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Mutton J, Yeomans S, White J. Copper hepatopathies in Australian dogs. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:385-391. [PMID: 38682427 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To evaluate hepatopathies in Australian dogs according to the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) guidelines. Specifically, to describe the prevalence and survival of dogs with copper-associated hepatopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records from the Small Animal Specialist Hospital were reviewed to identify dogs with liver disease and liver biopsy between November 2008 and November 2021. Liver histopathology reports were reviewed with a board-certified veterinary pathologist and classified according to the WSAVA guidelines. Histopathology reports and clinical records were reviewed to ascertain the most important histological process for statistical analysis. Copper-associated hepatopathy was defined as (i) histological evidence of copper accumulation in centrilobular areas (Zone 3) associated with hepatocyte necrosis, inflammation with copper-laden macrophages and chronic hepatitis (ii) histochemical copper staining showing hepatocyte copper accumulation in the centrilobular areas and iii) hepatic copper measurement with concentrations greater than 600 μg/g dry weight of liver. Dogs with primary inflammatory parenchymal disease included dogs with copper-associated hepatopathy, idiopathic chronic hepatitis, non-specific reactive hepatitis, chronic bacterial hepatitis and immune-mediated chronic hepatitis. Descriptive statistics were performed for all dogs. Age, weight and clinicopathologic data were compared between dogs with copper-associated hepatopathy and dogs with other causes of chronic primary inflammatory parenchymal liver disease (Kruskal-Wallis test). Survival times were calculated and compared (Kaplan-Meier curves and log rank test) between dogs with copper-associated hepatopathy and dogs with other chronic primary inflammatory parenchymal liver diseases. Breed was evaluated to determine the breed most commonly affected with copper-associated hepatopathy and identify any breed in which this disease has not previously been described. RESULTS Sixty-seven (43 female, 24 male) dogs with a median age of 7.8 years (quartile [Q] Q1-Q3 4.5-9.6 years) were included. Thirteen dogs had copper-associated hepatopathy, eight dogs had idiopathic chronic hepatitis, eight dogs had non-specific reactive hepatitis, seven dogs had disorders associated with portal hypertension, five dogs had chronic bacterial hepatitis and four dogs had immune-mediated chronic hepatitis. Compared with dogs with other causes of chronic primary inflammatory parenchymal liver disease, dogs with copper-associated hepatopathy tended to be younger (6.73 vs. 8.01 years, P = 0.057) and heavier (19.8 vs. 9.6 kg, P = 0.052) than dogs with other causes of primary chronic inflammatory parenchymal diseases. There was no statistically significant difference when ALT (P = 0.30), ALP (P = 0.18) and total bilirubin (P = 0.13) were compared between the two groups. The median survival time for all dogs after liver biopsy was 2010 days (CI 1321 days - not reached). There was no significant difference in survival between dogs with copper-associated hepatopathy and dogs with other causes of chronic primary inflammatory parenchymal liver disease (P = 0.5). CONCLUSIONS Copper-associated hepatopathy was common among Australian dogs with chronic hepatopathies, occurring in younger and heavier dogs than other causes of primary inflammatory parenchymal liver disease. Clinical pathology is not useful for differentiating between copper-associated hepatopathy and other causes of chronic primary inflammatory parenchymal liver disease. When copper-associated hepatopathy is treated, the prognosis can be good. This is the first report of copper-associated hepatopathy in Australian Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mutton
- Internal Medicine Department, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S Yeomans
- Pathology Department, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J White
- Internal Medicine Department, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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Nivy R, Kuzi S, Swinburne J, Constantino-Casas F, Gajanayake I, Bruchim Y, Berkowitz A, Watson P. Copper-associated chronic hepatitis in Cavalier King Charles spaniels. Vet Rec 2024; 194:e3561. [PMID: 37926771 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copper-associated chronic hepatitis (CuCH) is poorly characterised in Cavalier King Charles spaniels (CKCS). METHODS Hepatic copper accumulation was qualitatively and quantitatively assessed, and blood samples were used for genetic testing to screen for known CuCH-associated genetic variants. RESULTS The study included 13 CKCS with CuCH and eight unaffected controls. Increased transaminase activities, elevated biliary enzyme concentrations and portal hypertension were documented in 100%, 73% and 38% of dogs with CuCH, respectively. Five dogs had three or more abnormalities in measures of liver function. All 11 dogs with CuCh that underwent genetic testing were homozygous negative for the COMMD1 deletion and ATP7A variant but homozygous positive (n = 7) or heterozygous (n = 4) for the ATP7B variant. Liver histology often demonstrated marked architectural distortion by severe, bridging fibrosis and regenerative nodules with lymphoplasmacytic inflammation. Centrilobular copper accumulation characterised early cases with minimal fibrosis. When fibrosis was significant, copper was often differentially concentrated within regenerative nodules. Chelation therapy resolved laboratory derangements and portal hypertension in five of seven dogs. Of the 7 non-surviving dogs with CuCH, 6 had not received chelation therapy. LIMITATIONS Limitations include a small cohort size and the lack of pedigree analyses to corroborate heritability. CONCLUSIONS CuCH should be considered in CKCS with suspected liver disease. Long-term prognosis seems favourable in dogs receiving chelation therapy, notwithstanding the presence of previously reported negative prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Nivy
