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Lim C, Dandrieux JRS, Ploeg R, Nowell CJ, Firestone SM, Mansfield CS. Evaluation of Ki-67, goblet cell and MUC2 mucin RNA expression in dogs with lymphoplasmacytic and granulomatous colitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 271:110740. [PMID: 38537313 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal mucus barrier disruption may occur with chronic inflammatory enteropathies. The lack of studies evaluating mucus health in dogs with chronic colitis arises from inherent challenges with assessment of the intestinal mucus layer. It is therefore unknown if reduced goblet cell (GBC) numbers and/or mucin 2 (MUC2) expression, which are responsible for mucus production and secretion, correlate with inflammation severity in dogs with granulomatous colitis (GC) or lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis (LPC). It is undetermined if Ki-67 immunoreactivity, which has been evaluated in dogs with small intestinal inflammation, similarly correlates to histologic severity in GC and LPC. Study objectives included comparing Ki-67 immunoreactivity, GBC population and MUC2 expression in dogs with GC, LPC and non-inflamed colon; and exploring the use of ribonucleic acid (RNAscope®) in-situ hybridization (ISH) to evaluate MUC2 expression in canine colon. Formalin-fixed endoscopic colonic biopsies were obtained from 48 dogs over an eight-year period. A blinded pathologist reviewed all biopsies. Dogs were classified into the GC (n=19), LPC (n=19) or no colitis (NC) (n=10) group based on final histopathological diagnosis. Ki-67 immunohistochemistry, Alcian-Blue/PAS staining to highlight GBCs, and RNAscope® ISH using customized canine MUC2-targeted probes were performed. At least five microscopic fields per dog were selected to measure Ki-67 labelling index (KI67%), GBC staining percentage (GBC%) and MUC2 expression (MUC2%) using image analysis software. Spearman's correlation coefficients were used to determine associations between World Small Animal Veterinary Association histologic score (WHS) and measured variables. Linear regression models were used to compare relationships between WHS with KI67%, GBC%, and MUC2%; and between GBC% and MUC2%. Median WHS was highest in dogs with GC. Median KI67% normalised to WHS was highest in the NC group (6.69%; range, 1.70-23.60%). Median GBC% did not correlate with colonic inflammation overall. Median MUC2% normalised to WHS in the NC group (10.02%; range, 3.05-39.09%) was two- and three-fold higher than in the GC and LPC groups respectively. With increased colonic inflammation, despite minimal changes in GBC% overall, MUC2 expression markedly declined in the LPC group (-27.4%; 95%-CI, -49.8, 5.9%) and mildly declined in the GC and NC groups. Granulomatous colitis and LPC likely involve different pathways regulating MUC2 expression. Decreased MUC2 gene expression is observed in dogs with chronic colitis compared to dogs without colonic signs. Changes in MUC2 expression appear influenced by GBC activity rather than quantity in GC and LPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Lim
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Julien R S Dandrieux
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia; The University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Ploeg
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia; CSIRO - Geelong, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Simon M Firestone
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Caroline S Mansfield
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Australia
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Utility of Serum Ki-67 as a Marker for Malignancy in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101263. [PMID: 35625109 PMCID: PMC9138135 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although serum tumour markers offer an uncomplicated, non-invasive examination method and possible therapeutic options, they are still rarely used in veterinary medicine. Our marker of interest, the Ki-67 protein, can only be detected in the active phases of the cell cycle. Therefore, it is a suitable marker for assessing the proliferating cell fraction of an organism and can thus provide information about potentially present, rapid-growing tumour tissue. The purpose of our study was to determine whether Ki-67 could be considered as a possible tumour marker in canine serum for veterinary medicine. We measured serum concentrations of Ki-67 in dogs with various malignant tumours, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, and lymphomas. In the dogs with malignant tumours we determined significantly higher serum Ki-67 concentrations compared with healthy dogs and dogs with non-malignant diseases. No significant difference in serum Ki-67 concentration was observed between the different types of cancer or between benign and malignant mammary tumours. Our investigations also included some inflammatory parameters measured in blood, such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, with mixed results. The results of our study suggest that Ki-67 may be useful as a potential serum tumour marker, providing information about the presence of malignant diseases in a dog. Abstract Tumour markers are scarcely used in veterinary medicine, although they are non-invasive, contribute to a faster diagnosis and new therapeutic options. The nuclear protein Ki-67 is absent in G0-phase but is detectable throughout all active phases of the cell cycle. Consequently, it is used as a marker for the proliferating cell fraction of a cell population and thus could indicate neoplastic tissue present. Our study is designed to show whether Ki-67 can be considered as a potential canine serum tumour marker for veterinary medicine. We measured serum concentrations of Ki-67 in dogs with various malignant tumours (carcinomas (n = 35); sarcomas (n = 26); lymphomas (n = 21)) using a commercially available quantitative sandwich ELISA from mybiosource. Dogs with malignant tumours showed significantly higher serum Ki-67 concentrations compared to healthy dogs (n = 19) and non-neoplastic diseased dogs (n = 26). No significant difference in serum Ki-67 concentration was detected between carcinoma, sarcoma, and lymphoma, nor between mammary adenocarcinoma and adenoma. In our investigations we also included some inflammatory parameters measured in blood, such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, and gained mixed results. The results of our study suggest that Ki-67 may be useful as a potential serum tumour marker, providing information about the presence of malignancies in a dog.
