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Havmøller LW, Wahyudi HA, Iqbal M, Nawangsari VA, Setiawan J, Chandradewi DS, Møller PR, Træholt C, Havmøller RW. Exploring temporal activity of dholes, their prey, and competitors in East Java, Indonesia. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11666. [PMID: 38975263 PMCID: PMC11224129 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Dholes (Cuon alpinus) are endangered large carnivores found in scattered populations in Asia. One of the main threats to dholes is the decreasing prey availability throughout their distribution range. In the present study, we used camera trap data collected over 6 years to investigate the temporal activity patterns of dholes and their putative prey species in Baluran National Park in Java, Indonesia. We also explored the overlap in activity between dholes and the park's other remaining large carnivore the Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas), as well as humans. Furthermore, we investigated potential differences in activity patterns between dholes in packs and dholes roaming in pairs or alone. We found a high temporal overlap between dholes and their wild ungulate prey species (ranging from Δ = 0.66-0.90), with the lowest overlap observed between dholes and bantengs (Bos javanicus) (Δ = 0.66), and the highest between dholes and muntjacs (Muntiacus muntjak) (Δ = 0.90). A very low overlap was found between dholes and domestic cattle (Bos indicus) (Δ = 0.27) whereas a moderately high overlap was found between dholes and leopards (Δ = 0.70) and dholes and humans (Δ = 0.62). We found a significant difference in activity patterns between dholes in packs and dholes roaming alone or in pairs (Δ = 0.78, p = .01). Single/pairs of dholes were more active both during the day and at night, whereas packs were predominantly active around sunrise and sunset. The high overlap with humans potentially has a negative effect on dhole activity, particularly for dispersing individuals, and the low overlap with domestic species questions the extent to which dholes are considered to predate on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Worsøe Havmøller
- Natural History Museum of DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Research and Conservation, Copenhagen ZooFrederiksbergDenmark
- Department for the Ecology of Animal SocietiesMax Planck Institute of Animal BehaviorConstanceGermany
| | | | - Mochammad Iqbal
- Baluran National Park, JI Raya Banyuwangi‐SitubondoDesa WonorejoIndonesia
| | | | - Johan Setiawan
- Baluran National Park, JI Raya Banyuwangi‐SitubondoDesa WonorejoIndonesia
| | | | - Peter Rask Møller
- Natural History Museum of DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Norwegian College of Fishery ScienceUiT – the Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Carl Træholt
- Research and Conservation, Copenhagen ZooFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Rasmus Worsøe Havmøller
- Natural History Museum of DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Research and Conservation, Copenhagen ZooFrederiksbergDenmark
- Department for the Ecology of Animal SocietiesMax Planck Institute of Animal BehaviorConstanceGermany
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Choki K, Dhendup P, Tenzin J, Dorji D, Tenzin K, Wangmo T, Penjor U. Conservation potential of non-protected area for sympatric carnivores in Bhutan. Glob Ecol Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Marciszak A, Kropczyk A, Gornig W, Kot M, Nadachowski A, Lipecki G. History of Polish Canidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) and Their Biochronological Implications on the Eurasian Background. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030539. [PMID: 36980812 PMCID: PMC10048199 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The remains of 12 canid species that date back ca. 4.9 myr have been found at 116 paleontological localities. Among these localities, eight are dated to the Pliocene age, 12 are dated to the Early Pleistocene age, 12 are from the Middle Pleistocene age, while the most numerous group includes 84 sites from the Late Pleistocene–Holocene age. Some, especially older forms such as Eucyon odessanus and Nyctereutes donnezani, have only been found at single sites, while the remains of species from the genus Lycaon, Canis and Vulpes have been recorded at numerous sites from the last 2 myr. Ancient canids such as Eucyon and Nyctereutes had already vanished from Poland in the Earliest Pleistocene, between 2.5 and 2.2 myr ago. Poland’s extant canid fauna is characterised by the presence of two new species, which spread into the territory due to a human introduction (Nyctereutes procyonoides) or natural expansion (Canis aureus). Research indicates a strong competition between dogs, especially between Lycaon, Canis and Cuon, with a strong lycaon-limiting effect on the wolf between 2.5 and 0.4 myr ago. After the extinction of Lycaon lycaonoides, Canis lupus evolved rapidly, increasing in number and size, and taking over the niche occupied by Lycaon. In order to reduce competition, the body size of Cuon alpinus gradually reduced, and it became an animal adapted to the forest, highland and mountain environments. Generally, the history of canids in Poland is similar to that known of Eurasia with some noteworthy events, such as the early occurrence of Canis cf. etruscus from Węże 2 (2.9–2.6 myr ago), Lycaon falconeri from Rębielice Królewskie 1A or one of the latest occurrences of L. lycaonoides from Draby 3 (430–370 kyr). Predominantly lowland or upland in the southern part and devoid of significant ecological barriers, Poland is also an important migration corridor in the East–West system. This 500–600 km wide corridor was the Asian gateway to Europe, from where species of an eastern origin penetrated the continent’s interior. In colder periods, it was in turn a region through which boreal species or those associated with the mammoth steppe retreated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Marciszak
