lymphatic imaging and interventional therapies of disorders affecting the lymphatic vascular system have evolved rapidly in recent years. Although x-ray lymphangiography had been all but replaced by the advent of cross-sectional imaging and the scientific focus shifted to lymph node imaging (eg, for detection of metastatic disease), interest in lymph vessel imaging was rekindled by the introduction of lymphatic interventional treatments in the late 1990s. Although x-ray lymphangiography is still the mainstay imaging technique to guide interventional procedures, several other, often less invasive, techniques have been developed more recently to evaluate the lymphatic vascular system and associated pathologies. Especially the introduction of magnetic resonance, and even more recently computed tomography, lymphangiography with water-soluble iodinated contrast agent has furthered our understanding of complex pathophysiological backgrounds of lymphatic diseases. This has led to an improvement of treatment approaches, especially of nontraumatic disorders caused by lymphatic flow abnormalities including plastic bronchitis, protein-losing enteropathy, and nontraumatic chylolymphatic leakages. The therapeutic armamentarium has also constantly grown and diversified in recent years with the introduction of more complex catheter-based and interstitial embolization techniques, lymph vessel stenting, lymphovenous anastomoses, as well as (targeted) medical treatment options. The aim of this article is to review the relevant spectrum of lymphatic disorders with currently available radiological imaging and interventional techniques, as well as the application of these methods in specific, individual clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus C Pieper
- From the Division for Minimally Invasive Lymphatic Therapy, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn; and Center for Rare Congenital Lymphatic Diseases, Center of Rare Diseases Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Yu J, Boland L, Catt M, Puk L, Wong N, Krockenberger M, Bennett P, Ruaux C, Wasinger VC. Serum proteome profiles in cats with chronic enteropathies. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1358-1367. [PMID: 37279179 PMCID: PMC10365053 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum protein biomarkers are used to diagnose, monitor treatment response, and to differentiate various forms of chronic enteropathies (CE) in humans. The utility of liquid biopsy proteomic approaches has not been examined in cats. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To explore the serum proteome in cats to identify markers differentiating healthy cats from cats with CE. ANIMALS Ten cats with CE with signs of gastrointestinal disease of at least 3 weeks duration, and biopsy-confirmed diagnoses, with or without treatment and 19 healthy cats were included. METHODS Cross-sectional, multicenter, exploratory study with cases recruited from 3 veterinary hospitals between May 2019 and November 2020. Serum samples were analyzed and evaluated using mass spectrometry-based proteomic techniques. RESULTS Twenty-six proteins were significantly (P < .02, ≥5-fold change in abundance) differentially expressed between cats with CE and controls. Thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) was identified with >50-fold increase in abundance in cats with CE (P < 0.001) compared to healthy cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Damage to the gut lining released marker proteins of chronic inflammation that were detectable in serum samples of cats. This early-stage exploratory study strongly supports THBS1 as a candidate biomarker for chronic inflammatory enteropathy in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Yu
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Lara Boland
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Melissa Catt
- Paddington Cat Hospital, Paddington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leah Puk
- Paddington Cat Hospital, Paddington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nadia Wong
- McIvor Road Veterinary Centre, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Krockenberger
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter Bennett
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Craig Ruaux
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Valerie C Wasinger
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Díaz-Regañón D, Gabriel V, Livania V, Liu D, Ahmed BH, Lincoln A, Wickham H, Ralston A, Merodio MM, Sahoo DK, Zdyrski C, Meyerholz DK, Mochel JP, Allenspach K. Changes of Enterocyte Morphology and Enterocyte: Goblet Cell Ratios in Dogs with Protein-Losing and Non-Protein-Losing Chronic Enteropathies. Vet Sci 2023; 10:417. [PMID: 37505823 PMCID: PMC10383676 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the morphometry of enterocytes as well as the goblet cell-to-enterocyte ratio in different intestinal segments of dogs with chronic enteropathies (CE). Histopathological intestinal samples from 97 dogs were included in the study (19 healthy juveniles, 21 healthy adults, 24 dogs with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), and 33 CE dogs without PLE). Healthy adult small intestinal enterocytes showed progressively reduced epithelial cell height in the aboral direction, while juvenile dogs showed progressively increased epithelial cell height in the aboral direction. CE dogs had increased epithelial cell height in the duodenum, while PLE dogs had decreased epithelial cell heights compared to healthy adult dogs. Both the CE and PLE dogs showed decreased enterocyte width in the duodenal segment, and the ileal and colonic enterocytes of CE dogs were narrower than those of healthy adult dogs. CE dogs had a lower goblet cell-to-enterocyte ratio in the colon segment compared to healthy dogs. This study provides valuable morphometric information on enterocytes during canine chronic enteropathies, highlighting significant morphological enterocyte alterations, particularly in the small intestine, as well as a reduced goblet cell-to-enterocyte ratio in the colon of CE cases compared to healthy adult dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Díaz-Regañón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vojtech Gabriel
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (V.G.); (V.L.); (D.L.); (B.H.A.); (A.L.); (H.W.); (M.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Vanessa Livania
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (V.G.); (V.L.); (D.L.); (B.H.A.); (A.L.); (H.W.); (M.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Dongjie Liu
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (V.G.); (V.L.); (D.L.); (B.H.A.); (A.L.); (H.W.); (M.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Basant H. Ahmed
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (V.G.); (V.L.); (D.L.); (B.H.A.); (A.L.); (H.W.); (M.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Addison Lincoln
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (V.G.); (V.L.); (D.L.); (B.H.A.); (A.L.); (H.W.); (M.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Hannah Wickham
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (V.G.); (V.L.); (D.L.); (B.H.A.); (A.L.); (H.W.); (M.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.P.M.)
| | | | - Maria M. Merodio
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (V.G.); (V.L.); (D.L.); (B.H.A.); (A.L.); (H.W.); (M.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Dipak K. Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Christopher Zdyrski
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (V.G.); (V.L.); (D.L.); (B.H.A.); (A.L.); (H.W.); (M.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- 3D Health Solutions Inc., Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - David K. Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (V.G.); (V.L.); (D.L.); (B.H.A.); (A.L.); (H.W.); (M.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- 3D Health Solutions Inc., Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Karin Allenspach
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (V.G.); (V.L.); (D.L.); (B.H.A.); (A.L.); (H.W.); (M.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- 3D Health Solutions Inc., Ames, IA 50010, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
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Schneider S, Hartmann K, Dörfelt R. Influence of intravenous 10% amino acids infusion on serum albumin concentration in hypoalbuminemic dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1198534. [PMID: 37342623 PMCID: PMC10277565 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1198534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effect of parenteral amino acid application in hospitalized hypoalbuminemic dogs. Materials and methods Medical records of client-owned hypoalbuminemic dogs (albumin ≤ 25 g/L) were analyzed. Dogs receiving amino acids for only 1-2 days, receiving transfusions or surgery, or <6 months of age were excluded. Dogs were grouped as those receiving intravenous amino acids (AA, 80 dogs) over 3 days and longer, and those without additional amino acid treatment (CON, 78 dogs). Duration of hospitalization, albumin, and total protein concentrations were compared between groups by Mann-Whitney U test. Course of albumin and total protein concentration was evaluated by Friedman test and Dunn's multiple comparison test. Significance was set to p ≤ 0.05. Results Dogs in group AA received 10% amino acid solution intravenously over median 4 days (3-11 days). No significant differences regarding survival and adverse effects were observed between groups. Dogs of group AA had significantly longer duration of hospitalization (median 8 days; 3-33 days) compared to group CON dogs (median 6 days, 3-24 days; p < 0.001). Initial albumin concentration was lower in group AA compared to CON (p < 0.001). This difference was no longer present on day 2 (p = 0.134). Conclusions and clinical relevance Intravenous application of 10% amino acid solution in hypoalbuminemic dogs can improve albumin concentration after 2 days, but does not influence outcome.
