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Faruq O, Sarkar ER, Sikder S. A Rare Incidence of Sweating Sickness-Like Symptoms in a Crossbred Holstein Friesian Cow in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Case Rep Vet Med 2023; 2023:6470133. [PMID: 37324955 PMCID: PMC10264709 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6470133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, an incidence of sweating sickness-like symptoms in a crossbred Holstein Friesian cow was diagnosed. The cow was suffering from vaporization of the skin, dehydration, wet hair coat, and matting of hair due to excessive sweating. There were several ticks, flies, and mosquitoes in tail switch and other parts of the body. Blood and urine parameters were tested. We treated the patient successfully with ivermectin as ectoparasite control, ceftiofur sodium antibiotic to treat bacterial infections, ketoprofen as analgesics and antipyretics, chlorpheniramine maleate as H2-blocker, and trichlorfon and povidone-iodine skin spray to prevent fly invasion and prevent opportunistic bacterial infection, respectively. Acyclovir and oil of turpentine were suggested to be sprayed on the floor and wall of the shed for viral and ectoparasitic control. Our treatment regime successfully recovered the cow with no recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Faruq
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh 4225
| | - Eti R. Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Suchandan Sikder
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh 4225
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El-Hady E, Behairy A, Goda NA, Abdelbaset-Ismail A, Ahmed AE, Al-Doaiss AA, Abd El-Rahim I, Alshehri MA, Aref M. Comparative physiological, morphological, histological, and AQP2 immunohistochemical analysis of the Arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius) and oxen kidney: Effects of adaptation to arid environments. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2023.1078159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared to other mammals, Arabian camels are ideal models for exploring the structural adaptations that enable camels to survive in arid environments. Thus, this study aimed to explore how evolutionary adaptation to arid conditions modifies the characteristics of the kidneys in Arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius) compared to oxen. Urine samples were physically and chemically analyzed. Harvested kidneys were subjected to topographical and fast spin echo magnetic resonance (FSE-MR) imaging. Histology, histomorphometry, and Aquaporin-2 (AQP2) expression by immunohistochemistry were also performed. Here, in dromedaries, sodium and potassium values in the urine were much higher (p=0.001, for both), whereas chloride was much lower (p=0.004) than the values of oxen. Compared with oxen, the level of the hormone aldosterone in serum was significantly lower (p=0.002), whereas creatinine and urea were significantly higher (p=0.005 and p=0.001, respectively). Uric acid in dromedaries and oxen did not differ significantly (p=0.349). Like sodium levels (p=0.001) in dromedary serum, chloride was also much higher (p=0.002) than in oxen. The average value of potassium was much lower (p=0.009) than that of oxen. Morphologically, anatomical and FSE MRI studies revealed that minor and major calyces were not found in dromedary kidneys. The renal pelvis was not found in oxen, and the major calyx was directly connected to the ureter. The dromedary kidney contained a wider medullary portion as well as increased diameters for renal corpuscles (RCs), proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs), and collecting tubules (CTs, p<0.05) compared with the oxen. We also noted that AQP2 was significantly expressed in dromedary nephron components, except for RCs, compared with oxen as shown by immunohistochemistry. Overall, these data strongly suggest that the dromedary has a greater ability to adapt to harsh desert conditions in terms of producing highly concentrated urine than oxen.