- Department of Paleozoology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleksandra Kropczyk
- Department of Paleozoology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Gornig
- Department of Paleozoology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kot
- Faculty of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Adam Nadachowski
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Lipecki
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland
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Tananantayot J, Agger C, Ash E, Aung SS, Baker‐Whatton MC, Bisi F, Clements GR, Cremonesi G, Crouthers R, Frechette JL, Gale GA, Godfrey A, Gray TNE, Greenspan E, Griffin O, Grindley M, Hashim AKBA, Jenks KE, Say K'lu S, Lam WY, Lynam AJ, McCann GE, Mohamad SW, Petersen WJ, Sivayogam CP, Rayan DM, Riggio AM, Saosoong S, Savini T, Seuaturien N, Shwe NM, Siripattaranukul K, Steinmetz R, Suksavate S, Sukumal N, Tantipisanuh N, Vinitpornsawan S, Ngoprasert D. Where will the dhole survive in 2030? Predicted strongholds in mainland Southeast Asia. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiratchaya Tananantayot
- Conservation Ecology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand
| | - Cain Agger
- Wildlife Conservation Society—Cambodia Program Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Eric Ash
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology University of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre Oxon UK
| | - Saw Soe Aung
- Fauna & Flora International, Myanmar Program Yangon Myanmar
| | | | - Francesco Bisi
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit—Guido Tosi Research Group, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences University of Insubria Varese Italy
- Istituto Oikos Onlus—Via Crescenzago 1 Milan Italy
| | - Gopalasamy Reuben Clements
- Rimba Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences and Jeffrey Sachs Center on Sustainable Development Sunway University Selangor Malaysia
| | - Giacomo Cremonesi
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit—Guido Tosi Research Group, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences University of Insubria Varese Italy
| | | | | | - George A. Gale
- Conservation Ecology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand
| | | | - Thomas N. E. Gray
- Wildlife Alliance Phnom Penh Cambodia
- WWF—Tigers Alive Initiative Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Evan Greenspan
- Karen Wildlife Conservation Initiative Willagee Western Australia Australia
| | - Olly Griffin
- Wildlife Conservation Society—Cambodia Program Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Mark Grindley
- Fauna & Flora International, Myanmar Program Yangon Myanmar
- Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust Glos UK
| | | | - Kate E. Jenks
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park Front Royal Virginia USA
| | - Saw Say K'lu
- Kawthoolei Forestry Department Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Wai Yee Lam
- Panthera Wild Cat Conservation Malaysia, Jalan University Petaling Jaya Selangor Malaysia
| | - Antony J. Lynam
- Wildlife Conservation Society—Center for Global Conservation Bronx New York USA
| | | | - Shariff Wan Mohamad
- WWF—Malaysia Petaling Jaya Selangor Malaysia
- Wildlife Conservation Society—Malaysia Program Kuching Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Wyatt Joseph Petersen
- Conservation Ecology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand
| | | | | | - Alex Michael Riggio
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies Mahidol University Nakhon Pathom Thailand
| | | | - Tommaso Savini
- Conservation Ecology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand
| | | | - Nay Myo Shwe
- Fauna & Flora International, Myanmar Program Yangon Myanmar
| | | | | | | | - Niti Sukumal
- Conservation Ecology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand
- Conservation Ecology Program, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand
| | - Naruemon Tantipisanuh
- Conservation Ecology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand
- Conservation Ecology Program, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand
| | - Supagit Vinitpornsawan
- Wildlife Conservation Office The Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Bangkok Thailand
| | - Dusit Ngoprasert
- Conservation Ecology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand
- Conservation Ecology Program, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand
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Feeding ecology of the endangered Asiatic wild dogs (Cuon alpinus) across tropical forests of the Central Indian Landscape. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14029. [PMID: 35982090 PMCID: PMC9388674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on resource utilisation by carnivores are essential as they aid in assessing their role in a community, by unravelling predator–prey relationships. Globally, prey depletion is one of the primary causes of declining Asiatic wild dog (dhole) populations. Therefore, it is essential to examine their diet across their range. Our study presents insights into dhole feeding ecology across multiple sites from the central Indian landscape of Maharashtra, India, for the first time. We conducted scat analysis using a subset of genetically identified scats and collected additional data from kills observed while tracking radio-collared dholes and other known packs from 2 study sites. We analysed 861 scats, and 191 dhole kills to identify species and age class of prey. We estimated the relative contribution of various prey, utilising non-linear biomass models of prey consumption. Overall, wild ungulates like sambar and chital were the principal prey in terms of biomass (sambar 61.08%; chital 19.08%) and number of prey consumed (sambar 39.28%; chital 13.83%). An analysis of kill data also suggested that dholes strongly preferred the two deer species; and differential selection of age classes was observed at the 2 study sites. Our study can potentially help manage and conserve this important population of an endangered carnivore.
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Krishnakumar BM, Nagarajan R, Selvan KM. Diet Composition and Prey Preference of Tiger, Leopard, and Dhole in Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Southern Western Ghats, India. MAMMAL STUDY 2022. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2020-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bawa Mothilal Krishnakumar
- PG and Research Department of Zoology and Wildlife Biology, A.V.C. College (Autonomous), Mannampandal, Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu 609305, India
| | - Rajarathinavelu Nagarajan
- PG and Research Department of Zoology and Wildlife Biology, A.V.C. College (Autonomous), Mannampandal, Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu 609305, India
| | - Kanagaraj Muthamizh Selvan
- Department of Ecology & Environmental Science, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India
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Penjor U, Astaras C, Cushman SA, Kaszta Ż, Macdonald DW. Contrasting effects of human settlement on the interaction among sympatric apex carnivores. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212681. [PMID: 35473373 PMCID: PMC9043700 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the face of a growing human footprint, understanding interactions among threatened large carnivores is fundamental to effectively mitigating anthropogenic threats and managing species. Using data from a large-scale camera trap survey, we investigated the effects of environmental and anthropogenic variables on the interspecific interaction of a carnivore guild comprising of tiger, leopard and dhole in Bhutan. We demonstrate the complex effects of human settlement density on large carnivore interactions. Specifically, we demonstrate that leopard–dhole co-occupancy probability was higher in areas with higher human settlement density. The opposite was true for tiger–leopard co-occupancy probability, but it was positively affected by large prey (gaur) abundance. These findings suggest that multi-carnivore communities across land-use gradients are spatially structured and mediated also by human presence and/or the availability of natural prey. Our findings show that space-use patterns are driven by a combination of the behavioural mechanism of each species and its interactions with competing species. The duality of the effect of settlement density on species interactions suggests that the benefits of exploiting anthropogenic environments are a trade-off between ecological opportunity (food subsidies or easy prey) and the risk of escalating conflict with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugyen Penjor
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Oxford OX13 5QL, UK.,Nature Conservation Division, Department of Forests and Park Services, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | | | - Samuel A Cushman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Oxford OX13 5QL, UK.,USDA, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2500 S, Pine Knoll Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - Żaneta Kaszta
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Oxford OX13 5QL, UK
| | - David W Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Oxford OX13 5QL, UK
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Thing SB, Karki JB, Lamichhane BR, Shrestha S, Regmi UR, Ranabhat R. Distribution and habitat-use of Dhole Cuon alpinus (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) in Parsa National Park, Nepal. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2022. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.6178.14.3.20703-20712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dhole Cuon alpinus is one of the top predators in Asian forests but is one of the least studied species of carnivores. We surveyed an area of 499 km2 of Parsa National Park (PNP) during the winter (November–January) of 2016–17 using camera-traps to determine the spatial distribution and habitat-use patterns of Dhole. We overlaid 2 x 2 km2 grid cells (n= 126) across the study area and set up a pair of motion sensor cameras in each grid cells for 21 days. We modeled the habitat-use by Dholes as a function of sampling covariates and fine-scale habitat covariates using single species single season occupancy models. We estimated the parameters in two steps. First, we defined a global model for probability of habitat-use and modeled detection probability (p) either as an intercept-only model or as a function of covariates. Second, we modeled the habitat-use probability (Ψ) incorporating the top-ranked model for probability of detection (p) in the first step. A total effort of 2,520 camera-trap-nights resulted in 63 independent detections of dholes at 27 locations in PNP. The naïve occupancy estimate of Dholes in PNP was 0.21. The estimated probability of habitat-use (Ψ) and detection (p) were 0.47±0.27 and 0.24±0.05, respectively. Grassland availability (βG= 8.00±3.09), terrain ruggedness index (βTRI= 0.73±0.34), and Sambar (prey) presence (βS= 1.06±0.51) strong positive association, whereas, stream/exposed surfaces (βSES= -0.45±0.43) had negative association with the habitat use by Dholes. Similarly, detection probability was positively associated with presence of Sambar (βS= 2.44±1.02) but negatively associated with streams/exposed surfaces (βSES= -0.99±0.32) and terrain ruggedness (βTRI= -0.09±0.23). Our study provides quantitative information on the ecology of Dholes with potential applications for improving their conservation efforts in Nepal.
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Widodo FA, Imron MA, Sunarto S, Giordano AJ. Carnivores and their prey in Sumatra: Occupancy and activity in human-dominated forests. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265440. [PMID: 35303739 PMCID: PMC8932565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the effect of anthropogenic disturbance, and its interaction with carnivores and their prey, is crucial to support the conservation of threatened carnivores, particularly in rapidly changing landscapes. Based on systematic camera-trap sampling of four protected areas in Riau Province of central Sumatra, we assessed the habitat occupancy and spatiotemporal overlap between people, potential carnivore prey, and four threatened species of medium-sized or large carnivores: Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae), Malayan sun bears (Helarctos malayanus), dholes (Cuon alpinus), and Sunda clouded leopards (Neofelis diardi). To assess spatial overlap of target species, we used single-species occupancy models and applied a Species Interaction Factor (SIF) to conditional two-species occupancy models. We also used kernel density estimation (KDE) to assess temporal overlap among these species. Our habitat use models showed that altitude (elevation) strongly influenced the occupancy of all large carnivores and potential prey species. Except for Sunda clouded leopards, the occurrence of large carnivore species was positively related to the spatial co-occurrence of humans (SIF > 1). In addition, we found that sun bears and dholes both exhibited high spatial overlap with tigers, and that sun bears alone exhibited high temporal overlap with people. Our findings contribute to an improved understanding of the contemporary ecology of carnivores and their prey in rapidly changing, southeast Asian landscapes. Such knowledge is important to the conservation and recovery of large carnivores in conservation hotspots that are increasingly dominated by humans across Sumatra, as well as globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Febri Anggriawan Widodo
- World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Indonesia, Central Sumatra, Pekanbaru, Indonesia
- Wildlife Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- S.P.E.C.I.E.S. – The Society for the Preservation of Endangered Carnivores and their International Ecological Study, Ventura, California, United States of America
- International Development Studies, Faculty of Geoscience, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Muhammad Ali Imron
- Wildlife Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- S.P.E.C.I.E.S. – The Society for the Preservation of Endangered Carnivores and their International Ecological Study, Ventura, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sunarto Sunarto
- Institute for Sustainable Earth and Resources (I-SER), University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Anthony J. Giordano
- S.P.E.C.I.E.S. – The Society for the Preservation of Endangered Carnivores and their International Ecological Study, Ventura, California, United States of America
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Dede Aulia Rahman, Syamsudin M, Firdaus AY, Afriandi HT, Anggodo. Photographic record of Dholes predating on a young Banteng in southwestern Java, Indonesia. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2021. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.7498.13.14.20278-20283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-term camera-trap study of the Javan Rhinoceros in 2013 in Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP), Indonesia, allowed us to document the first photographic evidence of Dholes preying on a young Banteng and other species. Our photographs suggested that Dholes get in large packs to predate on Banteng and commonly separate young from adults when attacking the young. Future research should examine the Dhole diet and interspecific relationships between Dhole and Banteng to gain a better understanding of the ecological impacts of endangered predators on endangered prey in UKNP.