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Doulidis PG, Galler AI, Hausmann B, Berry D, Rodríguez-Rojas A, Burgener IA. Gut microbiome signatures of Yorkshire Terrier enteropathy during disease and remission. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4337. [PMID: 36927871 PMCID: PMC10018597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31024-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the gut microbiome in developing Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in humans and dogs has received attention in recent years. Evidence suggests that IBD is associated with alterations in gut microbial composition, but further research is needed in veterinary medicine. The impact of IBD treatment on the gut microbiome needs to be better understood, especially in a breed-specific form of IBD in Yorkshire Terriers known as Yorkshire Terrier Enteropathy (YTE). This study aimed to investigate the difference in gut microbiome composition between YTE dogs during disease and remission and healthy Yorkshire Terriers. Our results showed a significant increase in specific taxa such as Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Escherichia-Shigella, and Streptococcus, and a decrease in Bacteroides, Prevotella, Alloprevotella, and Phascolarctobacterium in YTE dogs compared to healthy controls. No significant difference was found between the microbiome of dogs in remission and those with active disease, suggesting that the gut microbiome is affected beyond clinical recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos G Doulidis
- Department for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Clinic for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra I Galler
- Department for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Clinic for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bela Hausmann
- Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Berry
- Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandro Rodríguez-Rojas
- Department for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Clinic for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan A Burgener
- Department for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Clinic for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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Ullal TV, Marks SL, Huebner SN, Taylor SL, Shelley CD. Association of folate concentrations with clinical signs and laboratory markers of chronic enteropathy in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:455-464. [PMID: 36919188 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum folate is considered a biomarker of chronic enteropathy (CE) in dogs, but few studies have examined associations with markers of CE. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate serum folate concentrations in dogs with and without CE and associations with sample hemolysis and selected markers of CE. We hypothesized that hypofolatemia would be more common in dogs with CE and associated with hypocobalaminemia, higher CIBDAI, and hypoalbuminemia. ANIMALS Six hundred seventy-three dogs with available serum folate measurements performed at an academic veterinary hospital between January 2016 and December 2019. METHODS Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to categorize cases as CE or non-CE and record clinical details and laboratory markers. Relationships between serum folate, cobalamin, and CE variables were assessed using chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, or Spearman's correlation tests. RESULTS Of the 673 dogs, 99 CE were compared to 95 non-CE. In the overall cohort, serum folate concentration did not correlate with sample hemolysis (P = .75). In the CE subset, serum folate and cobalamin concentrations were positively associated (rho = 0.34, FDR = 0.02). However, serum folate concentrations (median [25th, 75th percentiles]) were higher (CE: 12.1 (8.9, 16.1), non-CE: 10.4 (7.2, 15.5); P = .04) and cobalamin concentrations were lower (CE: 343 (240, 597), non-CE: 550 (329, 749); P = .001) in the CE vs non-CE group. Serum folate was not associated with markers of CE, but serum cobalamin was associated with albumin (P = .04) and cholesterol (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Hypofolatemia is an inferior biomarker of CE compared to hypocobalaminemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarini V Ullal
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stanley L Marks
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sara N Huebner
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sandra L Taylor
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Courtney D Shelley
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, California, USA
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Cagnasso F, Borrelli A, Bottero E, Benvenuti E, Ferriani R, Marchetti V, Ruggiero P, Bruno B, Maurella C, Gianella P. Comparative Evaluation of Peripheral Blood Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio, Serum Albumin to Globulin Ratio and Serum C-Reactive Protein to Albumin Ratio in Dogs with Inflammatory Protein-Losing Enteropathy and Healthy Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030484. [PMID: 36766371 PMCID: PMC9913579 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Few routinely available biomarkers are clinically useful in assessing dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy caused by immunosuppressive-responsive enteropathy (IRE-PLE). Only the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been studied, while no information exists on the use of the albumin to globulin ratio (AGR) and C-reactive protein to albumin ratio (CRP/ALB). We aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of the NLR, AGR and CRP/ALB in a population of dogs with IRE-PLE. The medical records of 53 IRE-PLE dogs were reviewed at the time of diagnosis (T0) and 1 month after the initiation of immunosuppressants (T1). A control group of 68 healthy dogs was used for comparison. At T0, the median values of the NLR and AGR of sick dogs were significantly higher and lower than those of healthy dogs, respectively. With the increase in the chronic enteropathy activity index, AGR and CRP/ALB significantly decreased and increased, respectively. At T1, NLR and AGR significantly increased, while CRP/ALB significantly decreased. NLR, AGR and CRP/ALB did not differ significantly between dogs classified as responders and nonresponders according to the chronic enteropathy activity index. Further studies are needed to provide more information on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cagnasso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Antonio Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Veronica Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56121 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Bruno
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Cristiana Maurella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna, 220, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Gianella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Li J, Turner DC, Li F, Chen X, Liao MZ, Li C. Pharmacokinetics of biologics in gastric cancer. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:564-574. [PMID: 36631818 PMCID: PMC10087068 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide despite improvements in therapeutic options. Several biologics have been investigated in patients with GC, including those approved in other solid tumors; however, the success rate of the pivotal trials that investigated these biologic molecules in GC remains low. Elevation in total clearance and a decrease in systemic pharmacokinetic (PK) exposure in GC compared with other indications have been observed in these biologics across different pathways. Achieving optimal exposure for patients with GC is an important factor in balancing risk and optimizing therapeutic benefit and thus maximizing chance of positive outcomes for pivotal trials. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the PK disposition of several molecules (e.g., anti-HER2, anti-VEGF, and anti-PD1) evaluated in GC and showed a consistent trend of lower drug exposure as compared to other solid tumors. We hypothesize that two possible mechanisms: (1) hyper-catabolism of endogenous and exogenous proteins due to cancer cachexia; and (2) gastric protein leakage due to local inflammation at the gastrointestinal tract may explain or partially explain the increase of clearance in patients with GC. Last, the potential implications of such findings on dose selection to optimize the benefit: risk profile for biologics in GC are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Li
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Feifei Li
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- GSK, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Chunze Li
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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14
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Jones C, Jablonski SA, Petroff BK, Langlois DK. Relationship between serum magnesium, calcium, and parathyroid concentrations in dogs with abnormally low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and chronic or protein-losing enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 37:101-109. [PMID: 36426911 PMCID: PMC9889688 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between the development of SHPT and ionized magnesium (iMg) concentrations in blood of dogs with chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disease and abnormally low 25(OH)D is undefined. OBJECTIVES Evaluate relationships between ionized magnesium (iMg), PTH, ionized calcium (iCa), and 25(OH)D in dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE) with or without protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) and abnormal 25(OH)D. Determine whether dogs with CE or PLE, decreased 25(OH)D and SHPT have differences in iMg, iCa, or 25(OH)D when compared to dogs that do not have SHPT. ANIMALS Fifty dogs with CE +/- PLE and abnormally low serum 25(OH)D. METHODS Retrospective search of submissions database at a veterinary diagnostic laboratory for vitamin D profiles submitted in years 2017 to 2020. Cases were excluded if supplemented with Ca, Mg, or vitamin D. Spearman correlation was performed to evaluate relationships between iMg, PTH, 25(OH)D, and iCa. Ionized Mg, iCa, and 25(OH)D concentrations were compared between dogs with SHPT and those with normal PTH concentrations. RESULTS Concentrations of iMg were weakly negatively correlated with PTH (rho, -.31; P = .03), and weakly positively correlated with serum 25(OH)D (rho, .34, P = .02) and iCa (rho, .42, P = .003). Ionized magnesium concentrations were lower in dogs with abnormally low 25(OH)D and SHPT compared to dogs with abnormally low 25(OH)D and normal parathyroid hormone concentrations (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Hypomagnesemia might contribute to alterations in iCa and parathyroid hormone in dogs with CE +/- PLE and abnormally low 25(OH)D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Sara A. Jablonski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Brian K. Petroff
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Daniel K. Langlois
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
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15
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Jablonski SA. Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Canine Intestinal Lymphangiectasia: A Comparative Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202791. [PMID: 36290177 PMCID: PMC9597800 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal lymphangiectasia was first described in the dog over 50 years ago. Despite this, canine IL remains poorly understood and challenging to manage. Intestinal lymphangiectasia is characterized by variable intestinal lymphatic dilation, lymphatic obstruction, and/or lymphangitis, and is a common cause of protein-losing enteropathy in the dog. Breed predispositions are suggestive of a genetic cause, but IL can also occur as a secondary process. Similarly, both primary and secondary IL have been described in humans. Intestinal lymphangiectasia is definitively diagnosed via intestinal histopathology, but other diagnostic results can be suggestive of IL. Advanced imaging techniques are frequently utilized to aid in the diagnosis of IL in humans but have not been thoroughly investigated in the dog. Management strategies differ between humans and dogs. Dietary modification is the mainstay of therapy in humans with additional pharmacological therapies occasionally employed, and immunosuppressives are rarely used due to the lack of a recognized immune pathogenesis. In contrast, corticosteroid and immunosuppressive therapies are more commonly utilized in canine IL. This review aims toward a better understanding of canine IL with an emphasis on recent discoveries, comparative aspects, and necessary future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Jablonski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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16
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Green J, Kathrani A. Incidence of relapse of inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy in dogs and associated risk factors. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1981-1988. [PMID: 36207819 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy (iPLE) that attain remission may be at risk of subsequent relapse. OBJECTIVES To determine the incidence of relapse of iPLE in dogs that have previously attained complete clinical and biochemical remission and identify associated risk factors. ANIMALS Seventy-five client-owned dogs diagnosed with iPLE. METHODS Medical records of dogs diagnosed with iPLE based on histopathology of intestinal biopsy specimens between March 2010 and March 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Variables were recorded from the time of investigation at histopathologic diagnosis and subsequent follow-up information was obtained from the records of referring veterinarians. RESULTS Twenty-three dogs (31%) achieved sustained remission without documentation of relapse for at least 2 years. Nineteen dogs (25%) achieved remission, but then subsequently relapsed within 2 years of histopathologic diagnosis, and 33 dogs (44%) never achieved remission with disease-associated death occurring a median of 19 (range, 3-114) days after histopathologic diagnosis. Dogs that achieved remission and subsequently relapsed had significantly higher poor dietary compliance, as defined by frequent scavenging or changing from the recommended diet compared to dogs with sustained remission (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory PLE is associated with a high rate of relapse in dogs. Ensuring owners adhere to dietary recommendations might help prevent subsequent relapse in dogs with iPLE that attain initial remission.