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Pérez-Merino EM, Cristóbal-Verdejo I, Duque-Carrasco FJ, Espadas-González L, Pastor-Sirvent N, Usón-Casaús JM. Relationship between serum cobalamin concentration and endoscopic ileal appearance and histology in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:957-965. [PMID: 35475525 PMCID: PMC9151464 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has not been determined whether ileal appearance differs among dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) and different serum concentrations of cobalamin. Objective To compare endoscopic and histologic ileal findings in dogs with CIE and different serum cobalamin concentrations and then evaluate the correlation of ileal changes to cobalamin serum concentration using updated scoring systems to assess the ileum. Animals Sixty‐eight dogs with CIE. Methods Retrospective study. Frequency of ileal features and ileal histologic and endoscopic scores (IHS and IES) were obtained and compared among CIE dogs with severe hypocobalaminemia (SHC; <200 ng/L), hypocobalaminemia (HC; 200‐350 ng/L), or normocobalaminemia (NC; >350 ng/L). The correlation of IHS and IES with cobalamin was evaluated. Results Friability, villus atrophy, crypt dilatation, epithelial injury, and intraepithelial lymphocytes were more frequent in SHC than in NC dogs (all P ≤ .01). Median SHC‐IES (2; range, 0‐4) was higher than NC‐IES (1; range, 0‐5; P = .004). Median SHC‐IHS (6; range, 3‐9) was higher than HC‐IHS (4; range, 1‐7; P < .001) and NC‐IHS (3; range, 1‐8; P < .001). Cobalamin concentration correlated negatively with IES (ρ = −.34, P = .005) and IHS (ρ = −.58, P < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Ileal features and involvement degree markedly differed when cobalamin was <200 or >350 ng/L in CIE dogs. With updated scales to assess the mucosa, greater ileal damage was associated with lower serum cobalamin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Pérez-Merino
- Department of Animal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Nieves Pastor-Sirvent
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Jesús M Usón-Casaús
- Department of Animal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Hernandez J, Rouillé E, Chocteau F, Allard M, Haurogné K, Lezin F, Hervé JM, Bach JM, Abadie J, Lieubeau B. Nonhypoalbuminemic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs as Disease Model. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:1975-1985. [PMID: 33783501 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing worldwide, emphasizing the need of relevant models, as dogs spontaneously affected by IBD may be, for better knowledge of the disease's physiopathology. METHODS We studied 22 client-owned dogs suffering from IBD without protein loss and 14 control dogs. Biopsies were obtained from the duodenum, ileum, and colon. Inflammatory grade was assessed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and chemokine analysis. The expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) in mucosa was immunohistochemically evaluated. Antibody levels against bacterial ligands (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] and flagellin) were measured in sera using enzyme-linked immunoassay. RESULTS Dogs with IBD showed low to severe clinical disease. Histopathologically, the gut of dogs with IBD did not exhibit significant alterations compared with controls except in the colon. The number of CD3+ T lymphocytes was decreased in the ileum and colon of dogs with IBD compared with controls, whereas the numbers of Foxp3+, CD20+, and CD204+ cells were similar in the 2 groups. Three chemokines, but no cytokines, were detected at the protein level in the mucosa, and the disease poorly affected their tissue concentrations. Dogs with IBD exhibited higher serum reactivity against LPS and flagellin than controls but similar immunoreactivity against the receptors TLR4 and TLR5. In addition, TLR2 and TLR9 showed similar expression patterns in both groups of dogs. CONCLUSIONS Our data described dysregulated immune responses in dogs affected by IBD without protein loss. Despite fairly homogeneous dog cohorts, we were still faced with interindividual variability, and new studies with larger cohorts are needed to validate the dog as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hernandez
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Marie Allard
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Karine Haurogné
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
| | | | - Julie M Hervé
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Marie Bach
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
| | | | - Blandine Lieubeau
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
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Karlovits S, Manz A, Allenspach K, Walter I, Kummer S, Tichy A, Richter B, Burgener IA, Luckschander-Zeller N. Ki-67/CD3 ratio in the diagnosis of chronic inflammatory enteropathy in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 34:92-97. [PMID: 31825538 PMCID: PMC6979107 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) in dogs. Cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) antigen serves as a marker for T cells. In human medicine, Ki-67 is an indicator for cell growth but there are only a few studies in dogs with CIE. OBJECTIVE To investigate Ki-67 in relation to T cells as a marker for CIE in dogs. ANIMALS Eleven dogs with CIE and 6 healthy beagle controls (CO). METHODS Retrospective case-control study. Dogs were clinically assessed by the Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index (CCECAI). Duodenal mucosal biopsy samples were endoscopically obtained for histopathologic examination by means of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association score. Double-labeled immunofluorescence was used to investigate colocalization of Ki-67 and CD3 in epithelium and lamina propria (LP) of villi and crypts. RESULTS Dogs with CIE had significantly higher clinical score (median, 5.0; interquartile range [IQR], 3-7) compared to CO (all 0; P < .001). The Ki-67/CD3 double-positive cells were significantly increased in the LP of the crypt region of CIE dogs (0.63 cells/mm2 ; IQR, 0-0.54) versus CO (0.08 cells/mm2 ; IQR, 0-0.26; P = .044). A significant correlation was found between CCECAI and the Ki-67/CD3 ratio in the LP of the crypt region (r = 0.670; P = .012) in dogs with CIE. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The Ki-67/CD3 ratio is upregulated in the LP crypt region of dogs with CIE and it correlates with clinical severity. Therefore, Ki-67/CD3 could be a useful tool for detection of CIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Karlovits
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anita Manz
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Ingrid Walter
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Kummer
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Richter
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan A Burgener
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Luckschander-Zeller
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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