- Ben-Shemen Specialist Referral Centre, Ben-Shemen, Israel
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sharon Kuzi
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Fernando Constantino-Casas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Yaron Bruchim
- Ben-Shemen Specialist Referral Centre, Ben-Shemen, Israel
| | | | - Penny Watson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Haywood S, Swinburne J, Schofield E, Constantino-Casas F, Watson P. Copper toxicosis in Bedlington terriers is associated with multiple independent genetic variants. Vet Rec 2023; 193:e2832. [PMID: 37038639 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bedlington terrier copper toxicosis (CT) is due to a homozygous exon deletion in COMMD1. CT also occurs in Bedlingtons lacking this deletion. An association with two ABCA12 single nuceotide polymorphism (SNP) splice variants was reported. Labrador retriever CT is associated with a missense mutation in ATP7B, and with a protective mutation in ATP7A. METHODS Liver and DNA samples from 24 affected and 10 unaffected Bedlingtons were assessed for copper and genetic variants. Allelic frequencies were compared. The ATP7B mutation frequency was investigated in 144 dogs of other breeds. RESULTS The ABCA12 SNPs showed no differences between groups. The COMMD1 deletion was less frequent in unaffected than in affected dogs and in affected dogs post-2001 than pre-2001. The ATP7B mutation was more frequent in affected than unaffected Bedlingtons. Thirty-five of 144 dogs of other breeds were homo- or heterozygous for the ATP7B mutation. The ATP7A mutation was absent from Bedlingtons. LIMITATIONS Clinical information and qualitative copper measurements were unavailable for most dogs. CONCLUSION The COMMD1 deletion remains present in Bedlington terriers but is no longer the primary cause of CT. ABCA12 SNPs were not associated with CT. The ATP7B:c.4358G>A mutation was significantly associated with Bedlington CT and was more common in dogs of this breed than in the 144 dogs of other breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Haywood
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Ellen Schofield
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fernando Constantino-Casas
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Penny Watson
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Yamkate P, Funke S, Steiger K, Gold RM, Lidbury JA, Karst U, Steiner JM. Quantitative bioimaging of copper in frozen liver specimens from cats using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231186919. [PMID: 37522313 PMCID: PMC10812054 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231186919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) as a tool for measuring concentrations and determining accumulation of copper in frozen liver specimens from cats. METHODS Six frozen liver specimens were evaluated by qualitative copper staining and quantitative flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Tissue specimens were cryo-sectioned and quantitative bioimaging of copper was performed using LA-ICP-MS. Results were compared with those obtained using conventional methods. RESULTS Of the six specimens, only one showed positive staining for copper with rhodanine. Using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS), one specimen showed a deficient copper level (<100 µg/g dry weight), two specimens had copper within the reference interval (RI; 150-180 µg/g) and three specimens had copper concentrations above the RI. Bioimaging from LA-ICP-MS showed inhomogeneous distribution of hepatic copper. The areas with dense copper accumulation were represented as hotspots in the liver specimens. Hepatic copper quantification by LA-ICP-MS correlated well with copper quantified by FAAS (r = 0.96, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our findings suggest that quantitative bioimaging by LA-ICP-MS could be used to demonstrate the distribution and concentration of copper in frozen liver specimens from cats. The distribution of copper in these specimens was inhomogeneous with dense accumulation represented as hotspots on tissue sections. A positive correlation of hepatic copper concentrations determined by LA-ICP-MS and FAAS was found. Further studies to establish an RI for hepatic copper using this technique and to further determine its clinical utility are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punyamanee Yamkate
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sabrina Funke
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Randi M Gold
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Recchia BK, Stokol T, Goto-Koshino Y, Ohno K, Miner KDR. Diagnosis, management and genetic analysis of a cat with primary copper hepatopathy. JFMS Open Rep 2023; 9:20551169231177275. [PMID: 37427085 PMCID: PMC10328163 DOI: 10.1177/20551169231177275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 2-year-old spayed female domestic longhair cat was presented for evaluation of chronic ocular discharge and occasional vomiting. While physical examination findings were consistent with an upper respiratory infection (URI), serum chemistry results revealed increased liver enzyme activities. Histopathologic examination of a liver biopsy identified substantial centrilobular accumulation of copper in hepatocytes - strongly suggestive of primary copper hepatopathy (PCH). Retrospective cytologic examination of a liver aspirate also identified copper aggregates in hepatocytes. After transitioning to a low-copper diet, 1 year of chelation therapy with D-penicillamine achieved normalization of liver enzyme activities and resolution of persistent ocular signs. Subsequently, a long-term regimen of zinc gluconate has been successfully managing the cat's PCH for almost 3 years. Sanger sequencing of the cat's