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17
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Zurcher KS, Huynh KN, Khurana A, Majdalany BS, Toskich B, Kriegshauser JS, Patel IJ, Naidu SG, Oklu R, Alzubaidi SJ. Interventional Management of Acquired Lymphatic Disorders. Radiographics 2022; 42:1621-1637. [PMID: 36190865 DOI: 10.1148/rg.220032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is a complex network of tissues, vessels, and channels found throughout the body that assists in fluid balance and immunologic function. When the lymphatic system is disrupted related to idiopathic, iatrogenic, or traumatic disorders, lymphatic leaks can result in substantial morbidity and/or mortality. The diagnosis and management of these leaks is challenging. Modern advances in lymphatic imaging and interventional techniques have made radiology critical in the multidisciplinary management of these disorders. The authors provide a review of conventional and clinically relevant variant lymphatic anatomy and recent advances in diagnostic techniques such as MR lymphangiography. A detailed summary of technical factors related to percutaneous lymphangiography and lymphatic intervention is presented, including transpedal and transnodal lymphangiography. Traditional transabdominal access and retrograde access to the central lymph nodes and thoracic duct embolization techniques are outlined. Newer techniques including transhepatic lymphangiography and thoracic duct stent placement are also detailed. For both diagnostic and interventional radiologists, an understanding of lymphatic anatomy and modern diagnostic and interventional techniques is vital to the appropriate treatment of patients with acquired lymphatic disorders. ©RSNA, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Zurcher
- From the Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054 (K.S.Z., J.S.K., I.J.P., S.G.N., R.O., S.J.A.); Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Orange, Calif (K.N.H.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (A.K.); Department of Radiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT (B.S.M.); and Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Fla (B.T.)
| | - Kenneth N Huynh
- From the Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054 (K.S.Z., J.S.K., I.J.P., S.G.N., R.O., S.J.A.); Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Orange, Calif (K.N.H.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (A.K.); Department of Radiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT (B.S.M.); and Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Fla (B.T.)
| | - Aditya Khurana
- From the Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054 (K.S.Z., J.S.K., I.J.P., S.G.N., R.O., S.J.A.); Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Orange, Calif (K.N.H.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (A.K.); Department of Radiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT (B.S.M.); and Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Fla (B.T.)
| | - Bill S Majdalany
- From the Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054 (K.S.Z., J.S.K., I.J.P., S.G.N., R.O., S.J.A.); Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Orange, Calif (K.N.H.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (A.K.); Department of Radiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT (B.S.M.); and Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Fla (B.T.)
| | - Beau Toskich
- From the Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054 (K.S.Z., J.S.K., I.J.P., S.G.N., R.O., S.J.A.); Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Orange, Calif (K.N.H.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (A.K.); Department of Radiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT (B.S.M.); and Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Fla (B.T.)
| | - J Scott Kriegshauser
- From the Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054 (K.S.Z., J.S.K., I.J.P., S.G.N., R.O., S.J.A.); Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Orange, Calif (K.N.H.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (A.K.); Department of Radiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT (B.S.M.); and Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Fla (B.T.)
| | - Indravadan J Patel
- From the Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054 (K.S.Z., J.S.K., I.J.P., S.G.N., R.O., S.J.A.); Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Orange, Calif (K.N.H.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (A.K.); Department of Radiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT (B.S.M.); and Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Fla (B.T.)
| | - Sailendra G Naidu
- From the Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054 (K.S.Z., J.S.K., I.J.P., S.G.N., R.O., S.J.A.); Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Orange, Calif (K.N.H.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (A.K.); Department of Radiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT (B.S.M.); and Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Fla (B.T.)
| | - Rahmi Oklu
- From the Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054 (K.S.Z., J.S.K., I.J.P., S.G.N., R.O., S.J.A.); Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Orange, Calif (K.N.H.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (A.K.); Department of Radiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT (B.S.M.); and Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Fla (B.T.)
| | - Sadeer J Alzubaidi
- From the Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054 (K.S.Z., J.S.K., I.J.P., S.G.N., R.O., S.J.A.); Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Orange, Calif (K.N.H.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (A.K.); Department of Radiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT (B.S.M.); and Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Fla (B.T.)
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Jergens AE, Heilmann RM. Canine chronic enteropathy—Current state-of-the-art and emerging concepts. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:923013. [PMID: 36213409 PMCID: PMC9534534 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.923013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) in dogs have received great attention in the basic and clinical research arena. The 2010 ACVIM Consensus Statement, including guidelines for the diagnostic criteria for canine and feline CIE, was an important milestone to a more standardized approach to patients suspected of a CIE diagnosis. Great strides have been made since understanding the pathogenesis and classification of CIE in dogs, and novel diagnostic and treatment options have evolved. New concepts in the microbiome-host-interaction, metabolic pathways, crosstalk within the mucosal immune system, and extension to the gut-brain axis have emerged. Novel diagnostics have been developed, the clinical utility of which remains to be critically evaluated in the next coming years. New directions are also expected to lead to a larger spectrum of treatment options tailored to the individual patient. This review offers insights into emerging concepts and future directions proposed for further CIE research in dogs for the next decade to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Albert E. Jergens
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany
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19
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Ivasovic F, Ruetten M, Kook P. Prevalence of inflammatory versus neoplastic lesions in dogs with chronic gastrointestinal signs undergoing gastroduodenoscopy: 195 cases (2007–2015). Res Vet Sci 2022; 146:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rana T. Influence and Implications of the Molecular Paradigm of Nitric Oxide Underlying Inflammatory Reactions of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Dog: A Major Hallmark of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2022; 28:1280-1288. [PMID: 35312776 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a pleiotropic free radical messenger molecule, is responsible for the various cellular function of the gastrointestinal mucosa. It plays a major role in the maintenance of perfusion, regulation of microvascular, epithelial permeability, and immune functions. Nitric oxide exerts its beneficial effect on the initiation and maintenance of inflammation in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). But the accelerated production of NO triggers activation of the inducible form of the NO synthase enzyme (iNOS) that leads to damages of the intestinal membrane. Nitric oxide synthase enzyme is responsible for the higher production of NO from l-arginine and causes an inflammatory condition in the intestinal epithelium. Nitric oxide induces nitrative DNA damage and oxidative DNA damage in the cellular system. Accelerated production of NO enhances iNOS activity that is associated with cytotoxicity and apoptosis of gastrointestinal epithelial cells in the dog. Chronic inflammation leads to angiogenesis that is modulated by the immune system in IBD. Chronic inflammation is a major risk factor for the development of gastrointestinal malignancies. Nitric oxide participates in mucosal inflammation in the intestine through invigoration of NO synthase enzyme. The intrinsic complex mechanism is correlated with the inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract and is also correlated with the expression of iNOS, enzymatic activity and NO production. Nitric oxide employs a significant role in modulating epithelial permeability with accelerated immune response in acute colitis. But the enormous generation of NO causes adverse effects on the mucosal cell during the inflammatory process in IBD. In this review, a complex episode of NO generation with altered biochemical pathways was assessed for the regulation of mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease of dogs. This review is a unique compilation of the role of NO in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease of dogs. Nitric oxide plays a key role in modulating cancer in the gastrointestinal tract. This review seeks to explore the characteristics of NO as a major hallmark of canine inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Rana
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex (VMEJ), West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Science, Kolkata, India
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A Preliminary Study of Modulen IBD Liquid Diet in Hospitalized Dogs with Protein-Losing Enteropathy. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121594. [PMID: 35739930 PMCID: PMC9219819 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulen IBD is an enteral liquid diet that can induce remission rates similar to glucocorticoids in children with inflammatory bowel disease. The Modulen IBD liquid diet has not been previously investigated in dogs. Our study aimed to describe the use of the Modulen IBD liquid diet in hospitalized dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), including its tolerance and effects on appetite and gastrointestinal signs, and laboratory parameters during hospitalization. Of the 14 dogs hospitalized for PLE that had an esophagostomy feeding tube placed at the time of endoscopy, 5 were eligible and prospectively enrolled. The Modulen IBD liquid diet was supplemented with whey powder isolate and a multivitamin/mineral blend to ensure the diet was complete and balanced for canine adult maintenance and had a macronutrient profile desirable for PLE. All five dogs tolerated tube feedings with the Modulen IBD liquid diet, allowing an increase of 75 to 100% of the resting energy requirement (RER) by day 3 to 4. The diet was administered without glucocorticoid in all five dogs. All five of these dogs had a resolution of anorexia allowing the voluntary intake of a commercial hydrolyzed protein diet prior to the use of glucocorticoids. Of these five dogs, three (60%) had stable or improved serum albumin concentrations (median % increase: 10.3, range: 0−31.1), four (80%) had improved or normalized serum globulin concentrations (median % increase: 12.9, range: 5.1−66.2) and four (80%) had improved or normalized serum cholesterol concentrations (median % increase: 31.5, range: 4.8−63) 2−3 days after initiating the diet. However, there were no significant differences in these selected biochemical parameters pre- and post-feeding with the diet (p > 0.080). In conclusion, the Modulen IBD liquid diet, fed via an esophagostomy feeding tube was well-tolerated in-hospital and resolved anorexia in all dogs and helped to improve selected biochemical parameters in some dogs. Further studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of feeding this diet on the rate of serum albumin increase and remission in dogs with inflammatory PLE.
