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Grobman M, Reinero C, Lee‐Fowler T, Lever TE. Incidence and characterization of aerophagia in dogs using videofluoroscopic swallow studies. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1449-1457. [PMID: 38561963 PMCID: PMC11099788 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerophagia (ingestion of air), is a functional aerodigestive disorder in people. Criteria for diagnosis of aerophagia in dogs are >1/3 of bolus volume containing air or ingested air resulting in gastric distention (>1/3 of end gastric volume). Aerophagia is highlighted during eating and drinking. Videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS) document aerophagia in dogs, but the incidence, clinical signs (CS), and associated disorders are unknown. OBJECTIVES Identify the incidence of aerophagia, compare CS between dogs with and without aerophagia, and identify associated and predisposing disorders using VFSS. ANIMALS A total of 120 client-owned dogs. METHODS Sequential VFSS and associated medical records from dogs presenting to veterinary teaching hospitals at Auburn University and the University of Missouri were retrospectively reviewed. Statistical comparisons were made using Mann-Whitney and chi-squared tests, odds ratios (OR), and multiple logistic regression (P < .05). RESULTS The incidence (95% confidence interval [CI]) of aerophagia was 40% (31.7-48.9). Dogs with mixed CS (gastrointestinal [GI] and respiratory; P < .001, 58.3%) were more likely to have aerophagia than dogs with exclusively respiratory CS (25%). Aerophagia was significantly more common in brachycephalic dogs (P = .01; 45.8% vs 13.8%), dogs with nonbrachycephalic upper airway obstruction (P < .001; 33.3% vs 4.1%), pathologic penetration and aspiration (P-A) scores (P = .04; 41.6% vs 23.6%), and gagging (P < .001; 25% vs 11.7%). Mixed CS (P = .01), brachycephaly (P < .001), and upper airway obstruction (P < .001) were independent predictors of aerophagia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Aerophagia was common, particularly in dogs with mixed CS. Brachycephalic dogs and dogs with upper airway obstruction are predisposed. Aspiration risk was high, emphasizing overlapping upper aerodigestive pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Grobman
- Department of Clinical SciencesAuburn University College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & SurgeryUniversity of Missouri Veterinary Health CenterColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Carol Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & SurgeryUniversity of Missouri Veterinary Health CenterColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Tekla Lee‐Fowler
- Department of Clinical SciencesAuburn University College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Teresa E. Lever
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMissouriUSA
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Kämpf S, Fenk S, Van Cromvoirt A, Bogdanov N, Hartnack S, Stirn M, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Reichler IM, Bogdanova A. Differences in selected blood parameters between brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1166032. [PMID: 37649563 PMCID: PMC10464621 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1166032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cranial and upper-airway anatomy of short-nosed, flat-faced brachycephalic dogs predisposes them to brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS). Periodic apnoea increased inspiratory resistance, and an inability to thermoregulate effectively are characteristic of BOAS, but internationally accepted objective markers of BOAS severity are missing. The objective of this study was to compare the selected blood parameters between non-brachycephalic (NC) and brachycephalic (BC) dogs, exploring the possibility of developing a blood test for BOAS severity grading in the future. Methods We evaluated blood biochemistry, complete blood cell counts, red blood cell (RBC) indices, reticulocyte counts, a blood-born marker of intermittent hypoxia (glutathione, NO production), RBC hydration, deformability, and blood markers of metabolic changes and stress between BC (n = 18) and NC (meso- and dolichocephalic, n = 22) dogs. Results Reticulocyte counts and the abundance of middle-fluorescence immature reticulocytes were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in BC dogs compared to NC dogs. BC dogs had significantly more NO-derived NO2 - /NO3 - in plasma than NC dogs. RBCs of BC dogs were shedding significantly more membrane, as follows from the intensity of eosin maleimide staining, and had a significantly higher mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration than NC dogs. Intracellular reduced glutathione content in RBCs of BC dogs was significantly lower, while plasma lactate was significantly higher in BC dogs compared to NC dogs. Plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly lower, and cortisol was significantly higher in BC dogs compared to NC dogs. Eosinophil counts were significantly lower and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was higher in BC dogs compared to NC dogs. Discussion Taken together, our findings suggest that the brachycephalic phenotype in dogs is associated with alterations at the level of blood cells and, systemically, with oxidation and metabolic changes. The parameters identified within this study should be further investigated for their potential as objective indicators for BOAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kämpf
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Vetsuisse, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies (ZKS), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Fenk