ATP7B gene, which encodes a copper-transporting protein, revealed a novel, 'likely pathogenic', single nucleotide variation (c.3670t/a [p.Trp1224Arg]), for which the cat is heterozygous. Relevance and novel information Recommendations are described for the long-term clinical management of feline PCH - a previously attainable but unreported outcome - with considerations for mitigating the speculated oxidation-exacerbated ocular risks of concurrent URI. This report is the first to include identification of copper aggregates in a liver aspirate from a cat - evidence that liver aspirates from cats could be routinely examined for copper as is standard practice for those from dogs. The cat is also the first reported with PCH and a 'likely pathogenic' heterozygous ATP7B genotype, which suggests that normal ATP7B alleles could be recessive to or incompletely/co- dominant with deleterious ATP7B alleles in cats, as has been reported in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracy Stokol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yuko Goto-Koshino
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Medical Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohno
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Toyko, Japan
| | - Kayla DR Miner
- Affectionately Cats Veterinary Hospital, Williston, VT, USA
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Ullal TV, Lakin S, Gallagher B, Sbardellati N, Abdo Z, Twedt DC. Demographic and histopathologic features of dogs with abnormally high concentrations of hepatic copper. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:2016-2027. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Lakin
- Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | | | | | - Zaid Abdo
- Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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Moura E, Tasqueti UI, Mangrich-Rocha RMV, Filho JRE, de Farias MR, Pimpão CT. Inborn Errors of Metabolism in Dogs: Historical, Metabolic, Genetic, and Clinical Aspects. Top Companion Anim Med 2022; 51:100731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Langlois DK, Nagler BSM, Smedley RC, Yang YT, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V. ATP7A, ATP7B, and RETN genotypes in Labrador Retrievers with and without copper-associated hepatopathy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1-8. [PMID: 35482566 DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.12.0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of previously reported coding variants in the ATP7A, ATP7B, and RETN genes in a US population of Labrador Retrievers and to explore potential associations of these genotypes with pathologic hepatic copper accumulation. SAMPLE Archived hepatic specimens from 90 Labrador Retrievers collected between 2013 and 2021. PROCEDURES The Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory database was searched to identify archived tissues from Labrador Retrievers that had undergone hepatic histopathologic assessment. Cases were classified into control, copper-associated hepatopathy (CAH), and intermediate populations on the basis of histopathologic features and hepatic copper accumulation. The DNA was extracted from archived tissues and genotyped for reported variants in the 3 genes. Allele frequencies were determined, and associations of genotypes with CAH status were evaluated. RESULTS 29 control dogs, 45 CAH dogs, and 16 intermediate dogs were included in the study. The overall ATP7A and RETN variant allele frequencies were 30% and 13%, respectively, and were not significantly different among control, CAH, and intermediate populations. The ATP7B variant allele frequency was significantly higher in the CAH population (30%) as compared to the control population (13%). However, 21 of 45 (47%) CAH dogs did not have an ATP7B variant allele whereas 7 of 28 (25%) control dogs did have an ATP7B variant allele. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Study results supported a contributory role for the ATP7B variant in CAH pathogenesis in Labrador Retrievers. However, the application of genetic testing in a clinical setting is complicated by genotypic variability within healthy and diseased dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Langlois
- 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Brendan S M Nagler
- 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Rebecca C Smedley
- 2Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Ya-Ting Yang
- 3Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Vilma Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan
- 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.,3Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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Corbee RJ, Penning LC. COMMD1 Exemplifies the Power of Inbred Dogs to Dissect Genetic Causes of Rare Copper-Related Disorders. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030601. [PMID: 33668783 PMCID: PMC7996361 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilson's Disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in humans, often presenting with hepatic copper overload. Finding the genetic cause of a rare disease, especially if it is related to food constituents like the trace element copper, is a Herculean task. This review describes examples of how the unique population structure of in-bred dog strains led to the discovery of a novel gene and two modifier genes involved in inherited copper toxicosis. COMMD1, after the discovery in 2002, was shown to be a highly promiscuous protein involved in copper transport, protein trafficking/degradation, regulation of virus replication, and inflammation. Mutations in the ATP7A and ATP7B proteins in Labrador retrievers and Dobermann dogs resulted in a wide variation in hepatic copper levels in these breeds. To our knowledge, numerous dog breeds with inherited copper toxicosis of unknown genetic origin exist. Therefore, the possibility that men's best friend will provide new leads in rare copper storage diseases seems realistic.
