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Gray B, Lubbock K, Love C, Ryder E, Hudson S, Scarth J. Analytical advances in horseracing medication and doping control from 2018 to 2023. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 39010718 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The analytical approaches taken by laboratories to implement robust and efficient regulation of horseracing medication and doping control are complex and constantly evolving. Each laboratory's approach will be dictated by differences in regulatory, economic and scientific drivers specific to their local environment. However, in general, laboratories will all be undertaking developments and improvements to their screening strategies in order to meet new and emerging threats as well as provide improved service to their customers. In this paper, the published analytical advances in horseracing medication and doping control since the 22nd International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians will be reviewed. Due to the unprecedented impact of COVID-19 on the worldwide economy, the normal 2-year period of this review was extended to over 5 years. As such, there was considerable ground to cover, resulting in an increase in the number of relevant publications included from 107 to 307. Major trends in publications will be summarised and possible future directions highlighted. This will cover developments in the detection of 'small' and 'large' molecule drugs, sample preparation procedures and the use of alternative matrices, instrumental advances/applications, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, the detection and prevalence of 'endogenous' compounds and biomarker and OMICs approaches. Particular emphasis will be given to research into the potential threat of gene doping, which is a significant area of new and continued research for many laboratories. Furthermore, developments in analytical instrumentation relevant to equine medication and doping control will be discussed.
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Gumułka P, Pecio Ł, Żmudzki P, Ciura K, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Dąbrowska M, Starek M. Comprehensive Assessment of the Stability of Selected Coxibs in Variable Environmental Conditions along with the Assessment of Their Potential Hepatotoxicity. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2609. [PMID: 38004587 PMCID: PMC10674268 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the influence of environmental factors on the stability of drugs is very helpful when choosing excipients, storage conditions or packaging materials. In addition, information about possible toxic degradation products enables detecting and avoiding the harmful side effects of the drug. We used the thin-layer chromatographic-densitometric procedure for the assay of five coxibs, conducted degradation studies in various environments and at different temperatures along with the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters. The results were subjected to chemometric analysis, to investigate and visualize the similarities and differences of the studied coxibs. Samples of the tested drug were also analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS in order to identify degradation products, and determine possible drug degradation pathways. Using the human liver cancer HepG2 cell line, the hepatotoxic effect of the degradation products was also determined. It was observed that all substances were relatively stable under the analyzed conditions and degraded more in acidic than alkaline environments. Robenacoxib is the drug that decomposes the fastest, and cimicoxib turned out to be the most stable. Robenacoxib also showed significant hepatotoxicity at the highest tested concentration, which correlates with the high degree of its degradation, and the probable formation of a more hepatoxic product. The obtained mass spectra of compounds formed as a result of hydrolysis of the protonated drug leading to the formation of several product ions, which enabled us to propose probable degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Gumułka
- Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Łazarza St., 31-530 Kraków, Poland;
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Pecio
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Products, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (Ł.P.); (K.S.-W.)
| | - Paweł Żmudzki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Krzesimir Ciura
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Aleja Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Krystyna Skalicka-Woźniak
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Products, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (Ł.P.); (K.S.-W.)
| | - Monika Dąbrowska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Starek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
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Karatt TK, Sathiq MA, Laya S, Karakka Kal AK, Subhahar MB, M P MA, Philip M, Graiban FM, Caveney MR. Metabolic study of selective androgen receptor modulator LY2452473 in thoroughbred horses for doping control. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9491. [PMID: 36758220 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Since 2010, there has been an increasing number of adverse analytical findings related to selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) in competitive sports. It emphasizes the importance of comprehensive doping control analytical procedures that are capable of detecting SARM misuse. METHODS In this study, it is described how LY2452473, a SARM, was metabolized in thoroughbred horses after a single-dose oral administration and in vitro with equine liver microsome preparations. An investigation of the metabolism of LY2452473 in horses' urine, plasma, and hair matrices was carried out during the study. The plausible structures of the detected metabolites were postulated using high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. RESULTS Under the experimental conditions 15 metabolites (12 phase I and three conjugates of phase I) were detected (M1-M15). The major phase I metabolites identified were formed by hydroxylation. Side-chain dissociated and methylated metabolites were also detected. In phase II, the glucuronic acid and sulfonic acid conjugates of hydroxy LY2452473 were detected as the major metabolites. In vitro analysis has confirmed the presence of all metabolites found in vivo except for the methylated analogs M11 and M12. A peak concentration of LY2452473 (0.5 pg/mg) in proximal hair segments was achieved 4 weeks after administration, according to hair analysis. CONCLUSIONS Data obtained will aid in identifying LY2452473 and related substances faster. Furthermore, the results will assist in checking for the illegal use of these substances in competitive sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajudheen K Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Anwar Sathiq
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saraswathy Laya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Muhammed Ajeebsanu M P
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moses Philip
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatma Mohammed Graiban