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Vetsuisse, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies (ZKS), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ankie Van Cromvoirt
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Vetsuisse, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies (ZKS), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nikolay Bogdanov
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Vetsuisse, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies (ZKS), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Stirn
- Clinical Laboratory, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Center for Clinical Studies (ZKS), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Clinical Laboratory, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Iris Margaret Reichler
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Bogdanova
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Vetsuisse, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies (ZKS), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Brložnik M, Nemec Svete A, Erjavec V, Domanjko Petrič A. Echocardiographic analysis of dogs before and after surgical treatment of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1148288. [PMID: 37215476 PMCID: PMC10192610 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1148288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachycephalic dogs with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) are a valuable animal model for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in humans. Clinical signs of upper airway obstruction improve after surgical treatment of BOAS, but the impact of surgery on morphology and function of the heart has not been studied. Therefore, we aimed to compare the echocardiographic variables of dogs before and after surgical treatment of BOAS. We included 18 client-owned dogs with BOAS (7 French Bulldogs, 6 Boston Terriers, and 5 Pugs) scheduled for surgical correction. We performed a complete echocardiographic examination before and 6 to 12 (median 9) months after surgery. Seven non-brachycephalic dogs were included in the control group. After surgery, BOAS patients had a significantly (p < 0.05) larger left atrium to aortic ratio (LA/Ao), left atrium in the long axis index, and thickness of the left ventricular posterior wall in diastole index. They also had a higher late diastolic annular velocity of the interventricular septum (Am) and increased global right ventricular strain and left ventricular global strain in the apical 4-chamber view, as well as a higher caudal vena cava collapsibility index (CVCCI). Before surgery, BOAS patients had a significantly lower CVCCI, Am, peak systolic annular velocity of the interventricular septum (Si), and early diastolic annular velocity of the interventricular septum (Ei) compared to non-brachycephalic dogs. After surgery, BOAS patients had a smaller right ventricular internal diameter at base index, right ventricular area in systole index, mitral annular plane systolic excursion index, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion index, as well as lower values of Am, Si, Ei, and late diastolic annular velocity of the interventricular septum, and a larger LA/Ao compared to non-brachycephalic dogs. Significant differences between BOAS patients and non-brachycephalic dogs indicate higher right heart pressures and decreased systolic and diastolic ventricular function in BOAS dogs, which is in accordance with the results of studies in OSA patients. In parallel with the marked clinical improvement, right heart pressures decreased, and right ventricular systolic and diastolic function improved after surgery.
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Gleason HE, Phillips H, McCoy AM. Influence of feline brachycephaly on respiratory, gastrointestinal, sleep, and activity abnormalities. Vet Surg 2023; 52:435-445. [PMID: 36582029 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of brachycephaly on respiratory, gastrointestinal, sleep, and activity-related parameters in cats. STUDY DESIGN Prospective questionnaire-based study. ANIMALS A total of 194 BC and 1003 non-BC cats. METHODS Owners completed an online questionnaire regarding respiratory, gastrointestinal, sleep, and activity-related parameters. Response options were scored, and individual scores summed to give a total clinical severity score for each cat. RESULTS Brachycephalic cats had more frequent snoring (odds ratio [OR] 6.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.06-9.41), sneezing (OR 6.52; CI: 4.75-8.98), nasal discharge (OR 8.26; 95% CI 5.77-11.85), coughing (OR 1.75; CI: 1.17-2.59), and dyspnea (OR 5.32; CI: 3.42-8.28); shorter activity before becoming dyspneic (OR 2.71; CI: 1.93-3.79), slower recovery from activity (OR 3.17; CI: 2.19-4.57), lower activity levels (OR 2.16; CI: 1.59-2.95), and increased respiratory noise (OR 6.68; CI: 4.71-9.52); and more hypersalivation (OR 2.50; CI: 1.47-4.16), halitosis (OR 1.40; CI: 1.00-1.95), and difficulty chewing (OR 5.19; CI: 3.65-7.38). Median clinical severity scores were higher for BC cats than non-BC cats (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Brachycephalic cats (BC) were at risk for respiratory, gastrointestinal, and activity-related symptoms compared to non-BC cats. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Some BC cats exhibit clinically relevant symptoms and behaviors as reported by owners. Medical or surgical interventions may improve these symptoms and warrant investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadley E Gleason