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22
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Protein Loss Enteropathy as an Initial Presentation of Gastric Epstein–Barr Virus Lymphoma. Case Rep Gastrointest Med 2022; 2022:5143760. [PMID: 35721006 PMCID: PMC9205741 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5143760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein loss enteropathy (PLE) is a complex disease process that can result in potentially fatal protein losses. Gastrointestinal protein losses usually arise from damage to the gastrointestinal mucosa or from lymphatic obstruction. The goal of management is to identify and treat the underlying causes and maintain normal serum protein levels. Here, we present a patient with diarrhea and generalized edema, with decreased serum albumin and gamma-globulin levels, concerning for protein loss enteropathy. He was ultimately found to be positive for HIV infection, and his stool alpha-1 antitrypsin levels were diagnostic of protein loss enteropathy. His endoscopic and histologic evaluation revealed gastric Epstein–Barr virus-encoded small RNA- (EBER-) positive lymphoma. Though gastrointestinal lymphomas are known to cause PLE, this will be the first documented case of EBER-positive gastric lymphoma presenting with PLE. We hope to bring awareness to this unique presentation to aid in expedient diagnosis and treatment to avoid delays in treatment and potentially fatal outcomes.
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Holmberg J, Pelander L, Ljungvall I, Harlos C, Spillmann T, Häggström J. Chronic Enteropathy in Dogs-Epidemiologic Aspects and Clinical Characteristics of Dogs Presenting at Two Swedish Animal Hospitals. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121507. [PMID: 35739843 PMCID: PMC9219460 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Information about prevalence and breed predisposition of canine chronic enteropathy (CE) is limited. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate period prevalence, breed disposition, clinical features, diagnostic results, and treatment response of CE in dogs presenting at two Swedish animal hospitals during 2013−2018. A medical record search was performed to identify CE dogs including those with ≥3 visits because of gastrointestinal disease and/or that had undergone gastroduodenoscopy/colonoscopy during 2013−2018. Dog characteristics, case history, physical examination, laboratory variables, therapeutic protocol, and treatment response were recorded. Inclusion criteria for CE were met by 814 dogs. Period prevalence of CE was 1.1% of total number of dogs. Breeds with the highest relative risk included Norwegian Lundehund, West Highland White Terrier, and Miniature Poodle. Median age at presentation was 3.8 (IQR 1.8−6.8) years. French Bulldogs and Miniature Schnauzers presented at a younger age (<2.5 years) compared to other breeds (p < 0.05). In a subset of dogs, serum hypoalbuminemia (116/662, 17.5%), hypocobalaminemia (98/647, 15.1%), and increased C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations (145/267, 54.3%) were diagnosed. Treatment outcome was classified in 72.9% of dogs and characterized as immunosuppressant-responsive (55.2%), food-responsive (11.4%), non-responsive (5.2%), and antibiotic-responsive (1.1%). Non-responsive dogs were more likely to present with anemia hypoproteinemia/albuminemia, increased CRP, and ascites (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the prevalence of dogs with CE at Swedish hospitals agreed with earlier reports, but risk breeds differed slightly and, compared to other breeds, a younger age of CE onset was found in two breeds. The largest proportion of dogs was immunosuppressant-responsive and the smallest antibiotic-responsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Holmberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 8, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.P.); (I.L.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lena Pelander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 8, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.P.); (I.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Ingrid Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 8, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.P.); (I.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Caroline Harlos
- Anicura Albano Animal Hospital, Rinkebyvägen 21B, 182 36 Danderyd, Sweden;
| | - Thomas Spillmann
- Departments of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, PL 57 Koetilantie 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 8, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.P.); (I.L.); (J.H.)
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Dinesh N, Slovak JE, Kogan C, Kopper JJ. Preliminary evaluation of serum zonulin in canine chronic enteropathies. J Small Anim Pract 2022; 63:679-685. [PMID: 35535433 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In humans, serum zonulin, a biomarker of intestinal permeability, correlates with underlying enteropathies and has potential application as a therapeutic target. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum zonulin as a biomarker for canine chronic enteropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective enrolment of twenty-one client-owned dogs with at least 1 of the following gastrointestinal (GI) signs for at least 3 weeks duration: anorexia, hyporexia, dysrexia, vomiting, weight loss or diarrhea. 21 control dogs, age and breed matched, were also enrolled. Dogs with gastrointestinal signs were diagnosed with chronic enteropathy based on a complete blood count, serum chemistry, specific canine pancreatic lipase, cobalamin, resting cortisol, abdominal ultrasound and gastrointestinal endoscopy with histopathology. Enrolled control dogs had an unremarkable physical examination, complete blood count, serum chemistry and no clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease. Dogs were ineligible if antibiotics or immunosuppressive medications were administered within 1 month of enrolment. Blood samples were analysed using a commercial canine serum zonulin quantitative ELISA. RESULTS Dogs with chronic enteropathies had median serum zonulin values of 0.28 ng/mL (interquartile range: 0.04-2.59), while control dogs of 0.27 ng/mL (0.05-3.67). There was no significant difference in canine serum zonulin levels between these populations. The estimated difference in the median concentrations was -0.01 ng/mL (95% CI: -0.23 to 0.89). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In this study, using a commercial canine zonulin ELISA, serum zonulin levels did not differentiate between dogs with chronic enteropathies and control dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dinesh
- Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - J E Slovak
- Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - C Kogan
- Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - J J Kopper
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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25
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Pérez-Merino EM, Cristóbal-Verdejo I, Duque-Carrasco FJ, Espadas-González L, Pastor-Sirvent N, Usón-Casaús JM. Relationship between serum cobalamin concentration and endoscopic ileal appearance and histology in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:957-965. [PMID: 35475525 PMCID: PMC9151464 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has not been determined whether ileal appearance differs among dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) and different serum concentrations of cobalamin. Objective To compare endoscopic and histologic ileal findings in dogs with CIE and different serum cobalamin concentrations and then evaluate the correlation of ileal changes to cobalamin serum concentration using updated scoring systems to assess the ileum. Animals Sixty‐eight dogs with CIE. Methods Retrospective study. Frequency of ileal features and ileal histologic and endoscopic scores (IHS and IES) were obtained and compared among CIE dogs with severe hypocobalaminemia (SHC; <200 ng/L), hypocobalaminemia (HC; 200‐350 ng/L), or normocobalaminemia (NC; >350 ng/L). The correlation of IHS and IES with cobalamin was evaluated. Results Friability, villus atrophy, crypt dilatation, epithelial injury, and intraepithelial lymphocytes were more frequent in SHC than in NC dogs (all P ≤ .01). Median SHC‐IES (2; range, 0‐4) was higher than NC‐IES (1; range, 0‐5; P = .004). Median SHC‐IHS (6; range, 3‐9) was higher than HC‐IHS (4; range, 1‐7; P < .001) and NC‐IHS (3; range, 1‐8; P < .001). Cobalamin concentration correlated negatively with IES (ρ = −.34, P = .005) and IHS (ρ = −.58, P < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Ileal features and involvement degree markedly differed when cobalamin was <200 or >350 ng/L in CIE dogs. With updated scales to assess the mucosa, greater ileal damage was associated with lower serum cobalamin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Pérez-Merino
- Department of Animal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Nieves Pastor-Sirvent
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Jesús M Usón-Casaús
- Department of Animal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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26
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Hostetter JM, Uzal FA. Gastrointestinal biopsy in the horse: overview of collection, interpretation, and applications. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:376-388. [PMID: 35354416 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221085584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of gastrointestinal (GI) biopsies is a multistep process that includes reviewing an appropriate history, determining sample quality, and evaluating histologic sections. Selected diagnostic parameters that, in combination with intestinal histopathology, can be useful to localize disease to the intestinal tract in the horse include hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia, ultrasound evidence of increased thickness of the small intestinal wall, and alterations in glucose or D-xylose absorption tests. Biopsies may be acquired either endoscopically, or via laparoscopy or standing flank incisional approaches. GI sections should be evaluated using a systematic approach that includes both architectural changes and inflammatory cell infiltrates. Although strategies have been developed for assessment of GI biopsies from the dog and cat, a standardized approach to interpretation of the equine GI biopsy has yet to be developed. GI biopsies pose several challenges to the pathologist, especially for endoscopic biopsies in which the quality of the specimen and its orientation may vary greatly. Architectural changes are arguably the most critical changes to evaluate. In a horse with chronic GI inflammation, such as occurs in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the cell types encountered frequently are macrophages, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. Increased numbers of these cell types are categorized loosely as mild, moderate, and severe. Specific forms of idiopathic IBD have been further classified by this infiltrate as granulomatous enteritis, eosinophilic enteritis, and lymphoplasmacytic enteritis; there is limited information on microscopic changes with each. Unfortunately, microscopic GI lesions are usually nonspecific, and determination of etiology requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M Hostetter
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino, CA, USA
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27
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Wang Y, Li C, Wang W, Wang J, Li J, Qian S, Cai C, Liu Y. Serum Albumin to Globulin Ratio is Associated with the Presence and Severity of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:1907-1920. [PMID: 35313674 PMCID: PMC8933625 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s347161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengyong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiyi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuangjie Qian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Cai
