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Corum O, Durna Corum D, Marin P, Acar OF, Aksoy M, Uney K. Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and plasma protein binding of tolfenamic acid in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1533. [PMID: 38952278 PMCID: PMC11217592 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although research on the mechanism and control of pain and inflammation in fish has increased in recent years, the use of analgesic drugs is limited due to the lack of pharmacological information about analgesic drugs. Tolfenamic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and can be used in fish due to its low side effect profile and superior pharmacokinetic properties. OBJECTIVES The pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and plasma protein binding of tolfenamic acid were investigated following single intravascular (IV), intramuscular (IM) and oral administration of 2 mg/kg in rainbow trout at 13 ± 0.5°C. METHODS The experiment was carried out on a total of 234 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Tolfenamic acid was administered to fish via IV, IM and oral route at a dose of 2 mg/kg. Blood samples were taken at 13 different sampling times until the 72 h after drug administration. The plasma concentrations of tolfenamic acid were quantified using high pressure liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (UV) and pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed using non-compartmental analysis. RESULTS The elimination half-life (t1/2ʎz) of tolfenamic acid for IV, IM and oral routes was 3.47, 6.75 and 9.19 h, respectively. For the IV route, the volume of distribution at a steady state and total body clearance of tolfenamic acid were 0.09 L/kg and 0.03 L/h/kg, respectively. The peak plasma concentration and bioavailability for IM and oral administration were 8.82 and 1.24 µg/mL, and 78.45% and 21.48%, respectively. The mean plasma protein binding ratio of tolfenamic acid in rainbow trout was 99.48% and was not concentration dependent. CONCLUSIONS While IM route, which exhibits both the high plasma concentration and bioavailability, can be used in rainbow trout, oral route is not recommended due to low plasma concentration and bioavailability. However, there is a need to demonstrate the pharmacodynamic activity of tolfenamic acid in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Hatay Mustafa KemalHatayTurkiye
| | - Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Hatay Mustafa KemalHatayTurkiye
| | - Pedro Marin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Omer Faruk Acar
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of KastamonuKastamonuTurkiye
| | - Mert Aksoy
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of KastamonuKastamonuTurkiye
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SelcukKonyaTurkiye
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Sladky KK. Treatment of Pain in Reptiles. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:43-64. [PMID: 36402488 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of our current understanding of clinical analgesic use in reptiles. Currently, μ-opioid agonist drugs are the standard of care for analgesia in reptiles. Reptile pain is no longer considered a necessary part of recovery to keep the reptile from becoming active too early. Rather, treating pain allows for the reptile to begin normalizing their behavior. This recognition of pain and analgesia certainly benefits our reptile patients and greatly improves reptile welfare, but it also benefits our students and house officers, who will carry the torch and continue to demand excellence in reptile medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt K Sladky
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53705 USA.
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Ting AKY, Tay VSY, Chng HT, Xie S. A Critical Review on the Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Opioid Drugs Used in Reptiles. Vet Anim Sci 2022; 17:100267. [PMID: 36043206 PMCID: PMC9420515 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2022.100267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids are analgesics used for moderate to severe pain in many animals, including reptiles. However, reptilian dosing regimens are often extrapolated from other animal species. This is not ideal as inter- and intra-species variability in physiology may result in varied drug disposition. Therefore, this critical review aims to collate data from pharmacological studies of selected NSAIDs and opioids performed in reptile and provide an analysis and discussion on the existing pharmacodynamic knowledge and pharmacokinetic data of NSAIDs and opioids use in reptiles. Additionally, key pharmacokinetic trends that may aid dosing of NSAIDs and opioids in reptiles will also be highlighted. Most of the existing reports of NSAID used in reptiles did not observe any adverse effects directly associated to the respective NSAID used, with meloxicam being the most well-studied. Despite the current absence of analgesic efficacy studies for NSAIDs in reptiles, most reports observed behavioural improvements in reptiles after NSAID treatment. Fentanyl and morphine were studied in the greatest number of reptile species with analgesic effects observed with the doses used, while adverse effects such as sedation were observed most with butorphanol use. While pharmacokinetic trends were drug- and species-specific, it was observed that clearance (CL) of drugs tended to be higher in squamates compared to chelonians. The half-life (t1/2) of meloxicam also appeared to be longer when dosed orally compared to other routes of drug administration. This could have been due to absorption-rate limited disposition. Although current data provided beneficial information, there is an urgent need for future research on NSAID and opioid pharmacology to ensure the safe and effective use of opioids in reptiles.
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Pain and Pain Management in Sea Turtle and Herpetological Medicine: State of the Art. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060697. [PMID: 35327093 PMCID: PMC8944618 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Rescue and rehabilitative medicine of sea turtles must deal with several circumstances that would be certainly considered painful in other species (trauma, situations that require surgery); thus, it would be natural to consider the use of analgesic drugs to manage the pain and avoid its deleterious systemic effects to guarantee a rapid recovery and release. However, in these animals (as well as in reptiles in general), many obstacles stand in the way of the application of safe and effective therapeutic protocols. It has been demonstrated that, anatomically and physiologically, turtles and reptiles in general must be considered able to experience pain in its definition of an “unpleasant sensory and emotional experience”. Unfortunately, specific studies concerning sea turtles and reptiles on pain assessment, safety, and clinical efficacy of analgesic drugs currently in use (mostly opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs—NSAIDs) are scarce and fragmentary and suffer from some basic gaps or methodological bias that prevent a correct interpretation of the results. At present, the general understanding of the physiology of reptiles’ pain and the possibility of its reasonable treatment is still in its infancy, considering the enormous amount of information still needed, and the use of analgesic drugs is still anecdotal or dangerously inferred from other species. Abstract In sea turtle rescue and rehabilitative medicine, many of the casualties suffer from occurrences that would be considered painful in other species; therefore, the use of analgesic drugs should be ethically mandatory to manage the pain and avoid its deleterious systemic effects to guarantee a rapid recovery and release. Nonetheless, pain assessment and management are particularly challenging in reptilians and chelonians. The available scientific literature demonstrates that, anatomically, biochemically, and physiologically, the central nervous system of reptiles and chelonians is to be considered functionally comparable to that of mammals albeit less sophisticated; therefore, reptiles can experience not only nociception but also “pain” in its definition of an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience. Hence, despite the necessity of appropriate pain management plans, the available literature on pain assessment and clinical efficacy of analgesic drugs currently in use (prevalently opioids and NSAIDs) is fragmented and suffers from some basic gaps or methodological bias that prevent a correct interpretation of the results. At present, the general understanding of the physiology of reptiles’ pain and the possibility of its reasonable treatment is still in its infancy, considering the enormous amount of information still needed, and the use of analgesic drugs is still anecdotal or dangerously inferred from other species.
