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Mektrirat R, Chongrattanameteekul P, Pureeroj N, Duangboon M, Loythong J, Wiset N, Chantarachart S, Lumsangkul C, Pongkan W. Preliminary Study on Treatment Outcomes and Prednisolone Tapering after Marine Lipid Extract EAB-277 Supplementation in Dogs with Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia. Vet Sci 2023; 10:425. [PMID: 37505830 PMCID: PMC10386409 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is a common autoimmune disorder in dogs with a high fatality rate and it remains a therapeutic challenge. The marine lipid extract, EAB-277, is a natural anti-inflammatory nutraceutical product. However, the effects of EAB-277 in IMHA dogs has rarely been investigated. The objective of this study is to assess the clinical effects of EAB-277 and prednisolone dose-tapering for supplemental therapy in IMHA dogs. Prednisolone was given to 18 anemic IMHA dogs according to a standard regimen. Six dogs were supplementally treated with EAB-277 for 28 days and the remaining twelve dogs were a control group of untreated supplementations. The results demonstrate that the supplement group showed slightly better survival rates (66.7 ± 19.2%) than the control group (16.7 ± 0.7%), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.408). When compared to pre-therapy, the supplement group's blood profiles improved (p < 0.05). The EAB-277 treated group showed a moderate decrease in the incidence rate (4.20 times) of prednisolone tapering compared to the control group. The dosage reduction of prednisolone in supplement group was more than that in the control group (p < 0.0001). Our results suggest that EAB-277 supplementation may enhance clinical outcomes and lessen prednisolone dose-tapering in canine IMHA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raktham Mektrirat
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Research Center for Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Peerawit Chongrattanameteekul
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Nattanon Pureeroj
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Metina Duangboon
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Jarunee Loythong
- Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Natakorn Wiset
- Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sineenart Chantarachart
- Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chompunut Lumsangkul
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wanpitak Pongkan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Research Center for Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Almendros A, Choi YR, Bęczkowski PM, Baiker K, Barrs VR, Beatty JA. Babesia gibsoni Infection in a Cat with Immune-Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia and Thrombocytopenia. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2128. [PMID: 37443927 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne haemoparasite Babesia gibsoni has been detected rarely in cats, in surveys of apparently healthy animals. In stored blood from a 6-year-old male-neutered domestic shorthair cat in Hong Kong, B. gibsoni DNA was detected retrospectively using PCR for Babesia spp. 18S rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome B genes, followed by sequencing and basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analysis. The cat presented with severe haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia. The cat responded to supportive care and glucocorticoids and was clinically normal despite persistent subclinical thrombocytopenia until six months after presentation, when it succumbed to a fatal haemorrhagic episode. Necropsy revealed severe intestinal and pulmonary haemorrhage and hypocellular bone marrow with megakaryocytosis but no other causes of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMTP) or immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA). Blood stored on days 158 and 180 tested PCR negative for Babesia spp. This report demonstrates that geographic range of B. gibsoni detection in cats includes Hong Kong. The exclusion of other causes suggests that B. gibsoni might have potentially played a role in triggering immune-mediated disease in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Almendros
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Y R Choi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paweł M Bęczkowski
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kerstin Baiker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Idalan N, Müller E, Giger U. The Indirect Antiglobulin (Coombs') Test Is Specific but Less Sensitive Than the Direct Antiglobulin Test for Detecting Anti-Erythrocytic Autoantibodies and Thereby Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia in Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:415. [PMID: 37505821 PMCID: PMC10386064 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunodiagnostic assessment of dogs suspected of having immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is based on persistent autoagglutination of erythrocytes (after three saline washes), marked spherocytosis, and a positive direct antiglobulin (Coombs') test (DAT). However, the value of using the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) for the detection of anti-erythrocytic autoantibodies in serum from dogs suspected of having IMHA is unclear. To evaluate the IAT, leftover serum samples from a large cohort of 94 dogs suspected of having IMHA and for which DAT results were known were incubated with DAT- erythrocytes, and five IAT techniques were performed (in part with different reagents and temperatures): microtiter plate (MICRO), microcapillary, laboratory gel column, gel minitube kit (GEL KIT), and immunochromatographic strip kit. Two IAT techniques (MICRO at 37 °C and GEL KIT with rabbit anti-dog polyvalent reagent) detected autoantibodies against erythrocytes in serum from 53% and 57% of DAT+ dogs, respectively, while other IATs performed less well. Moreover, while the analytic specificity of the IAT methods compared to the DAT ranged from 96-100%, the sensitivity range was only 9-57%. Thus, we still recommend DAT for diagnosis and monitoring of IMHA in dogs but conclude that a positive IAT result may aid diagnostically when serum is available, but fresh red blood cells are not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Idalan
