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Pathak R, Mallik SK, Patil PK, Shahi N, Kala K, Bhat RAH, Nadella RK, Pandey N, Pandey PK. Assessment of Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Oxolinic Acid in Rainbow Trout and Determination of In Vitro Antibacterial Activity Against Pathogenic Bacteria From Diseased Fish. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024. [PMID: 39120127 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
In response to the heightened risk of bacterial diseases in fish farms caused by increased demand for fish consumption and subsequent overcrowding, researchers are currently investigating the efficacy and residue management of oxolinic acid (OA) as a treatment for bacterial infections in fish. This research is crucial for gaining a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacokinetics of OA. The present study investigates pharmacokinetics of OA in juvenile rainbow trout. The fish were given a 12 mg kg-1 dose of OA through their feed, and tissue samples were collected of the liver, kidney, gill, intestine, muscle, and plasma for analysis using LC-MS/MS. The highest concentrations of the drug were found in the gill (4096.55 μg kg-1) and intestine (11592.98 μg kg-1), with significant absorption also seen in the liver (0.36 L/h) and gill (0.07 L/h) (p < 0.05). The liver (0.21 L/h) and kidney (0.03 L/h) were found to be the most efficient (p < 0.05) at eliminating the drug. The study also confirmed the drug antimicrobial effectiveness against several bacterial pathogens, including Shewanella xiamenensis (0.25 μg mL-1), Lactococcus garvieae (1 μg mL-1), and Chryseobacterium aquaticum (4 μg mL-1). The study concludes significant variations among different fish tissues, with higher concentrations and longer half-lives observed in the kidney and intestine. The lowest MIC value recorded against major bacterial pathogens demonstrated its therapeutic potential in aquaculture. It also emphasizes the importance of understanding OA pharmacokinetics to optimize antimicrobial therapy in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Pathak
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sumanta Kumar Mallik
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Prasanna Kumar Patil
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIBA), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Neetu Shahi
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Krishna Kala
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Raja Adil Hussain Bhat
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Nityanand Pandey
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pandey
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
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Deshotel MB, Dave UM, Farmer B, Kemboi D, Nelson DC. Bacteriophage endolysin treatment for systemic infection of Streptococcus iniae in hybrid striped bass. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109296. [PMID: 38104698 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae, a zoonotic Gram-positive pathogen, poses a threat to finfish aquaculture, causing streptococcosis with an annual economic impact exceeding $150 million globally. As aquaculture trends shift towards recirculating systems, the potential for horizontal transmission of S. iniae among fish intensifies. Current vaccine development provides only short-term protection, driving the widespread use of antibiotics like florfenicol. However, this practice raises environmental concerns and potentially contributes to antibiotic resistance. Thus, alternative strategies are urgently needed. Endolysin therapy, derived from bacteriophages, employs hydrolytic endolysin enzymes that target bacterial peptidoglycan cell walls. This study assesses three synthetic endolysins (PlyGBS 90-1, PlyGBS 90-8, and ClyX-2) alongside the antibiotic carbenicillin in treating S. iniae-infected hybrid striped bass (HSB). Results demonstrate that ClyX-2 exhibits remarkable bacteriolytic potency, with lytic activity detected at concentrations as low as ∼15 μg/mL, approximately 8-fold more potent than the PlyGBS derivatives. In therapeutic effectiveness assessments, both carbenicillin and ClyX-2 treatments achieved significantly higher survival rates (85 % and 95 %, respectively) compared to placebo and PlyGBS-based endolysin treatments. Importantly, no statistical differences were observed between ClyX-2 and carbenicillin treatments. This highlights ClyX-2 as a promising alternative for combating S. iniae infections in aquaculture, offering potent bacteriolytic activity and high survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Deshotel
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR, 72160, USA.