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Effect of age and dietary crude protein level on nitrogen excretion in Holstein bull calves. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Johansen M, Madsen P, Brask-Pedersen D, Lund P. Effect of age and dietary crude protein level on nitrogen excretion in dairy heifers. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Effect of dietary protein level on nitrogen excretion in dry cows. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Athanasiou LV, Katsoulos PD, Katsogiannou EG, Pazarakioti AT, Spanou VM, Tsokana CN, Apostolidis KN, Tzivara AH, Polizopoulou ZS. Evaluation of Heller's reaction and the urine dipstick method alone or in combination to detect proteinuria in sheep. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 51:543-550. [PMID: 35624545 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urine dipstick and Heller's reaction are easy first-line screening tests for the detection of proteinuria; however, the performance of these methods in alkaline ovine urine is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of Heller's reaction alone or in combination with dipstick for the detection of proteinuria in sheep, using the urine protein to creatinine ratio (UP/C) with two cut-off values as the reference method. METHODS Ninety-eight urine samples were collected from sheep using the transient apnea method. Heller's reaction, the dipstick method, and the UP/C ratio were used to assess proteinuria. The results were statistically analyzed twice, based on two different UP/C cut-off values of 0.2 and 0.5. Cohen's kappa value was used to determine the agreement between the UP/C ratios and Heller's reaction, the dipstick method, or the combination of methods. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated. ROC curves were also generated, and the areas under the curve (AUC) were evaluated to determine the optimal threshold for the numerical values of the two methods. RESULTS Heller's reaction is more specific (96.67% and 96.00% when the cut-off value is 0.2 and 0.5, respectively) than the dipstick method, while the dipstick method was more sensitive (91.18% and 91.30%, when the cut-off value was 0.2 and 0.5, respectively) than Heller's reaction for the detection of proteinuria. Both tests were accurate when any grade >0 was considered positive. CONCLUSIONS Proteinuria can almost be excluded in ovine urine samples with negative Heller's reaction and dipstick test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Labrini V Athanasiou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Panagiotis D Katsoulos
- Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni G Katsogiannou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | | | - Victoria M Spanou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Constantina N Tsokana
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Kosmas N Apostolidis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Athanasia H Tzivara
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Zoe S Polizopoulou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Probo M, Giordano A, Rocca V, Moretti P, Paltrinieri S. Preliminary study on the effect of season on urinary analytes in healthy Italian dairy cows. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 51:408-413. [PMID: 35383380 PMCID: PMC9545179 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Season is known to affect serum analyte concentrations in dairy cows, and the same can be hypothesized for urinary analytes, but information in this regard is lacking. Objectives The aim of the study was to assess the effect of seasonality on urinary variables in healthy dairy cows. Methods Twelve Italian Holstein cows were randomly selected from a local herd, and urine specimens were collected once in each season of the year. For each cow, the lactation stage at each sampling time was also registered (lactation vs dry period), and physical examination and hematology and serum biochemistry measurements were used to assess health status. Three cows were voluntarily culled from the herd during the year; therefore, nine cows were included. Concentrations of urinary analytes recorded in each season for each cow were compared. Results Seasonality affected urinary protein‐to‐creatinine ratios (P = 0.012) with lower median values in summer compared with spring (P = 0.020) and autumn (P = 0.004); differences were also found in urinary sodium‐to‐urinary creatinine ratio (P = 0.009), with lower medians in summer compared with spring (P = 0.003) and autumn (P = 0.020). The direct consequences of higher summer temperatures and the acclimation strategies needed to adapt to this environment could explain the changes in urinary analytes that were recorded in the current study; in fact, decreased food and water consumption tend to increase urinary creatinine concentrations and decrease renal excretion of proteins and electrolytes. Conclusions The present results suggest that seasonality can affect urinary variables of healthy dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Probo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessia Giordano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Valentina Rocca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Moretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