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboklin GmbH & Co KG, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Urs Giger
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Véran E, Blais M. Validation of a cage-side agglutination card for Dal blood typing in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:503-509. [PMID: 36862049 PMCID: PMC10061194 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although 98% of the canine population is Dal-positive, Dal-negative dogs are more common in some breeds such as Doberman Pinschers (42.4%) and Dalmatians (11.7%), and finding compatible blood for these breeds may be challenging, given limited access to Dal blood typing. OBJECTIVES To validate a cage-side agglutination card for Dal blood typing and determine the lowest packed cell volume (PCV threshold) at which interpretation remains accurate. ANIMALS One-hundred fifty dogs, including 38 blood donors, 52 Doberman Pinschers, 23 Dalmatians and 37 anemic dogs. Three additional Dal-positive canine blood donors were included to establish the PCV threshold. METHODS Dal blood typing was performed on blood samples preserved in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) <48 hours using the cage-side agglutination card and a gel column technique (gold standard). The PCV threshold was determined using plasma-diluted blood samples. All results were read by 2 observers, blinded to each other's interpretation and to the sample's origin. RESULTS Interobserver agreement was 98% and 100% using the card and gel column assays, respectively. Overall, the sensitivity and specificity of the cards were 86%-87.6% and 96.6%-100%, respectively, depending on the observer. However, 18 samples were mistyped using the agglutination cards (15/18 by both observers): 1 false-positive (Doberman Pinscher), and 17 false-negative samples including 13 anemic dogs (PCV range, 5%-24%; median, 13%). The PCV threshold allowing reliable interpretation was determined to be >20%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Dal agglutination cards are reliable as a cage-side test, but results should be interpreted cautiously in severely anemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Véran
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaireUniversité de MontréalCanada
| | - Marie‐Claude Blais
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaireUniversité de MontréalCanada
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Weng J, Levy NA, Abbott HY, Mix JA, Wills RW, Mackin AJ, Thomason JM, Cridge H. Retrospective analysis of immunosuppressive and anti-thrombotic protocols in nonassociative immune mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:528-536. [PMID: 36809664 PMCID: PMC10061171 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence supporting the effectiveness of therapeutic protocols for nonassociative immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (na-IMHA) is weak. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Investigate the efficacy of various drugs in na-IMHA. ANIMALS Two hundred forty-two dogs. METHODS Multi-institutional retrospective study (2015-2020). Immunosuppressive effectiveness was determined by time to packed cell volume (PCV) stabilization and duration of hospitalization through analysis by mixed model linear regression. Occurrence of disease relapse, death, and antithrombotic effectiveness, were analyzed using mixed model logistic regression. RESULTS Use of corticosteroids vs a multi-agent protocol had no effect on time to PCV stabilization (P = .55), duration of hospitalization (P = .13), or case fatality (P = .06). A higher rate of relapse (P = .04; odds ratio: 3.97; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-14.8) was detected in dogs receiving corticosteroids (11.3%) during follow-up (median: 28.5 days, range: 0-1631 days) compared to multiple agents (3.1%) during follow up (median: 47.0 days, range: 0-1992 days). When comparing drug protocols, there was no effect on time to PCV stabilization (P = .31), relapse (P = .44), or case fatality (P = .08). Duration of hospitalization was longer, by 1.8 days (95% CI: 0.39-3.28 days), for the corticosteroid with mycophenolate mofetil group (P = .01) compared to corticosteroids alone. Use of clopidogrel vs multiple agents had no effect on development of thromboses (P ≥ .36). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Addition of a second immunosuppressive agent did not alter immediate outcome measures but might be associated with a reduction in relapse. Use of multiple antithrombotic agents did not reduce incidence of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Weng
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Nyssa A Levy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Haley Y Abbott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Jose A Mix
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Robert W Wills
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - Andrew J Mackin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - John M Thomason
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - Harry Cridge
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Crosby J, Plested M, Hardas A, Olivares G. Severe thrombocytopenia due to subinvolution of placental sites in a Maltese terrier. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Plested
- Royal Veterinary College London UK
- Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists Alton Hampshire UK
| | | | - Gerard Olivares
- Royal Veterinary College London UK
- Eastcott Referrals Swindon Wiltshire UK