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Heidi Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Annette M McCoy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Brložnik M, Nemec Svete A, Erjavec V, Domanjko Petrič A. Echocardiographic parameters in French Bulldogs, Pugs and Boston Terriers with brachycephalic obstructive airways syndrome. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:49. [PMID: 36793024 PMCID: PMC9930355 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this prospective study, we hypothesized that dogs with signs of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) would show differences in left and right heart echocardiographic parameters compared with brachycephalic dogs without signs of BOAS and non-brachycephalic dogs. RESULTS We included 57 brachycephalic (30 French Bulldogs 15 Pugs, and 12 Boston Terriers) and 10 non-brachycephalic control dogs. Brachycephalic dogs had significantly higher ratios of the left atrium to aorta and mitral early wave velocity to early diastolic septal annular velocity; smaller left ventricular (LV) diastolic internal diameter index; and lower tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion index, late diastolic annular velocity of the LV free wall, peak systolic septal annular velocity, late diastolic septal annular velocitiy, and right ventricular global strain than non-brachycephalic dogs. French Bulldogs with signs of BOAS had a smaller diameter of the left atrium index and right ventricular systolic area index; higher caudal vena cava at inspiration index; and lower caudal vena cava collapsibility index, late diastolic annular velocity of the LV free wall, and peak systolic annular velocity of the interventricular septum than non-brachycephalic dogs. CONCLUSIONS The differences in echocardiographic parameters between brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic dogs, brachycephalic dogs with signs of BOAS and non-brachycephalic dogs, and brachycephalic dogs with and without signs of BOAS indicate higher right heart diastolic pressures affecting right heart function in brachycephalic dogs and those with signs of BOAS. Most changes in cardiac morphology and function can be attributed to anatomic changes in brachycephalic dogs alone and not to the symptomatic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Brložnik
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinic, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A. Nemec Svete
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinic, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - V. Erjavec
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinic, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A. Domanjko Petrič
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinic, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Niinikoski I, Kouki S, Koho N, Aromaa M, Holopainen S, Laurila HP, Fastrès A, Clercx C, Lilja-Maula L, Rajamäki MM. Evaluation of VEGF-A and CCL2 in dogs with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome or canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and in normocephalic dogs. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:557-563. [PMID: 36183612 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) and canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CIPF) of West Highland White Terriers (WHWTs) often cause intermittent or chronic hypoxemia. Our objective was to evaluate serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) concentrations of hypoxemia-related proinflammatory mediators vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and chemokine (CC motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) in brachycephalic dogs (BDs) and WHWTs with and without CIPF. Additionally, effects of BOAS severity and ageing on these mediators were assessed. 114 BDs (28 English Bulldogs (EBs), 37 French Bulldogs, 49 Pugs), 16 WHWTs with CIPF, 26 healthy WHWTs, and 39 normocephalic control dogs were included. Fifty-four BDs were re-examined after two to three years. Bead-based immunoassay was used for proinflammatory mediator measurements. Compared with controls, significantly higher serum concentrations of VEGF-A were seen in EBs (P = 0.009) and of CCL2 in CIPF and healthy WHWTs (P < 0.001; P = 0.002). BALF samples were available from controls, EBs, and WHWTs. VEGF-A was significantly lower in EBs (P < 0.001) and in CIPF and healthy WHWTs (P = 0.006; P = 0.007) and CCL2 was higher in CIPF WHWTs (P = 0.01) compared with controls. Between visits, only serum VEGF-A significantly decreased in BDs (P < 0.001), but breed, BOAS severity, or its change had no significant effect. In conclusion, in EBs with BOAS proinflammatory changes in VEGF-A were detected in both serum and BALF. Ageing reduced serum VEGF-A in BDs. In WHWTs, our results confirmed earlier findings of CCL2 as an important biomarker for CIPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Niinikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - S Kouki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Koho
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Aromaa
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Holopainen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - H P Laurila
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Fastrès
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bd de Colonster 1, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - C Clercx
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bd de Colonster 1, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - L Lilja-Maula