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Disease, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Chao Cai, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Disease, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8613506662567, Email
| | - Yuntao Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yuntao Liu, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8657755579362, Email
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Thomson P, Santibáñez R, Rodríguez-Salas C, Flores-Yañez C, Garrido D. Differences in the composition and predicted functions of the intestinal microbiome of obese and normal weight adult dogs. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12695. [PMID: 35190784 PMCID: PMC8857902 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial nutritional disorder highly prevalent in dogs, observed in developed and developing countries. It is estimated that over 40% of the canine population suffers from obesity, which manifests in an increased risk of chronic osteoarticular, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases. The intestinal microbiome of obese animals shows increases in the abundance of certain members capable of extracting energy from complex polysaccharides. The objective of this study was to compare the composition and predicted function of the intestinal microbiome of Chilean obese and normal weight adult dogs. Twenty clinically healthy dogs were classified according to their body condition score (BCS) as obese (n = 10) or normal weight (n = 10). DNA was extracted from stool samples, followed by next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA V3-V4 region and bioinformatics analysis targeting microbiome composition and function. Significant differences were observed between these groups at the phylum level, with anincrease in Firmicutes and a decrease in Bacteroidetes in obese dogs. Microbiome compositions of these animals correlated with their BCS, and obese dogs showed enrichment in pathways related to transport, chemotaxis, and flagellar assembly. These results highlight the differences in the gut microbiome between normal weight and obese dogs and prompt further research to improve animal health by modulating the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Thomson
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello., Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Santibáñez
- Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Rodríguez-Salas
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello., Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Daniel Garrido
- Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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29
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Alonso FH, Behling-Kelly E, Borjesson DL. Lipoprotein profile of pleural and peritoneal transudates in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:464-472. [PMID: 35166405 PMCID: PMC8965250 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current diagnostic evaluation of transudative effusions rarely aids in identifying an underlying etiology. Lipoproteins in the fluid might reflect the site or nature of vessel involvement. OBJECTIVES Improve the classification and diagnostic utility of pleural and peritoneal transudates in dogs and cats by investigating lipoprotein patterns in effusions. Compare these patterns with other peritonaeal and pleural fluid variables and underlying diseases. ANIMALS Samples of transudates and serum from 18 cats and 37 dogs with transudative effusion (total nucleated cell count [TNCC] <5000 cells/μL) were analyzed. METHODS Lipoprotein fractions, triglyceride, and cholesterol (CHO) concentrations were prospectively determined in paired fluid and serum samples. Standard fluid measurements were retrospectively collected. RESULTS Two distinct fluid lipoprotein patterns were noted. Fluids rich in VLDL+IDL were associated with chronic kidney disease, acquired portosystemic shunts or protein-losing enteropathy (group I). Fluids rich in denser lipoproteins were associated with underlying heart disease, caudal vena cava syndrome or intracavitary neoplasia (group II). Group I and group II also had significant differences between fluid concentrations of CHO (x̄ = 8 vs 110 mg/dL) and TP (x̄ = 0.6 vs 3.8 g/dL), respectively. Five peritoneal transudates were triglyceride-rich (>100 mg/dL) and associated with pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Protein-poor (TP <1.5 g/dL) and protein-rich (TP >2.5 g/dL) transudates were associated with distinct lipoprotein patterns and specific groups of disease. Effusions secondary to pancreatitis might be transudative and rich in triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio H Alonso
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, St. Kitts & Nevis
| | - Erica Behling-Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Section of Clinical Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Dori L Borjesson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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30
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Singh A, Wall C, Levine A, Midha V, Mahajan R, Sood A. Nutritional screening and assessment in inflammatory bowel disease. Indian J Gastroenterol 2022; 41:5-22. [PMID: 35031977 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-021-01223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with increased risk of malnutrition and sarcopenia. Both malnutrition and sarcopenia negatively impact the clinical course, quality of life, response to therapy, and surgical outcomes in patients with IBD. This review article highlights the importance of nutritional assessment in patients with IBD and also discusses the different nutritional screening and assessment tools, and measures to detect sarcopenia in relation to IBD. Identification of malnutrition and sarcopenia will allow prioritization of the corrective actions, such as nutritional rehabilitation, to improve clinical outcomes. An approach to the evaluation of nutritional status in patients with IBD is also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshdeep Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, 141 001, India
| | - Catherine Wall
- Department of Medicine and Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Arie Levine
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Pediatric IBD Center, Wolfson Medical Center Holon, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vandana Midha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, 141 001, India
| | - Ramit Mahajan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, 141 001, India
| | - Ajit Sood
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, 141 001, India.
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31
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Isidori M, Corbee RJ, Trabalza-Marinucci M. Nonpharmacological Treatment Strategies for the Management of Canine Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy—A Narrative Review. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9020037. [PMID: 35202290 PMCID: PMC8878421 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) refers to a heterogeneous group of idiopathic diseases of the dog characterised by persistent gastrointestinal (GI) clinical signs. If conventional dietary treatment alone would be unsuccessful, management of CIE is traditionally attained by the use of pharmaceuticals, such as antibiotics and immunosuppressive drugs. While being rather effective, however, these drugs are endowed with side effects, which may impact negatively on the animal’s quality of life. Therefore, novel, safe and effective therapies for CIE are highly sought after. As gut microbiota imbalances are often associated with GI disorders, a compelling rationale exists for the use of nonpharmacological methods of microbial manipulation in CIE, such as faecal microbiota transplantation and administration of pre-, pro-, syn- and postbiotics. In addition to providing direct health benefits to the host via a gentle modulation of the intestinal microbiota composition and function, these treatments may also possess immunomodulatory and epithelial barrier-enhancing actions. Likewise, intestinal barrier integrity, along with mucosal inflammation, are deemed to be two chief therapeutic targets of mesenchymal stem cells and selected vegetable-derived bioactive compounds. Although pioneering studies have revealed encouraging findings regarding the use of novel treatment agents in CIE, a larger body of research is needed to address fully their mode of action, efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Isidori
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ronald Jan Corbee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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Fukushima N, Kakehi N, Tahara K, Watanabe T, Hirano E. Successful treatment of ascites accumulation and diarrhea associated with protein-losing enteropathy with oral equine placenta extract supplementation in a dog: A case report. Open Vet J 2022; 12:774-781. [PMID: 36589412 PMCID: PMC9789759 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2022.v12.i5.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) is characterized by leakage of serum proteins into the intestinal lumen, indicating hypoproteinemia. Immunosuppressive agents are the mainstay of treatment, but in many cases, patients are forced to taper off early owing to the induction of liver damage. Case Description An 8-year-old, non-spayed female Chihuahua presented with diarrhea and ascites effusion lasting 2 weeks. Based on the results of radiography and blood tests, a diagnosis of PLE was made. Prednisolone (3 mg/kg semel in die [SID]) and MitoMax (200 mg/day) were administered, but ascites accumulation and diarrhea did not improve. Thus, azathioprine (2 mg/kg/day) was added, but there was no improvement, and liver damage developed. The liver injury did not improve immediately, but diarrhea and ascites effusion improved after serum total protein and serum albumin levels increased after they had decreased. Subsequent tapering of prednisolone from 3 mg/kg SID to 1 mg/kg SID, combined with MitoMax (200 mg/day) and equine placenta extract (eqPE) (2 ml/day), resulted in no recurrence of ascites or diarrhea. Conclusion In canine PLE with prolonged diarrhea and ascites effusion, supplementation with eqPE may be considered a reasonable additional therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nobuhisa Kakehi
- Domestic Sales Department, Japan Bio Products Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentarou Tahara
- Medical Affairs Department, Japan Bio Products Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyuko Watanabe
- Medical Affairs Department, Japan Bio Products Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hirano
- Laennec Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Japan Bio Products Co., Ltd., Kurume, Japan,Corresponding Author: Eiichi Hirano. Laennec Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Japan Bio Products Co., Ltd., Kurume, Japan.
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NAGAHARA T, OHNO K, NAGAO I, NAKAGAWA T, GOTO-KOSHINO Y, TSUBOI M, CHAMBERS JK, UCHIDA K, TOMIYASU H, TSUJIMOTO H. Evaluation of the degree and distribution of lymphangiectasia in full-thickness canine small intestinal specimens diagnosed with lymphoplasmacytic enteritis and granulomatous lymphangitis. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:566-573. [PMID: 35283405 PMCID: PMC9096046 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL) is often observed in dogs with chronic small intestinal
diseases. Hypoplasia of the lymphatic vessel due to decreased lymphangiogenesis, which has
been suggested in human idiopathic IL, may contribute to the pathogenesis of canine IL.
This study aimed to evaluate the diameter and number of lymphatic vessels in
full-thickness small intestinal specimens of dogs with IL. Immunohistochemical labeling of
lymphatic endothelial cell markers was performed on retrospectively retrieved
full-thickness small intestinal specimens. Sixteen dogs with histologically confirmed IL
were included, of which 10 had lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (LPE), and six had
granulomatous lymphangitis (GL). Nine dogs that died from non-gastrointestinal disorders
and with little or no abnormalities in the small intestine were used as controls.