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Center SA, Richter KP, Twedt DC, Wakshlag JJ, Watson PJ, Webster CRL. Is it time to reconsider current guidelines for copper content in commercial dog foods? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 258:357-364. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.258.4.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wu X, den Boer ER, Vos-Loohuis M, van Steenbeek FG, Monroe GR, Nijman IJ, Leegwater PAJ, Fieten H. Investigation of Genetic Modifiers of Copper Toxicosis in Labrador Retrievers. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10110266. [PMID: 33142854 PMCID: PMC7693796 DOI: 10.3390/life10110266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper toxicosis is a complex genetic disorder in Labrador retrievers characterized by hepatic copper accumulation eventually leading to liver cirrhosis. The variation of hepatic copper levels in Labrador retrievers has been partly explained by mutations in ATP7A c.980C>T and ATP7B c.4358G>A. To further elucidate the genetic background of this disease, we used targeted Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) in a cohort of 95 Labrador retrievers to analyze 72 potential modifier genes for variations associated with hepatic copper levels. Variants associated with copper levels were subsequently evaluated in a replication cohort of 144 Labrador retrievers. A total of 44 variants in 25 different genes were identified, of which four showed significant association with copper levels. Of the four variants found associated with hepatic copper levels in the NGS cohort, one was validated in the replication cohort. The non-reference allele of the variant NC_006602.3.g.52434480C>T in RETN resulting in amino-acid change p.Leu7Phe was associated with decreased hepatic copper levels. In humans, resistin is associated with severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, fibrosis, cirrhosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatocytes. Further studies are needed to investigate the biological function of RETN p.Leu7Phe in the development of copper toxicosis in Labrador retrievers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (X.W.); (E.R.d.B.); (M.V.-L.); (F.G.v.S.); (P.A.J.L.)
| | - Elise R. den Boer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (X.W.); (E.R.d.B.); (M.V.-L.); (F.G.v.S.); (P.A.J.L.)
| | - Manon Vos-Loohuis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (X.W.); (E.R.d.B.); (M.V.-L.); (F.G.v.S.); (P.A.J.L.)
| | - Frank G. van Steenbeek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (X.W.); (E.R.d.B.); (M.V.-L.); (F.G.v.S.); (P.A.J.L.)
| | - Glen R. Monroe
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.R.M.); (I.J.N.)
| | - Isaäc J. Nijman
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.R.M.); (I.J.N.)
| | - Peter. A. J. Leegwater
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (X.W.); (E.R.d.B.); (M.V.-L.); (F.G.v.S.); (P.A.J.L.)