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Schwarzkopf S, Kinoshita A, Hüther L, Salm L, Kehraus S, Südekum KH, Huber K, Dänicke S, Frahm J. Weaning age influences indicators of rumen function and development in female Holstein calves. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:102. [PMID: 35300681 PMCID: PMC8928593 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prenatal and postnatal conditions are crucial for the development of calves. Primiparous cows are still maturing during pregnancy, thus competing with the nutritional needs of their offspring. Therefore, mature cows might provide a superior intrauterine condition. Furthermore, weaning calves at an older age might affect them positively as well by reducing stress and offering time for various organs and their functions to develop. We aimed to evaluate effects of mothers’ parity and calves’ weaning age on gastrointestinal development and corresponding acid–base balance. Fifty-nine female German Holstein calves (about 8 days old) were investigated in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment with factors weaning age (7 vs. 17 weeks) and parity of mother (primiparous vs. multiparous). Calves were randomly assigned to one of these four groups. Animal behavior that was observed included resting, chewing and active behavior. Results Behavioral patterns were interactively affected by time and weaning age. Rumen sounds per 2 min increased in early-weaned calves during their weaning period. In late-weaned calves a consistently increase in rumen sounds was already recorded before their weaning period. Urinary N-containing compounds (creatinine, hippuric acid, uric acid, urea, allantoin) were interactively affected by time and weaning age. Concentrations of all measured compounds except urea increased during early weaning. All except hippuric acid concentration decreased in early-weaned calves after weaning. In late-weaned calves allantoin and uric acid increased before weaning and did not change during weaning. Conclusion These results suggest that late-weaned calves developed adequate rumen functions and acid–base balance, whereas early-weaned calves might have suffered from ruminal acidosis and catabolism. Weaning calves at 7 weeks of age might be too early for an adequate rumen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schwarzkopf
- Department of Functional Anatomy of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Fruwithstr. 35, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Asako Kinoshita
- Department of Functional Anatomy of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Fruwithstr. 35, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Liane Hüther
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Bundesallee 37, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laurenz Salm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Bundesallee 37, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Saskia Kehraus
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Südekum
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Korinna Huber
- Department of Functional Anatomy of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Fruwithstr. 35, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Bundesallee 37, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Bundesallee 37, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Athanasiou LV, Katsoulos PD, Spanou VM, Pazarakioti AT, Katsogiannou EG, Iliadi I, Baka R, Polizopoulou ZS. Effect of storage time on the urine protein: creatinine ratio in alkaline ovine urine. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:1176-1179. [PMID: 34236006 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211031517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The urine protein:creatinine (UPC) ratio is considered the reference method to assess proteinuria. Its diagnostic value in ovine medicine needs further elucidation. In population monitoring and/or for research purposes, it is convenient to collect many samples simultaneously and store them for later analysis. However, analyte stability data are required to ensure reliable results. We used 15 of 90 urine samples collected from sheep to assess the effect of storage time on the UPC ratio. After centrifugation, the supernatant of each sample was divided into 6 aliquots. Urine protein and creatinine concentrations were determined immediately in one aliquot using the pyrogallol red and a modified Jaffè method, respectively. The other aliquots were stored at -18°C. Based on the absence of active sediment, alkaline urine pH, and UPC ratio ≥ 0.2, we included 15 samples in our study. The UPC ratio was determined in the stored aliquots 2, 7, 14, 21, and 60 d after collection. The data were analyzed with univariate ANOVA. No significant difference was observed in the urinary concentrations of protein, creatinine, and the UPC ratio (0.8 ± 0.84 in conventional units and 0.09 ± 0.095 in SI units) among different times (p > 0.05). The UPC ratio remained stable for 2 mo in ovine urine samples stored at -18°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Labrini V Athanasiou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Panagiotis D Katsoulos
- Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Victoria M Spanou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Aikaterini T Pazarakioti
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Eleni G Katsogiannou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Ioanna Iliadi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Rania Baka
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zoe S Polizopoulou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Fasoli S, Ferlizza E, Andreani G, Sandri C, Dondi F, Isani G. Noninvasive sampling method for urinalysis and urine protein profile in captive giraffes. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:25-34. [PMID: 33243090 PMCID: PMC7758703 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720975370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinalysis could be helpful to investigate the health status of giraffes held in captivity using noninvasive methods to avoid animal handling or anesthesia. We collected 52 voided urine samples from 20 giraffes of different ages, sexes, and subspecies from the ground. To evaluate potential interference by soil contaminants, a pilot study was performed using 20 urine samples obtained from 10 cows. All bovine and 29 giraffe samples were subjected to routine urinalysis including urine specific gravity (USG). All samples were analyzed for urine total protein (uTP), urine creatinine (uCrea) concentration, and urine protein-to-urine creatinine ratio (UPC). Urinary proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. No significant differences were determined between free-catch and urine sampled from the ground in cows. Giraffe urine was pale-yellow, with alkaline pH (>8.0) and a mean USG of 1.035 ± 0.013. The uTP, uCrea, and UPC expressed as median (range) were 0.20 (0.08-0.47) g/L, 2.36 (0.62-5.2) g/L, and 0.08 (0.05-0.15), respectively. SDS-PAGE allowed the separation of protein bands with different molecular masses, including putative uromodulin at 90 kD, putative albumin at 64 kD, and putative immunoglobulin heavy and light chains at 49 kD and 25 kD, respectively. Urine collection from the ground appears to be a reliable technique for urinalysis and urine electrophoresis in giraffes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Fasoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Enea Ferlizza
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Giulia Andreani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Camillo Sandri
- Parco Natura Viva–Garda Zoological Park, Veterinary Department, Bussolengo, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Gloria Isani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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Fasoli S, Andreani G, Dondi F, Ferlizza E, Bellei E, Isani G. Urinary Reference Values and First Insight into the Urinary Proteome of Captive Giraffes. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1696. [PMID: 32961670 PMCID: PMC7552697 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinalysis is widely recognized to be a useful tool in routine health investigations, since it can diagnose numerous pathologies. Considering the paucity of knowledge concerning giraffes, urine from 44 giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) (18 males and 26 females, from 3 months of age to 21 years of age) underwent routine urinalysis, 1D-electrophoresis, and protein identification using mass spectrometry, with the aim of identifying the urinary reference values and the urine proteome. The urine specific gravity (USG), urine total proteins (uTP), urine creatinine (uCr), and urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) reference values, reported as the median, and lower limit (LL) and upper limit (UL), were 1.030 (1006-1.049), 17.58 (4.54-35.31) mg/dL, 154.62 (39.59-357.95) mg/dL, and 0.11 (0.07-0.16), respectively. Mass spectrometry, together with electrophoresis, revealed a pattern of common urinary proteins; albumin, lysozyme C, and ubiquitin were the most represented proteins in the giraffe urine. It has been hypothesized that these proteins could act as a defense against microbes. Moreover, in giraffes, urinalysis could be a valid tool for gauging renal function and physiological status changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Fasoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (S.F.); (F.D.); (G.I.)
| | - Giulia Andreani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (S.F.); (F.D.); (G.I.)
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (S.F.); (F.D.); (G.I.)
| | - Enea Ferlizza
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Elisa Bellei
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance, Proteomic Lab, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Gloria Isani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (S.F.); (F.D.); (G.I.)
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Herman N, Bourgès-Abella N, Braun JP, Ancel C, Schelcher F, Trumel C. Urinalysis and determination of the urine protein-to-creatinine ratio reference interval in healthy cows. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:999-1008. [PMID: 30768734 PMCID: PMC6430871 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are no reference intervals for urinalysis in cattle. Hypothesis/Objectives Characterize the urine of healthy cows, establish urine protein‐to‐creatinine ratio (UPC) reference intervals, and test possible differences among dairy and beef cattle, age groups, or stage of lactation. Animals Seventy‐seven dairy and 74 beef 2.5 to 17 year‐old cows of different breeds housed mainly in free stall. Methods In this prospective study, urine specimens were collected by catheterization. Complete urinalysis was performed within 1 hour including specific gravity, dipstick evaluation, visual urine pH evaluation with 0.3 pH unit graded strips, and microscopic evaluation of the sediment. Urinary protein and creatinine concentrations and protein electrophoresis were determined on frozen aliquots. Results Overall reference intervals were 1.020 to 1.045 for USG, 7.0 to 8.7 for pH, and 0.04 to 0.25 for UPC; because of differences in creatinine concentration, UPC was lower in beef (0.04‐0.14) than in dairy (0.05‐0.25) cows and in the latter in dry than lactating cows. With dipstick evaluation, most analytes were absent except for blood, ketone, and protein in 24.7, 16.0, and 64.7% of cases, respectively. Microscopic evaluation revealed less than 3 red blood cells, leukocytes, and epithelial cells in 84, 99.3, and 100% cows, respectively. No band was observed at electrophoresis, except in 1 case at MW ~66 000. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Creatininuria is higher in beef than dairy cows and proteinuria is likely more efficiently characterized by protein concentration than by UPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Herman
- Département Elevage et Produit, Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Braun
- Département Elevage et Produit, Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Ancel
- Département Elevage et Produit, Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Catherine Trumel
- CREFRE, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, UPS, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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