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Turk E, Tekeli IO, Corum O, Durna Corum D, Kirgiz FC, Cetin G, Arslan Atessahin D, Uney K. Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam, carprofen, and tolfenamic acid after intramuscular and oral administration in Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:388-396. [PMID: 33846990 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam (MLX), carprofen (CRP), and tolfenamic acid (TA) in Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) following intramuscular (IM) and oral administration at doses of 1, 10, and 2 mg/kg, respectively. A total of 72 quails were randomly divided into 3 equal groups as MLX, CRP, and TA. Each group was separated into two sub-groups that received IM and oral administration of each drug. Plasma concentrations of MLX, CRP, and TA were determined using HPLC-UV and analyzed by non-compartmental method. The t1/2ʎz and MRT of MLX, CRP, and TA after oral administration were similar to those after IM administration. The Vdarea /F of MLX, CRP, and TA after IM administration was 0.28, 2.05, and 0.20 L/kg. The Cl/F of MLX, CRP, and TA after IM administration was 0.12, 0.19, and 0.09 L/h/kg. MLX, CRP, and TA after oral administration showed significantly lower Cmax and longer Tmax compared with IM administration. The relative bioavailability of MLX, CRP, and TA following oral administration in quails was 76.13%, 61.46%, and 57.32%, respectively. The IM and oral route of MLX, CRP, and TA can be used for the treatment of various conditions in quails. However, further research is necessary to determine the pharmacodynamics and safety of MLX, CRP, and TA before use in quails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdinc Turk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Ozan Tekeli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ceren Kirgiz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Gul Cetin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Erzincan Binali Yıldırım, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Dilek Arslan Atessahin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cankiri Karatekin, Cankiri, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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Turk E, Tekeli IO, Durna Corum D, Corum O, Sakin F, Uney K. Pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid after different administration routes in geese (Anser cygnoides). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:381-387. [PMID: 33598927 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tolfenamic acid were determined in geese (Anser cygnoides) following intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), and oral administrations at 2 mg/kg dose. In this study, eight healthy geese (3.5 ± 0.5 kg) were used. The study was performed in four periods according to a crossover design with a 15-day washout period between two administrations. The plasma concentrations of tolfenamic acid were analyzed using HPLC-UV, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental analysis. The elimination half-life was 1.73, 2.51, 2.34, and 2.31 hr for IV, IM, SC, and oral routes, respectively. The volume of distribution at steady state and total clearance after IV administration were 0.25 L/kg and 0.16 L hr-1 kg-1 , respectively. The peak plasma concentrations of tolfenamic acid after IM, SC, and oral administrations were 4.89, 2.94, and 2.92 μg/ml at 0.25, 0.75, and 1 hr, respectively. The bioavailability was 87.91, 77.87, and 76.03% for the IM, SC, and oral routes, respectively. Tolfenamic acid, which exhibits the good bioavailability and plasma concentration following IM, SC, and oral administrations at 2 mg/kg dose, may be useful in the treatment of inflammatory disease conditions in geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdinc Turk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Ozan Tekeli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Fatih Sakin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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Turk E, Tekeli IO, Durna Corum D, Corum O, Altinok Yipel F, Ilhan A, Emiroglu SB, Uguz H, Uney K. Pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid in goats after different administration routes. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:367-373. [PMID: 33560540 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tolfenamic acid in goats after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), and oral (PO) administrations at 2 mg/kg dose. In this study, eight clinically healthy goats were used. The study comprised four periods, according to a crossover design with at least a 15-day washout period between treatments. Plasma concentrations of tolfenamic acid were determined by HPLC-UV, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a non-compartmental method. Following IV administration, terminal elimination half-life, volume of distribution at steady state, and total clearance were 1.60 h, 0.37 L/kg, and 0.27 L/h/kg, respectively. The mean peak plasma concentration following IM, SC, and PO administrations was 1.77, 1.22, and 0.30 μg/ml, respectively. The mean bioavailability following IM, SC, and PO administrations was 64.46, 55.43, and 19.46%, respectively. The PO route, which exhibits both the low plasma concentration and bioavailability, is not recommended in goats. The IV, IM, and SC routes, which show comparable pharmacokinetic profiles, may be proposed for use in goats. However, the multi-dose and pharmacodynamic studies are necessary to establish more accurately its safety and efficacy in the goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdinc Turk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Ozan Tekeli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Fulya Altinok Yipel
- Department of Veterinary Science, Samandag Vocational School, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Aysun Ilhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Sara Busra Emiroglu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Halis Uguz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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