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Kazi A, Rabari D, Dahya M, Lyngdoh S. Reappearance of Dhole Cuon alpinus (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) in Gujarat after 70 years. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2021. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.6415.13.6.18655-18659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dhole Cuon alpinus used to be the meso carnivore of the forests throughout Indian subcontinent; however, habitat loss, low prey biomass, and human disturbance exterminated the species from India’s 60% historic range, and the numbers are less than 1,500 individuals in wild. Following the same shrinking trend, Dholes were extirpated from Gujarat. A few doubtful sightings and inevident reportings generated ambiguity of Dhole presence in Gujarat. We conducted a study in Vansda National Park with 15,660 trap nights at 30 trap locations, and have confirmed the rediscovery of Dholes in Gujarat after 70 years. We estimated the Dhole’s minimum home range as 13.7km2 and also analyzed relative abundance index of other mammals. The future retention of Dholes requires detailed range, diet, and adaption studies along with conservational efforts to reduce re-extinction probabilities.
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Bhandari A, Ghaskadbi P, Nigam P, Habib B. Dhole pack size variation: Assessing the effect of Prey availability and Apex predator. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:4774-4785. [PMID: 33976847 PMCID: PMC8093734 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In multipredator systems, group sizes of social carnivores are shaped by the asymmetric intraguild interactions. Subordinate social carnivores experience low recruitment rates as an outcome of predation pressure. In South and Southeast Asia, the Tiger (Panthera tigris), Dhole (Cuon alpinus), and Leopard (Panthera pardus) form a widely distributed sympatric guild of large carnivores, wherein tigers are the apex predators followed by dhole and leopard. In this study, we attempted to understand the variation in pack size of a social carnivore, the dhole, at two neighboring sites in the Central Indian landscape. We further evaluated local-scale patterns of variation in pack size at a larger scale by doing a distribution-wide assessment across the dhole ranging countries. At the local scale, we found an inverse relationship between the density of tiger and pack size of dhole while accounting for variability in resources and habitat heterogeneity. Larger dhole packs (16.8 ± 3.1) were observed at the site where the tiger density was low (0.46/100 km2), whereas a smaller pack size (6.4 ± 1.3) was observed in the site with high tiger density (5.36/100 km2). Our results for the distribution-wide assessment were concordant with local-scale results, showing a negative association of pack size with the tiger densities (effect size -0.77) and a positive association with the prey abundance (effect size 0.64). The study advances our understanding to answer the age-old question of "what drives the pack size of social predators in a multipredator system?" This study also highlights the importance of understanding demographic responses of subordinate predator for varying competitor densities, often helpful in making informed decisions for conservation and management strategies such as population recovery and translocation of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Bhandari
- Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation BiologyWildlife Institute of IndiaDehradunIndia
| | - Pallavi Ghaskadbi
- Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation BiologyWildlife Institute of IndiaDehradunIndia
| | - Parag Nigam
- Department of Wildlife Health and ManagementWildlife Institute of IndiaDehradunIndia
| | - Bilal Habib
- Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation BiologyWildlife Institute of IndiaDehradunIndia
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Bhatt U, Singh Adhikari B, Habib B, Lyngdoh S. Temporal interactions and moon illumination effect on mammals in a tropical semievergreen forest of Manas National Park, Assam, India. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Urjit Bhatt
- Department of Animal Ecology & Conservation Biology Wildlife Institute of India Dehradun Uttarakhand India
| | | | - Bilal Habib
- Department of Animal Ecology & Conservation Biology Wildlife Institute of India Dehradun Uttarakhand India
| | - Salvador Lyngdoh
- Department of Animal Ecology & Conservation Biology Wildlife Institute of India Dehradun Uttarakhand India