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Idalan N, Zeitz JO, Weber CN, Müller E, Giger U. Comparative study of immunohematological tests with canine blood samples submitted for a direct antiglobulin (Coombs') test. Canine Med Genet 2021; 8:10. [PMID: 34645506 PMCID: PMC8515749 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-021-00107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 2019 ACVIM consensus statement on diagnostics for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) in dogs made testing recommendations. As data on the performance of immunohematological tests was lacking, we undertook a comparative analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Anticoagulated blood samples from 126 dogs suspected of having IMHA submitted to a diagnostic veterinary laboratory for a routine direct antiglobulin test (DAT) and from 28 healthy control dogs were evaluated for spherocytosis and autoagglutination before and after three saline washes. Samples were also subjected to different DATs: a gel minitube and an immunochromatographic strip kit used in clinics; neutral gel column cards, microtiter plates (at 4°, 22°, and 37°C), capillary tubes, and flow cytometry used in laboratories. RESULTS Samples from healthy dogs yielded negative results with all immunodiagnostic tests. Among the 126 samples submitted for DAT 67 were positive by a DAT utilizing microtiter plates with goat anti-dog antiglobulin DAT at 22°C. Notably, DAT results were comparable and consistent across all evaluated methods regardless of antiglobulin and temperature used. DAT+ dogs were more severely anemic and more likely to have erythroid regeneration compared to DAT- dogs. Macroscopic agglutination in tubes or on slides was observed in 48 samples after 1:1 and 1:4 blood to saline dilution, but only persisted in four samples after washing. Among the DAT+ samples, 57% had agglutination, 87% had spherocytosis, and 45% had both. There was good correlation between spherocytosis and DAT results from the six DAT techniques, but the correlation with autoagglutination was only fair. Clinical follow-up was available for 42 dogs. Of the sample from 12 DAT+ dogs collected during treatment, 10 remained DAT+ when tested 1-24 weeks after initial assessment. CONCLUSIONS Based upon this comparative prospective survey, all in-clinic and laboratory DAT techniques produced similar results when performed by trained personnel and can therefore be recommended for detection of antibody-coated erythrocytes and immunohematological diagnosis. In addition, use of these tests for monitoring response of IMHA dogs to treatment might be valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Idalan
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstrasse 4, 97688, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Johanna O Zeitz
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstrasse 4, 97688, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Corinna N Weber
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstrasse 4, 97688, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Müller
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstrasse 4, 97688, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Urs Giger
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Section of Medical Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Almendros A, Burchell R. Multiple complications in a dog infected with
Babesia gibsoni. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Almendros
- Veterinary Medical Centre City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Richard Burchell
- North Coast Veterinary Specialist and Referral Centre Sippy Downs Queensland Australia
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Sun P, Jeffery U. Response to letter regarding "Effect of dilution of canine blood samples on the specificity of saline agglutination tests for immune-mediated hemolysis". J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1216-1217. [PMID: 33951243 PMCID: PMC8163140 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prudence Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Unity Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Giger U. Letter regarding "Effect of dilution of canine blood samples on the specificity of saline agglutination tests for immune-mediated hemolysis," original and modified saline agglutination tests vs direct Coombs' tests. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1214-1215. [PMID: 33942399 PMCID: PMC8163119 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Sun PL, Jeffery U. Effect of dilution of canine blood samples on the specificity of saline agglutination tests for immune-mediated hemolysis. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2374-2383. [PMID: 33169867 PMCID: PMC7694812 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saline agglutination tests (SATs) are widely recommended for diagnosis of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs, but there are frequent false-positive results. OBJECTIVES Specificity of SATs will improve at higher saline-to-blood ratios. ANIMALS One hundred fifty dogs treated at a veterinary referral hospital with hematocrits ≤30%. METHODS Prospective diagnostic accuracy study. Immune-mediated hemolysis (IMH) was considered present if a gel direct antiglobulin test (DAT) was positive and there was clinical evidence of hemolysis (n = 9), absent if another mechanism for anemia was identified and the DAT was negative or there was no hemolysis (n = 138), and if IMH status was unclear, dogs were excluded (n = 3). Saline agglutination tests were prepared at 1 : 1, 4 : 1, 9 : 1, and 49 : 1 saline-to-blood ratios, and microscopic agglutination was considered a positive result. RESULTS Specificity for IMH increased from 29% (95% confidence interval 20-38) at a 1 : 1 dilution to 97% (93-99) at a 49 : 1 dilution. Sensitivity was 88% (47-100) at 1 : 1 and 4 : 1 dilutions and 67% (30-93%) at 9 : 1 and 49 : 1 dilutions. Diagnostic accuracy increased from 33% (24-42) at 1 : 1 dilution to 95% (90-98) at 49 : 1 dilution. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE If performed using a 49 : 1 saline-to-blood ratio, SATs achieve high specificity for IMH. Based on a gold standard of positive DAT and evidence of hemolysis, lower saline-to-blood ratio results should not be used because false-positive results are common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prudence L Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Unity Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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