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - M M Rajamäki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Behling-Kelly E, Haak CE, Carney P, Waffle J, Eaton K, Goggs R. Acute phase protein response and changes in lipoprotein particle size in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:993-1004. [PMID: 35420224 PMCID: PMC9151453 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Improved methodology to measure acute phase proteins and determination of lipoprotein particle‐size distribution (PSD) could be clinically useful in dogs with systemic inflammatory processes. Objectives Evaluate an immunoturbidometric assay for serum amyloid A (SAA) and lipoprotein PSD in dogs with sepsis, nonseptic systemic inflammation, and in healthy controls. Correlate dyslipidemic changes with SAA and C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. Animals Twenty‐five dogs with sepsis, 15 dogs with nonseptic systemic inflammation, and 22 healthy controls. Methods Prospective, case‐control study. Variables included SAA, CRP, and electrophoretic subfractionation of high‐ and low‐density lipoproteins (HDL, LDL). Continuous variables were compared using ANOVA or Kruskal‐Wallis tests with linear regression or Spearman's rank correlation used to assess relationships between variables. Results Median SAA and CRP concentrations were greater in dogs with sepsis (SAA 460 mg/L, interquartile range [IQR] 886 mg/L; CRP 133.2 mg/L, IQR 91.6 mg/L) and nonseptic inflammation (SAA 201 mg/L, IQR 436 mg/L; CRP 91.1 mg/L, IQR 88.6 mg/L) compared to healthy dogs (SAA 0.0 mg/L, IQR 0.0 mg/L; CRP 4.9 mg/L, IQR 0.0 mg/L) P < .0001. A cutoff of >677.5 mg/L SAA was 43.2% sensitive and 92.3% specific for sepsis. Low‐density lipoprotein was higher in dogs with sepsis 29.6%, (mean, SD 14.6) compared to 14.4% (mean, SD 5.6) of all lipoproteins in healthy controls (P = .005). High‐density lipoprotein was not associated with CRP but was negatively correlated with SAA (rs −0.47, P < .0001). Subfractions of LDL and HDL differed between groups (all P < .05). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Measurement of SAA using the immunoturbidometric assay evaluated in this study and lipoprotein PSD in dogs with inflammation might help distinguish septic from nonseptic causes of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Behling-Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Carol E Haak
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Patrick Carney
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jessica Waffle
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kelly Eaton
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Phillips H. Updates in Upper Respiratory Surgery. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 52:339-368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Siedenburg JS, Dupré G. Tongue and Upper Airway Dimensions: A Comparative Study between Three Popular Brachycephalic Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030662. [PMID: 33801521 PMCID: PMC7998523 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome is a debilitating disease complex, that affects severely brachycephalic dogs, impairs their quality of life and shortens life expectancy. Macroglossia has been identified as part of the soft tissue conditions that characterize brachycephalic breeds. Despite similar degrees of brachycephalism comparing the common breeds French bulldogs, English bulldogs and pugs, several breed specific characteristics contributing to brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome have been described in the past. The present study aimed to examine the tongue volume and at three levels cross-sectional areas of the tongue, oropharyngeal airways, soft palate and nasopharyngeal airways in the aforementioned breeds. Assessment of computed tomography scans revealed smaller tongues in pugs compared to French and English bulldogs, with values being close to previously published data in mesaticephalic breeds. Comparing the cross-sectional areas between breeds, several differences were identified, however, calculating the impact of soft tissue on total airways areas uncovered only differences between pugs and French bulldogs at the most caudal location, where the latter breed had a greater ratio, presumably in consequence to a significantly larger oropharyngeal airway area. These findings corroborate the importance of respecting breed specific differences in regard to surgical treatment of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. Abstract Relative macroglossia has been identified in brachycephalic compared to mesaticephalic dogs. This study assessed the tongue volume comparing three common brachycephalic breeds, including 30 French bulldogs, 30 pugs, and 15 English bulldogs. Computed tomography scans of intubated dogs with the hard palate suspended were examined for total tongue volume and cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the tongue, oropharynx, soft palate, and nasopharyngeal airways at three levels: 1, caudal tip of the hard palate; 2, caudal tip of the hamulus; 3 cranial to the basihyoid bone. Tongue volume normalized to bodyweight, was significantly higher in English and French bulldogs than in pugs. Normalized to skull length, CSA of the tongue was smaller in pugs than in French and English bulldogs. At level 3, French bulldogs had larger oropharyngeal CSA than English bulldogs and pugs. Soft palate CSA was the largest in English bulldogs at level 3. At levels 1 and 2, soft palate and nasopharyngeal CSA was the smallest in pugs. At level 3, French bulldogs had higher total airway/soft tissue ratios than pugs. The smaller tongue volume in pugs questions the accuracy of the term macroglossia in this breed and these findings should be considered if surgical correction is sought.