Lymphatic vessel diameters in dogs with IL were significantly increased in all layers of
the small intestine, including the villus lacteal, lamina propria, submucosa, muscularis,
and mesentery, compared with controls (all P<0.01). There was no
significant difference in the lymphatic vessel diameters between dogs with LPE and GL (all
P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the number of
lymphatic vessels between dogs with IL and the controls in all layers of the small
intestine (all P>0.05). This study demonstrated that IL was observed
in all layers of the small intestine, including the submucosa, muscularis, and mesentery,
independent of the underlying disease. Factors other than reduced lymphatic vessels would
contribute to the pathogenesis of IL in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro NAGAHARA
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Koichi OHNO
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Itsuma NAGAO
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Taisuke NAKAGAWA
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yuko GOTO-KOSHINO
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Masaya TSUBOI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - James K. CHAMBERS
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kazuyuki UCHIDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hirotaka TOMIYASU
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hajime TSUJIMOTO
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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Nagahara T, Ohno K, Nagao I, Nakagawa T, Goto-Koshino Y, Tsuboi M, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Tomiyasu H, Tsujimoto H. Association between intestinal lymphangiectasia and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in dogs with lymphoplasmacytic enteritis. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 84:20-24. [PMID: 34853261 PMCID: PMC8810322 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL) is a common complication in dogs. Since nitric oxide (NO) is known to relax the lymphatic vessel, we evaluated inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression using
immunohistochemistry in 13 dogs with lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (LPE) with or without IL. The duodenal iNOS expressing cells were significantly increased in dogs with IL-negative or
IL-positive LPE dogs (P=0.025, P=0.007) compared with control dogs. However, there was no significant difference in iNOS expression between IL-positive and
IL-negative tissues. Based on these results, there is no clear evidence for the NO overproduction in the pathogenesis of IL in dogs with LPE. Factors other than NO could, thus, contribute to
IL in dogs with LPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Nagahara
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Koichi Ohno
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Itsuma Nagao
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Taisuke Nakagawa
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yuko Goto-Koshino
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Masaya Tsuboi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hirotaka Tomiyasu
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hajime Tsujimoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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Walker J, McMahon L. Investigating and treating chronic diarrhoea in dogs. Part 2: specific disorders of the small and large intestines. IN PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/inpr.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hernandez J, Rouillé E, Chocteau F, Allard M, Haurogné K, Lezin F, Hervé JM, Bach JM, Abadie J, Lieubeau B. Nonhypoalbuminemic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs as Disease Model. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:1975-1985. [PMID: 33783501 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing worldwide, emphasizing the need of relevant models, as dogs spontaneously affected by IBD may be, for better knowledge of the disease's physiopathology. METHODS We studied 22 client-owned dogs suffering from IBD without protein loss and 14 control dogs. Biopsies were obtained from the duodenum, ileum, and colon. Inflammatory grade was assessed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and chemokine analysis. The expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) in mucosa was immunohistochemically evaluated. Antibody levels against bacterial ligands (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] and flagellin) were measured in sera using enzyme-linked immunoassay. RESULTS Dogs with IBD showed low to severe clinical disease. Histopathologically, the gut of dogs with IBD did not exhibit significant alterations compared with controls except in the colon. The number of CD3+ T lymphocytes was decreased in the ileum and colon of dogs with IBD compared with controls, whereas the numbers of Foxp3+, CD20+, and CD204+ cells were similar in the 2 groups. Three chemokines, but no cytokines, were detected at the protein level in the mucosa, and the disease poorly affected their tissue concentrations. Dogs with IBD exhibited higher serum reactivity against LPS and flagellin than controls but similar immunoreactivity against the receptors TLR4 and TLR5. In addition, TLR2 and TLR9 showed similar expression patterns in both groups of dogs. CONCLUSIONS Our data described dysregulated immune responses in dogs affected by IBD without protein loss. Despite fairly homogeneous dog cohorts, we were still faced with interindividual variability, and new studies with larger cohorts are needed to validate the dog as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hernandez
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Marie Allard
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Karine Haurogné
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
| | | | - Julie M Hervé
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Marie Bach
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
| | | | - Blandine Lieubeau
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
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Rossi G, Gavazza A, Vincenzetti S, Mangiaterra S, Galosi L, Marchegiani A, Pengo G, Sagratini G, Ricciutelli M, Cerquetella M. Clinicopathological and Fecal Proteome Evaluations in 16 Dogs Presenting Chronic Diarrhea Associated with Lymphangiectasia. Vet Sci 2021; 8:242. [PMID: 34679072 PMCID: PMC8537460 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL) is a condition characterized by variably severe gastrointestinal signs, frequently associated with laboratory abnormalities; the research for markers allowing a better understanding of the severity degree and/or obtaining an early diagnosis and/or monitoring is continuously progressing. In the present study, we investigated possible new diagnostic/follow-up markers in IL dogs, namely, serum C-reactive protein, serum bacterial lipopolysaccharide, serum cleaved cytokeratin 18, serum citrulline, and zonulin (in both serum and feces). A fecal proteomic study looking for possible confirmation and/or new marker candidates was also performed. All markers in both substrates, with the exception of serum citrulline, significantly differed between diseased and control dogs. Fecal proteomics allowed the retrieval of three proteins in IL dogs (Fc fragment of IgG-binding protein; transthyretin; proproteinase E) that were not previously found in clinically healthy subjects. Although further studies are needed, C-reactive protein, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, cleaved cytokeratin 18, and zonulin (in both serum and feces) resulted as promising markers for canine IL; similarly, fecal proteomics represents a road worthy of being pursued in the search for candidate biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (G.R.); (A.G.); (S.V.); (L.G.); (A.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandra Gavazza
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (G.R.); (A.G.); (S.V.); (L.G.); (A.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Silvia Vincenzetti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (G.R.); (A.G.); (S.V.); (L.G.); (A.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Sara Mangiaterra
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (G.R.); (A.G.); (S.V.); (L.G.); (A.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Livio Galosi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (G.R.); (A.G.); (S.V.); (L.G.); (A.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Andrea Marchegiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (G.R.); (A.G.); (S.V.); (L.G.); (A.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Graziano Pengo
- St. Antonio Veterinary Clinic, S.S. 415 Paullese 6, 26020 Madignano, Italy;
| | - Gianni Sagratini
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant’Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (G.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Massimo Ricciutelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant’Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (G.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Matteo Cerquetella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (G.R.); (A.G.); (S.V.); (L.G.); (A.M.); (M.C.)
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Benvenuti E, Pierini A, Bottero E, Pietra M, Gori E, Salvadori S, Marchetti V. Immunosuppressant-Responsive Enteropathy and Non-Responsive Enteropathy in Dogs: Prognostic Factors, Short- and Long-Term Follow Up. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092637. [PMID: 34573603 PMCID: PMC8472317 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chronic intestinal inflammation in dogs is a challenging disease to manage. Most studies about prognostic factors and follow-up data are only available for small populations or with short-term follow-up. The aim of this study of 165 dogs with chronic intestinal inflammation was to identify clinical and haematological factors associated with mortality, clinical response and relapse, with long-term follow-up. Nine per cent of dogs did not respond to therapy at 1 month follow-up. Most dogs with chronic intestinal inflammation had a good clinical course in most cases, and the non-response or relapse rate was 9–11%. A reduction of body condition (loss of weight), lower serum albumin concentration and presence of lacteal dilatation on intestinal histology at diagnosis were identified as factors associated with a decreased response rate, higher mortality and lower chance of achieving long-term remission. Abstract A multicentre prospective study was performed to assess whether clinical, hematobiochemical, endoscopic and histopathological parameters were associated with mortality, clinical response and relapse of disease in short- and long-term follow-up of a total of 165 dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy, of which 150 had immunosuppressant responsive enteropathy (IRE), and 15 had non-responsive enteropathy (NRE) dogs. Clinical severity (CCECAI) was evaluated from presentation (T0) to 18 months (T18) from diagnosis. T0 body condition score (BCS), selected haematological parameters and endoscopic and histopathological scores were evaluated. Presence/absence of histopathological duodenal lesions was recorded. Responders were evaluated using CCECAI at T1. Relapse was evaluated from T3 to T18. Long-term responders included dogs who responded at T1 and showed no relapse. Dogs were divided into responders/non-responders, survivors/non-survivors and relapsed/non-relapsed. At T1, 15/165 dogs (9%) were considered NRE. Sixteen dogs (11%) were considered relapsed at T3, 8% at T6 and 10% at T12, and none of 96 dogs relapsed at T18. NREs showed significantly lower BCS than IREs. Non-survivors showed a significantly lower serum albumin concentration and BCS than survivors. Non-responders, relapsed or non-survivors had higher presence of lacteal dilatation compared to long-term responders. Dogs with IRE showed a good clinical course with a low relapse rate, with only a few dogs in the NRE group. Reduction of BCS, albumin and lacteal dilatation at diagnosis may be considered negative prognostic factors for response, mortality and long-term disease remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Benvenuti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (E.B.); (A.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Alessio Pierini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (E.B.); (A.P.); (V.M.)
| | | | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Gori
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (E.B.); (A.P.); (V.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefano Salvadori
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Veronica Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (E.B.); (A.P.); (V.M.)