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Philip M, Karakka Kal AK, Subhahar MB, Karatt TK, Mathew B, Perwad Z, Graiban FM, Caveney MR, Sayed R, Kadry AM. Hydroxy levamisole and its phase II conjugates as potential indicators of levamisole doping in thoroughbred horses. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9430. [PMID: 36382989 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE According to previous research, aminorex is the major metabolite of levamisole; however, in the screening of levamisole-positive racehorse urine and plasma samples, aminorex could only be detected in trace amounts or not at all. In forensic laboratories, hydroxy levamisole and its phase II conjugates make it easier to confirm levamisole misuse and to differentiate between the abuse of levamisole and aminorex. This study aimed to identify the major levamisole metabolites that can be detected along with the parent drug. METHODS The study describes levamisole and its metabolites in thoroughbred horses following oral administration and in vitro with equine liver microsomes. The plausible structures of the detected metabolites were postulated using liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry. RESULTS Under the experimental conditions 26 metabolites (17 phase I, 2 phase II, and 7 conjugates of phase I metabolites) were detected (M1-M26). The major phase I metabolites identified were formed by hydroxylation. In phase II, the glucuronic acid conjugates of levamisole and hydroxy levamisole were detected as the major metabolites. In plasma, the parent drug and major metabolites are detectable for up to eight days, while in urine, they are detectable for up to twenty days. Levamisole levels rapidly increased at 45 min following administration, then declined gradually until detectable levels were reached approximately 8 days after administration, according to a pharmacokinetics study. CONCLUSIONS A prolonged elimination profile and relatively high concentration of hydroxy metabolites suggest that the detection of hydroxy metabolites is imperative for investigating levamisole doping in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Philip
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Tajudheen K Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Binoy Mathew
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zubair Perwad
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatma Mohammed Graiban
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Ramy Sayed
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Mahmoud Kadry
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Flood J, Stewart AJ. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Associated Toxicities in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2939. [PMID: 36359062 PMCID: PMC9655344 DOI: 10.3390/ani12212939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective pain management in horses can be a challenge despite the understanding that appropriate analgesia improves animal welfare and increases treatment success. The administration of NSAID drugs, particularly phenylbutazone and flunixin, are common practice in equine veterinary patients. Known for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, NSAIDs are used for the treatment of a variety of conditions in horses, from gastrointestinal to orthopedic pain. Despite extensive usage, NSAIDs have a narrow margin of safety and the body of literature documenting the efficacy and side effects of different NSAIDs is broad. The three main side effects associated with excessive or prolonged NSAID usage in horses include gastroduodenal ulceration, right dorsal colitis (RDC) and renal papillary necrosis. The use of cyclooxygenase-2 selective NSAIDS, such as firocoxib, are theoretically safer. The aim of this paper is to review the current literature on the use and efficacy of different NSAIDs, summarise the associated side effects of NSAID usage and evaluate the current state of knowledge for the diagnosis and treatment of such toxicities.
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Philip M, Karakka Kal AK, Subhahar MB, Karatt TK, Mathew B, Koshy SA. Characterization of growth hormone secretagogue small molecule ibutamoren (MK-0677) and its possible metabolites in thoroughbred horses for doping control. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9337. [PMID: 35716382 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE It is important to remember that performance-enhancing agents such as non-peptide growth hormone secretagogues present a significant risk of abuse. Ibutamoren (MK-0677) is a potent, long-acting, selective non-peptide growth hormone secretagogue that can be taken orally. METHODS This study examines ibutamoren and its metabolites in thoroughbred horses after oral administration. Liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to determine the probable structures of the detected metabolites. RESULTS In this study, 22 metabolites of ibutamoren were identified (17 phase I and 5 phase II). Oxidation of ibutamoren leads to hydroxylated metabolites (mono and di). The study also detected dissociated side chains (benzyl group and 2-amino-2-methylpropanamide) and hydrogenated metabolites. The glucuronic acid conjugated analogs of ibutamoren were detected during phase II of the study, but no sulfonic acid conjugated analogs were observed. The major metabolites can be detected up to 96 hours after a single dose, and ibutamoren can persist for up to 72 hours. CONCLUSIONS These findings will aid in the detection of ibutamoren and the detection of its illegal use in competitive sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Philip
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Tajudheen K Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Binoy Mathew
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shino Ann Koshy
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Jacobs CC, Schnabel LV, McIlwraith CW, Blikslager AT. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in equine orthopaedics. Equine Vet J 2022; 54:636-648. [PMID: 35076950 PMCID: PMC9304133 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Orthopaedic disorders are commonly encountered in equine veterinary medicine, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) play an important role in the management of many equine orthopaedic disorders. There are multiple NSAIDs available for use in horses, including both non-selective and selective NSAIDS, and the body of literature evaluating the efficacy of these medications, their effects on normal and inflamed musculoskeletal tissues, and their side effects is broad. This review aims to summarise the current literature on the use of NSAIDs for equine orthopaedic disorders and examines new and future avenues for the management of inflammation in equine orthopaedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie C. Jacobs
- Department of Clinical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Lauren V. Schnabel
- Department of Clinical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - C. Wayne McIlwraith
- C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute (TMI)Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
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8