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Habib B, Ghaskadbi P, Khan S, Hussain Z, Nigam P. Not a cakewalk: Insights into movement of large carnivores in human-dominated landscapes in India. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:1653-1666. [PMID: 33613996 PMCID: PMC7882923 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Large carnivores play an important role in the functioning of ecosystems, yet their conservation remains a massive challenge across the world. Owing to wide-ranging habits, they encounter various anthropogenic pressures, affecting their movement in different landscape. Therefore, studying how large carnivores adapt their movement to dynamic landscape conditions is vital for management and conservation policy. A total of 26 individuals across 4 species of large carnivores of different sex and age classes (14 Panthera tigris, 3 Panthera pardus, 5 Cuon alpinus, and 4 Canis lupus pallipes) were GPS collared and monitored from 2014-19. We quantified movement parameters (step length and net squared displacement) of four large carnivores in and outside protected areas in India. We tested the effects of human pressures such as human density, road network, and landuse types on the movement of the species. We also examined the configuration of core areas as a strategy to subsist in a human-dominated landscape using BBMM. Mean displacement of large carnivores varied from 99.35 m/hr for leopards to 637.7 m/hr for wolves. Tigers outside PAs exhibited higher displacement than tigers inside PAs. Moreover, displacement during day-night was significantly different for tigers inside and outside PAs. Similarly, wolf also showed significant difference between day-night movement. However, no difference in day-night movement was found for leopard and dholes. Anthropogenic factors such as road length and proportion of agriculture within the home range of tigers outside PAs were found to be significantly different. All the habitat variables in the home range showed significant difference between the social canids. The core area size for tiger outside PA and wolf was found greater than PAs. The study on movement of large carnivore species across landscapes is crucial for conservation planning. Our findings can be a starting point for interlinking animal movement and landscape management of large carnivore conservation in the current Anthropocene.
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Comparison of AHP and Maxent Model for Assessing Habitat Suitability of Wild Dog (Cuon alpinus) in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh. SPATIAL MODELING IN FOREST RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-56542-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Lahkar D, Ahmed MF, Begum RH, Das SK, Harihar A. Inferring patterns of sympatry among large carnivores in Manas National Park – a prey‐rich habitat influenced by anthropogenic disturbances. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Lahkar
- Aaranyak Guwahati Assam India
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics Assam University (Diphu Campus) Diphu Assam India
| | | | - R. H. Begum
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics Assam University (Diphu Campus) Diphu Assam India
| | | | - A. Harihar
- Panthera New York USA
- Nature Conservation Foundation Mysore Karnataka India
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Steinmetz R, Seuaturien N, Intanajitjuy P, Inrueang P, Prempree K. The effects of prey depletion on dietary niches of sympatric apex predators in Southeast Asia. Integr Zool 2020; 16:19-32. [PMID: 32627329 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Resource depletion exerts opposing pressures on co-occurring consumers to expand diets while limiting overlap with competitors. Using foraging theory as a framework, we tested the effects of prey availability on diet specialization and overlap among competing Asian predators: dhole, leopard, and tiger. We used scat analysis from a prey-poor site, combined with a quantitative synthesis of 40 other diet studies, to determine biomass of different prey types consumed by each predator. We then assessed diet composition in relation to prey density, and compared diet breadth and overlap between prey-poor and prey-rich sites. In prey rich areas, all three predators specialized on energetically profitable medium and large ungulates (>30 kg), resulting in narrow, overlapping niches. Each predator shifted toward less profitable small-bodied prey (≤30 kg) as preferred ungulates declined, whereas consumption of preferred ungulates was unrelated to small prey abundance, as predicted by foraging theory. Diet breadths doubled under prey depletion (except leopard), but overlap declined as diets diverged via species-specific traits that facilitated capture of different types of alternative prey. Asia's apex predators adapt similarly to depletion of mutually preferred ungulates by switching to more numerous but less profitable small prey. Yet they can also partition a depleted prey base through intrinsic niche differences, thereby avoiding competitive exclusion. Our findings illuminate the stabilizing properties of adaptive foraging and niche differences in ecological communities, and provide insights into the behavior and resilience of Asia's endangered apex predators in response to prey depletion in the heavily poached forests of this region.