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Facin AC, Uscategui RAR, Maronezi MC, Pavan L, Menezes MP, Montanhim GL, Camacho AA, Feliciano MAR, Moraes PC. Liver and spleen elastography of dogs affected by brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome and its correlation with clinical biomarkers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16156. [PMID: 32999366 PMCID: PMC7527336 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine whether the brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) is correlated to alterations in liver and spleen elasticity. Forty-eight brachycephalic and 22 mesocephalic dogs were submitted to a BOAS functional assessment, laboratory tests, abdominal ultrasound and liver and spleen Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) elastography. Dogs clinically affected by BOAS had higher values of liver stiffness (p < 0.001) than healthy dogs: medial lobes (1.57 ± 0.37 m/s), left and right lateral lobes (1.54 ± 0.50 m/s, 1.23 ± 0.28 m/s, respectively) and caudate lobe (1.28 ± 0.42 m/s). Compared to the mesocephalic group, the brachycephalic group (BOAS clinically affected and unaffected dogs) had higher spleen (2.51 ± 0.45 m/s; p < 0.001) and liver stiffness (p < 0.001): medial lobes (1.53 ± 0.37 m/s), left and right lateral lobes (1.47 ± 0.47 m/s, 1.20 ± 0.30 m/s, respectively) and caudate lobe (1.23 ± 0.40 m/s). Principal component analysis explained 70% of the variances composed by liver stiffness increase, erythrocytes and alanine aminotransferase reduction. Brachycephalic dogs had higher spleen and liver stiffness and a subacute inflammatory state, which represent another BOAS systemic effect. Consequently, these dogs can be at higher risk of hepatic disorders compared with mesocephalic dogs, similarly to humans affected by sleep apnea syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Coutinho Facin
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Andres Ramirez Uscategui
- Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Unaí, Minas Gerais, 38610-000, Brazil
| | - Marjury Cristina Maronezi
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia Pavan
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Mareliza Possa Menezes
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Luiz Montanhim
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Aparecido Antonio Camacho
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | | | - Paola Castro Moraes
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
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Gianella P, Caccamo R, Bellino C, Bottero E, Fietta F, Roncone S, Ostanello F, Pietra M, Buracco P. Evaluation of metabolic profile and C-reactive protein concentrations in brachycephalic dogs with upper airway obstructive syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2183-2192. [PMID: 31454107 PMCID: PMC6766536 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brachycephalic dogs have abnormal breathing patterns similar to those in humans with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. Despite the fact that anatomic and functional alterations are well described in brachycephalic dogs, little is known about the consequences of upper airway obstruction on systemic inflammatory response and metabolic profile. Objectives To describe history, clinical presentation, and anatomic abnormalities; to evaluate systemic inflammatory response and metabolic profile; and to identify possible associations among clinical signs, anatomic abnormalities, inflammatory response, and metabolic profile in brachycephalic dogs with airway obstruction. Animals Thirty purebred brachycephalic dogs with brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome (BAOS). Methods Prospective study. The following information was recorded and studied: respiratory and digestive signs, airway and digestive endoscopic anomalies, presence or absence of tracheal hypoplasia, histologic evaluation of gastrointestinal tract biopsy specimens, serum concentrations of C‐reactive protein (CRP), fructosamine, insulin, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, and plasma concentrations of lipoprotein classes. Results A high proportion of dogs (76.7%) had gastrointestinal signs. Esophageal deviation, atony of the cardia of the stomach, and distal esophagitis were the most common endoscopic anomalies detected. Twenty‐six (86.6%) dogs had different degrees of laryngeal collapse. Gastrointestinal histologic evaluation identified mostly chronic inflammation. Glucose, fructosamine, triglycerides, cholesterol, CRP, pre‐beta, beta lipoproteins, and chylomicrons were increased to a variable extent. Significant associations among clinical signs, anatomic abnormalities, CRP, and metabolic profile were not found. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Despite the presence of inflammation and some mild metabolic derangements, the clinicopathological variables evaluated did not offer valuable information in dogs with BAOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gianella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberta Caccamo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Bellino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Federica Fietta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Roncone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
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