| | - Hille Fieten
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (X.W.); (E.R.d.B.); (M.V.-L.); (F.G.v.S.); (P.A.J.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Wu X, Mandigers PJJ, Fieten H, Leegwater PA. Evaluation of COMMD1 in copper toxicosis in Labrador retrievers and Dobermans. Vet J 2020; 265:105561. [PMID: 33129558 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Copper toxicosis is a major cause of hepatitis in dogs. We have shown that variants in ATP7A and ATP7B modulate hepatic copper levels in Labrador retrievers and Dobermans. However, these variants cannot fully explain the observed variation in hepatic copper levels in these dog breeds. Homozygous deletion of exon 2 of COMMD1 causes copper toxicosis in Bedlington terriers. We investigated the possible involvement of COMMD1 in the multifactorial aetiology of copper toxicosis in Labrador retrievers and Dobermans. Thirty dogs of each breed with known hepatic copper status were selected for DNA sequence analysis of the three exons and flanking intronic regions of COMMD1. The observed variants were tested for association with hepatic copper levels by linear model analysis. Several variants were observed in the DNA sequence of COMMD1 in both Labrador retrievers (nine variants) and Dobermans (11 variants) but none of these was associated with variations of hepatic copper concentrations. We conclude that COMMD1 did not play a major role in the aetiology of copper associated hepatitis in Labrador retrievers and Dobermans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J J Mandigers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hille Fieten
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A Leegwater
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Wu X, Chien H, van Wolferen ME, Kruitwagen HS, Oosterhoff LA, Penning LC. Reduced FXR Target Gene Expression in Copper-Laden Livers of COMMD1-Deficient Dogs. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6040078. [PMID: 31574998 PMCID: PMC6958483 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilson’s disease (WD), an autosomal recessive disorder, results in copper accumulation in the liver as a consequence of mutations in the gene ATPase copper transporting beta (ATP7B). The disease is characterized by chronic hepatitis, eventually resulting in liver cirrhosis. Recent studies have shown that dysregulation of nuclear receptors (NR) by high hepatic copper levels is an important event in the pathogenesis of liver disease in WD. Intracellular trafficking of ATP7B is mediated by COMMD1 and, in Bedlington terriers, a mutation in the COMMD1 gene results in high hepatic copper levels. Here, we demonstrate a reduced Farnesoid X nuclear receptor (FXR)-activity in liver biopsies of COMMD1-deficient dogs with copper toxicosis, a unique large animal model of WD. FXR-induced target genes, small heterodimer partner (SHP), and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) were down-regulated in liver samples from COMMD1-deficient dogs with hepatic copper accumulation. In contrast, the relative mRNA levels of the two CYP-enzymes (reduced by FXR activity) was similar in both groups. These data are in line with the previously observed reduced FXR activity in livers of ATP7B−/− mice and WD patients. Therefore, these data further corroborate on the importance of the COMMD1-deficient dogs as a large animal model for WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- Department Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. BOX 80.154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Hsiaotzu Chien
- Department Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. BOX 80.154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Monique E van Wolferen
- Department Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. BOX 80.154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Hedwig S Kruitwagen
- Department Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. BOX 80.154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Loes A Oosterhoff
- Department Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. BOX 80.154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Louis C Penning
- Department Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. BOX 80.154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Wu X, Mandigers PJJ, Watson AL, van den Ingh TSGAM, Leegwater PAJ, Fieten H. Association of the canine ATP7A and ATP7B with hepatic copper accumulation in Dobermann dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1646-1652. [PMID: 31254371 PMCID: PMC6639496 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic copper accumulation causes chronic hepatitis in dogs. Mutations in the copper transporters ATP7A and ATP7B were, respectively, associated with attenuation and enhancement of hepatic copper concentrations in Labrador Retrievers. There is a predisposition of Dobermanns to hepatitis with increased hepatic copper concentrations. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the ATP7A:c.980C>T and ATP7B:c.4358G>A mutations identified in Labrador Retrievers were associated with hepatic copper concentrations in Dobermanns. ANIMALS Dobermanns from the Netherlands (n = 122) and the United States (n = 78). METHODS In this retrospective study, mutations in ATP7A and ATP7B were investigated as risk factors for hepatic copper accumulation in Dobermanns. Liver biopsies of 200 Dobermanns were evaluated by histochemical copper staining, quantitative copper measurement, or both modalities. ATP7A and ATP7B genotypes were obtained by Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR. A linear regression model was used to investigate an association between genotype and hepatic copper concentrations. RESULTS The ATP7A:c.980C>T was identified in both Dutch (2 heterozygous individuals) and American Dobermanns. In the American cohort, the minor allele frequency of the mutation was low (.081) and a possible effect on hepatic copper concentrations could not be established from this data set. A significant association of the ATP7B:c.4358G>A variant with increased hepatic copper concentrations in Dobermanns was observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The ATP7B:c.4358G>A variant could be a contributor to hepatic copper accumulation underlying the risk of development of copper-associated hepatitis in breeds other than the Labrador Retriever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J J Mandigers
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Peter A J Leegwater
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hille Fieten
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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