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De Witte F, Klag A, Chapman P. Adjusted calcium concentration as a predictor of ionized hypocalcemia in hypoalbuminemic dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2249-2255. [PMID: 34424577 PMCID: PMC8478044 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ionized calcium (iCa) is the biologically active fraction of total calcium (tCa) with clinical relevance to evaluate calcium homeostasis, but not all primary veterinarians have access to serum iCa. Formulas that adjust tCa to correct for variability in serum protein concentrations were not designed to predict iCa and are considered unreliable surrogates for iCa. Objectives To determine whether adjusted calcium concentration (aCa) can predict ionized hypocalcemia in hypoalbuminemic dogs without hyperphosphatemia. Animals A total of 262 hypoalbuminemic dogs without hyperphosphatemia. Methods Retrospective review of paired tCa and iCa. Patients were included if serum albumin concentration was ≤2.5 g/L and serum phosphorus concentration was ≤5 mg/dL. The aCa was calculated using tCa (mg/dL) − serum albumin concentration (g/dL) + 3.5 (g/dL). Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPVs) and negative (NPVs) predictive values, and accuracy were determined for tCa and aCa at predicting any (<1.13 mmol/L) and moderate (<1.02 mmol/L) ionized hypocalcemia. Patients also were stratified into mild‐to‐moderate (2.0‐2.5 g/dL) and severe hypoalbuminemia (<2.0 g/dL). Results A total of 4296 dogs had paired results of which 262 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 35 (13.4%) dogs had iCa < 1.13 mmol/L and 13 dogs (5.0%) had concentrations <1.02 mmol/L. The sensitivity, specificity, NPVs and PPVs of a decreased tCa and aCa for detecting moderate ionized hypocalcemia were 100% and 92.3%, 57.8% and 94.8%, 100% and 99.6%, and 11.0% and 48.2%, respectively, and accuracy was 60.0% and 94.7%, respectively. Conclusions A low aCa was useful to detect ionized hypocalcemia in hypoalbuminemic nonhyperphosphatemic dogs. A normal aCa indicated that moderate ionized hypocalcemia was unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiamma De Witte
- Veterinary Specialty & Emergency Center, Levittown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alan Klag
- Veterinary Specialty & Emergency Center, Levittown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter Chapman
- Veterinary Specialty & Emergency Center, Levittown, Pennsylvania, USA
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The Impact of Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy on Dogs' Quality of Life and Dog-Owner Relationship. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8080166. [PMID: 34437488 PMCID: PMC8402703 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8080166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This research was aimed at evaluating the impact of canine chronic enteropathies on dogs’ quality of life (QoL), their behavior, and owner–dog relationship. Forty-four dogs suffering from primary chronic enteropathies were assessed on the first visit with a veterinary gastroenterologist and on the first follow-up visit using a 1–10 visual scale to evaluate five features of QoL, the Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index, the Lexington Attachment to Pet Scale, and the Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire. They were compared to a control group of 49 healthy dogs and to a group of 50 dogs suffering from cancer. QoL and severity of enteropathy were negatively associated; enteropathic dogs on the first visit had a lower QoL than healthy dogs for all features and a lower general QoL than cancer patients; enteropathic dogs on the follow-up visit improved significantly for general QoL, health QoL, and interaction QoL. Higher levels of attachment between the owner and the dog were obtained for dogs affected by chronic enteropathies. Finally, dogs showed higher scores for separation-related behaviors and contact/attention behaviors on the first visit than on the subsequent follow-up. As in human medicine, chronic enteropathies have a strong negative impact on dogs.
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Pietra M, Galiazzo G, Bresciani F, Morini M, Licarini S, Turba ME, Amaducci G, Bettini G, Fracassi F, Ostanello F. Evaluation of Prognostic Factors, including Duodenal P-Glycoprotein Expression, in Canine Chronic Enteropathy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082315. [PMID: 34438774 PMCID: PMC8388466 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this retrospective single-center study was to evaluate which factors, including expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a membrane-bound protein involved in multiple drug resistance, could predict the response to treatment in canine immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy (IRE). Dogs with IRE or non-responsive enteropathy (NRE) that were examined from 2005 to 2014 were included and were divided into two groups (IRE vs. NRE). Signalment, history, and clinical and laboratory findings were collected. P-glycoprotein immunohistochemistry was carried out on duodenal biopsies of both groups stored in our biobank, and immunophenotyping and molecular clonality were performed on the NRE samples. Ninety-two dogs were enrolled, 73 IRE (79.3%) and 19 NRE (20.7%), with a prevalence of pure breed (78.3% vs. 21.7%) and male dogs (p < 0.001). Factors associated with a worse prognosis were previous treatment with steroids (p = 0.033) and lower serum total protein concentration (p = 0.005). Clonality testing on the NRE duodenal biopsies showed 5/16 clonal responses, assuming a latent undiagnosed lymphoma as a possible cause of the NRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.); (G.B.); (F.F.); (F.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giorgia Galiazzo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.); (G.B.); (F.F.); (F.O.)
| | | | - Maria Morini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.); (G.B.); (F.F.); (F.O.)
| | | | | | | | - Giuliano Bettini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.); (G.B.); (F.F.); (F.O.)
| | - Federico Fracassi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.); (G.B.); (F.F.); (F.O.)
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.); (G.B.); (F.F.); (F.O.)
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Vitale V. Inflammatory bowel diseases in horses: What do we know? EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Vitale
- Department of Veterinary Sciences Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato” University of Pisa San Piero a Grado (PI) Italy
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Methylprednisolone Induces Extracellular Trap Formation and Enhances Bactericidal Effect of Canine Neutrophils. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147734. [PMID: 34299355 PMCID: PMC8304006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylprednisolone is a glucocorticoid and can negatively influence immune defense mechanisms. During bacterial infections in the dog, neutrophils infiltrate infected tissue and mediate antimicrobial effects with different mechanisms such as phagocytosis and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Here, we investigated the influence of methylprednisolone on canine NET formation and neutrophil killing efficiency of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Therefore, canine blood derived neutrophils were treated with different concentrations of methylprednisolone over time. The survival factor of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Streptococcus canis or Escherichia coli was determined in presence of stimulated neutrophils. Additionally, free DNA and nucleosomes as NET marker were analyzed in supernatants and neutrophils were assessed for NET formation by immunofluorescence microscopy. Methylprednisolone concentrations of 62.5 and 625 µg/mL enhanced the neutrophil killing of Gram positive bacteria, whereas no significant influence was detected for the Gram negative Escherichia coli. Interestingly, higher amounts of free DNA were detected under methylprednisolone stimulation in a concentration dependency and in the presence of Streptococcus canis and Escherichia coli. The nucleosome release by neutrophils is induced by bacterial infection and differs depending on the concentration of methylprednisolone. Furthermore, immunofluorescence microscopy analysis identified methylprednisolone at a concentration of 62.5 µg/mL as a NET inducer. In summary, methylprednisolone enhances NET-formation and time-dependent and concentration-dependent the bactericidal effect of canine neutrophils on Gram positive bacteria.