| | - Urmil M Dave
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Bradley Farmer
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR, 72160, USA
| | - Daniel Kemboi
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Daniel C Nelson
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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Mallik SK, Shahi N, Pathak R, Kala K, Patil PK, Singh B, Ravindran R, Krishna N, Pandey PK. Pharmacokinetics and biosafety evaluation of a veterinary drug florfenicol in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792) as a model cultivable fish species in temperate water. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1033170. [PMID: 36755946 PMCID: PMC9900004 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1033170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In two experimental trials; florfenicol pharmacokinetics following a single dose oral administration at 15 mg kg-1 fish body weight and biosafety through extended medicated feeding were studied in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The pharmacokinetic trial was conducted for 5 days, whereas the biosafety experiment lasted for a 30-day safety margin followed by a 20-day residual period analysis at 3, 5 and 10 times greater than the therapeutic dose 10 mg kg-1 biomass day-1. C max µg kg-1 calculated for florfenicol were found to be 5,360 in intestine, 2,890 in gill, 2,250 in kidney, 973 in liver and 273 in plasma, obtained at T max of 16 h. Intestine had utmost area under the concentration-time curve (tissue/plasma) of 13.83 h μg kg-1 and a prolonged half life (t1/2ß) of 28.62 h. The highest apparent metabolic rate value in the kidney (0.327) showed a high level of biotransformation of florfenicol to its metabolite florfenicol amine. The apparent distribution rate of florfenicol amine in muscle, in comparison to the parent drug florfenicol, indicated elimination of the medication mostly in the form of florfenicol amine with t1/2 of 16.75 h. The biosafety of florfenicol orally administered to rainbow trout recorded effective feed consumption, physiological responses, drug tolerance and significantly low drug concentrations in muscle of rainbow trout, thus its usage at 10 mg kg-1 fish body weight is recommended. In the study, the rapid absorption, greater bioavailability, enhanced dispersion, slower elimination and biosafety of the drug form a significant basis for the florfenicol and its metabolite florfenicol amine as a useful antibacterial agent in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Kumar Mallik
- Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory, Fish Health Section, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand,*Correspondence: Sumanta Kumar Mallik, ; Pramod Kumar Pandey,
| | - Neetu Shahi
- Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory, Fish Health Section, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand
| | - Richa Pathak
- Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory, Fish Health Section, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand
| | - Krishna Kala
- Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory, Fish Health Section, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand
| | - Prasanna Kumar Patil
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIBA), Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bhupendra Singh
- Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory, Fish Health Section, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand
| | - Rajisha Ravindran
- Quality Assurance and Management, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (ICAR-CIFT), Kochi, India
| | - Nanitha Krishna
- Quality Assurance and Management, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (ICAR-CIFT), Kochi, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pandey
- Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory, Fish Health Section, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand,*Correspondence: Sumanta Kumar Mallik, ; Pramod Kumar Pandey,
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Behvarmanesh M, Asadi G, Malekfar R, Etezad M, Hasan Bouzari H. Rapid detection of florfenicol antibiotic residues in chicken meat using surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J Food Saf 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Behvarmanesh
- Sciences and Food Industries Department, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food industries, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Gholamhasan Asadi
- Sciences and Food Industries Department, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food industries, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Rasoul Malekfar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Masoud Etezad
- Department of Environmental Research Institute for Color Science and Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Hasan Bouzari
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
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Shahin K, Veek T, Heckman TI, Littman E, Mukkatira K, Adkison M, Welch TJ, Imai DM, Pastenkos G, Camus A, Soto E. Isolation and characterization of Lactococcus garvieae from rainbow trout, Onchorhyncus mykiss, from California, USA. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2326-2343. [PMID: 34328271 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is an emergent bacterial pathogen of salmonid fish in North America that causes acute infections particularly at water temperatures above 15°C. During 2020, L. garvieae was detected in rainbow trout, Onchorhyncus mykiss, cultured in Southern California and the Eastern Sierras. Infected fish exhibited high mortalities and nonspecific clinical signs of lethargy, erratic swimming, dark skin pigmentation, and exophthalmia. Macroscopic changes included external and internal hemorrhages, mainly in the eyes, liver, coelomic fat, intestine, and brain. Histological examination revealed splenitis, branchitis, panophthalmitis, hepatitis, enteritis, and coelomitis, with variable degrees of tissue damage among evaluated fish. Pure colonies of L. garvieae were isolated from infected trout and specific PCR primers for L. garvieae confirmed the preliminary diagnosis. Multilocus sequence analysis showed that the strains recovered from diseased trout represent a novel genetic group. Isolates were able to form biofilms within 24 h that increased their resistance to disinfection by hydrogen peroxide. Laboratory challenge methods for inducing lactococcosis in steelhead trout, O. mykiss, were evaluated by intracoelomic injection with serial dilutions of L. garvieae. The median lethal dose 21 days post challenge was ∼20 colony-forming units/fish. Experimentally infected trout presented similar clinical signs, gross changes, and microscopic lesions as those with natural disease, fulfilling Koch's postulates and demonstrating the high virulence of the recovered strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Aquatic Animal Diseases Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez, Egypt
| | - Tresa Veek
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Taylor I Heckman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Eric Littman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Mark Adkison
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Timothy J Welch
- National Center for Cool and Coldwater Aquaculture, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| | - Denise M Imai
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Gabrielle Pastenkos
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alvin Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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