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Moreira F, Carmo H, Guedes de Pinho P, Bastos MDL. Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:474-504. [PMID: 33440053 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive innate physical abilities of horses, camels, greyhounds, or pigeons, doping agents might be administered to these animals to improve their performance. To control these illegal practices, anti-doping analytical methodologies have been developed. This review compiles the analytical methods that have been published for the detection of prohibited substances administered to animals involved in sports over 30 years. Relevant papers meeting the search criteria that discussed analytical methods aiming to detect and/or quantify doping substances in animal biological matrices published from 1990 to 2019 were considered. A total of 317 studies were included, of which 298 were related to horses, demonstrating significant advances toward the development of doping detection methods for equine sports. However, analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in sports involving other species are lacking. Due to enhanced accuracy and specificity, chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection is preferred over immunoassays. Regarding biological matrices, blood and urine remain the first choice, although alternative biological matrices, such as hair and feces, have been considered. With the increasing number and type of drugs used as doping agents, the analytes addressed in the published papers are diverse. It is very important to continue to detect and quantify these drugs, recognizing those that are most frequently used, in order to punish the abusers, protect animals' health, and ensure a healthier and genuine competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Área Técnico-Científica de Farmácia, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Cruz JV, Giuliatti S, Alves LB, Silva RC, Ferreira EFB, Kimani NM, Silva CHTP, Souza JSND, Espejo-Román JM, Santos CBR. Identification of novel potential cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors using ligand- and structure-based virtual screening approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:5386-5408. [PMID: 33427075 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1871413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is a well-established target for the design of anti-inflammatory intermediates. Celecoxib was selected as a template molecule to perform ligand-based virtual screening, i.e. to search for structures with similarity in shape and electrostatic potential, with a gradual increase in accuracy through the combined fitting of several steps using eight commercial databases. The molecules ZINC408709 and ZINC2090319 reproduced values within the limits established in an initial study of absorption and distribution in the body. No alert was fired for possible toxic groups when these molecules were subjected to toxicity prediction. Molecular docking results with these compounds showed a higher binding affinity in comparison to rofecoxib for the COX-2 target. Additionally, ZINC408709 and ZINC2090319 were predicted to be potentially biologically active. In in silico prediction of endocrine disruption potential, it was established that the molecule ZINC2090319 binds strongly to the target related to cardiovascular risk in a desirable way as a non-steroidal antagonist and ZINC408709 binds strongly to the target that is associated with the treatment of inflammatory pathologies and similar to celecoxib. Metabolites generated from these compounds are less likely to have side effects. Simulations were used to evaluate the interaction of compounds with COX-1 and COX-2 during 200 ns. Despite the differences, ZINC408709 molecule showed better stability for COX-2 during molecular dynamics simulation. In the calculations of free energy MM/PBSA, the molecule ZINC408709 ΔGbind value has a higher affinity to celecoxib and rofecoxib COX-2. This demonstrates that the selected substances can be considered as promising COX-2 inhibitors. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane V Cruz
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil.,Laboratory of Modeling and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Silvana Giuliatti
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Levy B Alves
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Raí C Silva
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Elenilze F B Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil.,Laboratory of Modeling and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil.,Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the State of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Njogu M Kimani
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Carlos H T P Silva
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.,Computational Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João S N de Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
| | - José M Espejo-Román
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biosanitary Institute of Granada (Ibs.GRANADA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Cleydson B R Santos
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil.,Laboratory of Modeling and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
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Subhahar MB, Singh J, Albert PH, Kadry AM. Detection and Pharmacokinetics of Etoricoxib in Thoroughbred Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 88:102942. [PMID: 32303303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Etoricoxib, a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2, is used in the treatment of many inflammatory diseases and dental pain in humans. The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of etoricoxib in horses. Six horses weighing an average of 475 ± 25 kg were administered a single oral dose of etoricoxib at 1 mg/kg body weight. The results show that the drug reached a maximum concentration of 505.2 ± 67.8 ng/mL in 48 minutes after administration. The elimination half-life was calculated to be 10.20 ± 1.30 hours. Mass spectrometric analysis confirmed that etoricoxib is metabolized in horses via the oxidation of its 6'-methyl group to form a hydroxyl methyl etoricoxib which can further be oxidized to form either an acid or be glucuronidated. In addition, the 1'-N terminal of 6'-hydroxymethyl metabolite is oxidized to form the corresponding 1'-N oxide metabolite. The present results have clearly demonstrated that etoricoxib is mainly excreted in urine as metabolites. From these data, it is also possible to postulate a detection time for the metabolites which in turn can assist in the control of illegal use of the drug in horse racing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Subhahar
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jaipaul Singh
- School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, College of Science and Technology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Peter H Albert
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed M Kadry
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
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