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Nagahara T, Ohno K, Nagao I, Nakagawa T, Yokoyama N, Ohmi A, Goto-Koshino Y, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Tomiyasu H, Tsujimoto H. Changes in the coagulation parameters in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy between before and after treatment. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1295-1302. [PMID: 34176824 PMCID: PMC8437731 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) is known to induce hypercoagulability and resultant
thromboembolism in dogs. We hypothesized that hypercoagulability would improve if
remission was obtained in dogs with PLE after treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the
changes in the coagulation parameters after treatment in dogs diagnosed with PLE. As
coagulation parameters, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time
(aPTT), fibrinogen, thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), D-dimer, and antithrombin (AT)
were measured. In addition to these parameters, rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM),
which evaluates the comprehensive coagulation and fibrinolysis reactions of whole blood,
was conducted and the data of clotting time (CT), clot formation time (CFT), α angle (α),
maximum clot firmness (MCF) and lysis index at 60 min (LI60) were obtained. Eleven of the
14 dogs diagnosed with PLE were classified as responders to the treatment based on the
changes in their plasma albumin (ALB) concentration after treatment. Significant increase
in CFT and decrease of α and MCF indicating the resolution of hypercoagulability were
found after treatment in responder dogs; however, there was no significant change in the
coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters other than those measured by ROTEM. This study
demonstrated that the hypercoagulability detected by ROTEM was significantly improved
after treatment in dogs with PLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Nagahara
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohno
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Itsuma Nagao
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Taisuke Nakagawa
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yokoyama
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Aki Ohmi
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yuko Goto-Koshino
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Tomiyasu
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hajime Tsujimoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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NIIMI K, TAKAHASHI E. Reduced differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells in wasting marmoset syndrome. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:784-792. [PMID: 33731497 PMCID: PMC8182325 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Wasting marmoset syndrome (WMS) is a serious disease in captive common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) colonies. Because of the high mortality rates, elucidation of the underlying mechanisms is essential. In this study, we compared the histopathology, the number of each epithelial cell in the jejunum and colon, and the expression patterns of some molecular markers between healthy and WMS-affected marmosets. Atrophy of villi in the jejunum and mononuclear cell infiltration in the lamina propria were observed in the intestinal tract of WMS-affected marmosets. Although the numbers of transient amplifying cells and tuft cells were increased, the number of goblet cells was obviously decreased in the jejunum and colon of WMS-affected marmosets compared to healthy marmosets. In addition, the number of enterocytes in the jejunum was decreased in WMS animals. There was no apparent difference in the numbers of stem cells, enteroendocrine cells, or Paneth cells. The expression of β-catenin and Tcf7l2 was increased in WMS, and the co-existence of β-catenin and Tcf7l2/Cyclin D1 was observed around the crypts in WMS-affected marmosets. These findings suggest that cell proliferation continues, but cell differentiation is halted in the intestinal tract due to the enhanced β-catenin/Tcf7l2/Cyclin D1signaling pathway in WMS, which results in malfunction of the villus and mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimie NIIMI
- Support Unit for Animal Resources Development, Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa,
Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Eiki TAKAHASHI
- Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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46
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Economu L, Chang YM, Priestnall SL, Kathrani A. The effect of assisted enteral feeding on treatment outcome in dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1297-1305. [PMID: 33931908 PMCID: PMC8163126 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of assisted enteral feeding on treatment outcome in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) is unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine if dogs with inflammatory PLE that had an enteral feeding tube placed had better outcome vs dogs with inflammatory PLE without a feeding tube. ANIMALS Fifty-seven dogs with inflammatory PLE. METHODS A retrospective study at a UK referral hospital identified dogs with inflammatory PLE using a standard diagnostic criterion. Positive outcome was defined as survival greater than 6 months or death unrelated to PLE and negative outcome as death related to PLE within 6 months of diagnosis. Several variables were assessed to identify factors for positive outcome using logistic regression. RESULTS Thirty-five (61%) and 22 (39%) dogs had a positive and negative outcome at 6 months, respectively. Of the 21 dogs that had a feeding tube placed within 5 days of gastrointestinal biopsy, 16 (76%) had a positive outcome and 5 (24%) had a negative outcome. Dogs treated with dietary treatment alone (P = .002) and dogs with an enteral feeding tube (P = .006) were significantly associated with a positive outcome. When stratified by treatment, assisted enteral feeding was significantly associated with a positive outcome in dogs treated with concurrent immunosuppressive treatment (P = .006), but there was insufficient data to evaluate dogs treated with dietary treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Assisted enteral feeding in dogs with inflammatory PLE could be associated with improved treatment outcome, especially in those receiving immunosuppressive treatment, and should be considered in the treatment plan of these dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Research Support Office, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon L Priestnall
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Aarti Kathrani
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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Wennogle SA, Stockman J, Webb CB. Prospective evaluation of a change in dietary therapy in dogs with steroid-resistant protein-losing enteropathy. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:756-764. [PMID: 33851420 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical effect of dietary alteration as a sole change to therapy in dogs with steroid-resistant protein-losing enteropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective study. Eligible enrolled dogs received dietary alteration as sole change to their therapeutic plan. Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index and serum albumin were monitored for the 3-month study period. Long-term follow-up data were also available for some of the study participants. RESULTS Fifteen dogs were eligible for enrollment over the study period. Twelve were enrolled, 10 remained in the study at 30 days, nine completed the 3-month study period. Following dietary alteration, eight of 10 dogs achieved complete remission, one dog achieved partial remission and one dog had no response. Seven of eight dogs achieving complete remission have remained in remission up to 4 years following study. In dogs with complete remission, median Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index score was 11.5 and 4, and median serum albumin concentration was 15 g/L and 26 g/L at 0 and 14-28 days, respectively. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Dogs with protein-losing enteropathy with previous lack of response to a combination of dietary therapies, glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive medications can achieve remission following a dietary change. Improvement is likely to be seen within 14 to 30 days. A change in dietary approach may be an alternative to further immunosuppression or anti-inflammatory strategies in some dogs with difficult to treat protein-losing enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Wennogle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - J Stockman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - C B Webb
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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48
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Becher A, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Heilmann RM. Blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a diagnostic marker in dogs with chronic enteropathy. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:516-527. [PMID: 33554784 DOI: 10.1177/1040638721992057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Few routinely available biomarkers are clinically useful in assessing dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE) and aid in CE subclassification. The diagnostic potential of the blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has not been evaluated in canine CE. We evaluated the NLR in 93 dogs with CE (no steroid treatment for ≥2 wk prior) and tested for an association with clinical, clinicopathologic, and histologic characteristics and also with CE subclassification. NLR was significantly higher in CE dogs with severe clinical disease than dogs with mild clinical disease (p = 0.047). Hypoalbuminemia (p < 0.001), but not hypocobalaminemia, was associated with higher NLRs. NLR was correlated with fecal alpha1-proteinase inhibitor concentrations (ρ = 0.47) and the serum-to-fecal alpha1-proteinase inhibitor ratio (ρ = -0.48; both p < 0.001) but not with serum or fecal inflammatory markers nor with the overall histologic score (all p > 0.05). Dogs with steroid- or other immunosuppressant-responsive (IRE) or nonresponsive enteropathy (NRE) had significantly higher NLRs (median: 7.3) than dogs with food-responsive enteropathy (FRE; median: 3.0; p = 0.003), and a NLR ≥5.5 best distinguished both groups of dogs. No difference in NLR was detected between dogs with IRE and dogs diagnosed with NRE. These findings suggest that leukogram changes (i.e., NLR) could be clinically useful in canine CE, and that neutrophils might play a role in the systemic inflammatory response associated with canine CE. The NLR can be easily assessed on routine hematology and can potentially aid in the subclassification of dogs with CE based on the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Becher
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Romy M Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Pierini A, Esposito G, Gori E, Benvenuti E, Ruggiero P, Lubas G, Marchetti V. Platelet abnormalities and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios in canine immunosuppressant-responsive and non-responsive enteropathy: A retrospective study in 41 dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:248-253. [PMID: 33455958 PMCID: PMC7972876 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have examined platelet alterations in dogs with chronic enteropathy. Our aim was to investigate platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in dogs diagnosed with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy (IRE). In this retrospective study of 41 dogs, data regarding signalment, canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI), endoscopic and histopathological scores, PLT, MPV, PLR, total serum protein concentrations, albumin, and iron were collected. Clinical response and relapse were assessed with the evaluation of CCECAI over time. One month after starting therapy, dogs with >25% CCECAI reduction were considered responders. During a three-month CCECAI evaluation as part of a twelve-month follow-up, a CCECAI >3 together with a ≥2 unit increase in responder dogs was considered a relapse. PLT and PLR displayed significant negative correlation with MPV. MPV was positively correlated with total protein and albumin levels and negatively correlated with CCECAI. Three dogs were classified as non-responders, and 14 relapsed within 12 months. No differences were observed in PLT, MPV, or PLR between responding/non-responding and relapsing/non-relapsing groups. PLT, MPV, and PLR correlated with total protein, albumin, and CCECAI, confirming PLT as a potential marker, and suggesting MPV as a new marker of clinical efficacy against canine IRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Pierini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giada Esposito
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gori
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Benvenuti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Ruggiero
- Private Professional Association Endovet, Via Antonio Oroboni, 8-00149 Roma, Italy
| | - George Lubas
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Veronica Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy
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Sakamoto Y, Ishigaki K, Ishikawa C, Nakayama T, Asano K, Sakai M. Successful management of portal vein thrombosis in a Yorkshire Terrier with protein-losing enteropathy. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:418. [PMID: 33138806 PMCID: PMC7607834 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a rare presentation in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE). Rivaroxaban, an oral, selective, direct factor Xa inhibitor, has not been reported to be administrated for canine PVT and the effect is unclear in dogs with PLE. Case presentation An 11-year-old Yorkshire Terrier presented with moderate ascites. The dog had severe hypoalbuminemia (1.2 g/dL), and a portal vein thrombus was confirmed on computed tomographic angiography (CTA). On endoscopic examination, it became apparent that the hypoalbuminemia was caused by PLE, which was consequent of lymphatic dilation and lymphoplasmacytic enteritis. Therefore, the dog was initially treated with oral administrations of spironolactone and clopidogrel, with dietary fat restriction. However, a follow-up CTA showed no changes in the ascites, thrombus, and portal vein to aorta (PV/Ao) ratio. Therefore, the dog was additionally prescribed rivaroxaban and low-dose prednisolone for the portal vein thrombus and hypoalbuminemia due to lymphoplasmacytic enteritis, respectively. Following the treatment, the PV/Ao ratio decreased because of a decrease in the thrombus and the ascites disappeared completely with an elevation of albumin concentration (1.9 g/dL). Conclusions This case report demonstrated that oral administration of rivaroxaban combined with low-dose glucocorticoid was effective management for PVT in a dog with PLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Sakamoto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ishigaki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Chieko Ishikawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakayama
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kazushi Asano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Manabu Sakai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Fujisawa, Japan. .,Laboratory of Veterinary Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Depertment of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Fujisawa, Japan.
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