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Diet and Prey Selection of Dholes in Evergreen and Deciduous Forests of Southeast Asia. J Wildl Manage 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Grewal JS, Gloe T, Hegedus J, Bitterman K, Billings BK, Chengetanai S, Bentil S, Wang VX, Ng JC, Tang CY, Geletta S, Wicinski B, Bertelson M, Tendler BC, Mars RB, Aguirre GK, Rusbridge C, Hof PR, Sherwood CC, Manger PR, Spocter MA. Brain gyrification in wild and domestic canids: Has domestication changed the gyrification index in domestic dogs? J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:3209-3228. [PMID: 32592407 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 15 years, research on canid cognition has revealed that domestic dogs possess a surprising array of complex sociocognitive skills pointing to the possibility that the domestication process might have uniquely altered their brains; however, we know very little about how evolutionary processes (natural or artificial) might have modified underlying neural structure to support species-specific behaviors. Evaluating the degree of cortical folding (i.e., gyrification) within canids may prove useful, as this parameter is linked to functional variation of the cerebral cortex. Using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the impact of domestication on the canine cortical surface, we compared the gyrification index (GI) in 19 carnivore species, including six wild canid and 13 domestic dog individuals. We also explored correlations between global and local GI with brain mass, cortical thickness, white and gray matter volume and surface area. Our results indicated that GI values for domestic dogs are largely consistent with what would be expected for a canid of their given brain mass, although more variable than that observed in wild canids. We also found that GI in canids is positively correlated with cortical surface area, cortical thickness and total cortical gray matter volumes. While we found no evidence of global differences in GI between domestic and wild canids, certain regional differences in gyrification were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagmeet S Grewal
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Tyler Gloe
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Joseph Hegedus
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Brendon K Billings
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Samson Chengetanai
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Sarah Bentil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Victoria X Wang
- Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry,and BioMedical and Engineering Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Johnny C Ng
- Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry,and BioMedical and Engineering Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cheuk Y Tang
- Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry,and BioMedical and Engineering Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Simon Geletta
- Department of Public Health, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Bridget Wicinski
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mads Bertelson
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Fredericksberg, Denmark
| | - Benjamin C Tendler
- Wellcome Centre for Intergrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Intergrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geoffrey K Aguirre
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals Orthopedics and Neurology, Fitzpatrick Referrals Ltd, Godalming, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Muhammad A Spocter
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA.,School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Ferretti F, Lovari S, Lucherini M, Hayward M, Stephens PA. Only the largest terrestrial carnivores increase their dietary breadth with increasing prey richness. Mamm Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferretti
- Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology and Wildlife Management Department of Life Sciences University of Siena Via P.A. Mattioli 4 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Sandro Lovari
- Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology and Wildlife Management Department of Life Sciences University of Siena Via P.A. Mattioli 4 53100 Siena Italy
- Maremma Natural History Museum Strada Corsini 5 58100 Grosseto Italy
| | - Mauro Lucherini
- Grupo de Ecología Comportamental de Mamíferos Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal INBIOSUR (Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur) Universidad Nacional del Sur ‐ CONICET San Juan 671 8000 Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | - Matt Hayward
- Conservation Biology Research Group School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
- Centre for Invasion Biology University of Pretoria X0001 Pretoria South Africa
| | - Philip A. Stephens
- Conservation Ecology Group Department of Biosciences Durham University South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK
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Srivathsa A, Sharma S, Oli MK. Every dog has its prey: Range-wide assessment of links between diet patterns, livestock depredation and human interactions for an endangered carnivore. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136798. [PMID: 31986391 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Livestock depredation is the most ubiquitous type of negative interaction between humans and carnivores. We conducted a range-wide assessment linking diet patterns of the endangered dhole Cuon alpinus, with livestock consumption and human-dhole interactions. We first performed a reanalysis of dhole diet data from all published studies (1973-2013) incorporating a recently-developed non-linear correction factor for quantifying prey biomass consumed. We then determined the relative livestock numbers consumed by dholes over time across its range, compared these with earlier estimates, and investigated the relative importance of wild vs. non-wild prey in dhole diet. Using information from >70 studies, we explored links between livestock consumption by dholes, availability of wild versus non-wild prey, sympatric depredation-prone carnivores, and people's perception of dholes as livestock predators. We found that (a) dhole diet profiles varied regionally, (b) dholes consumed fewer livestock compared to estimates generated using other, widely used methods, (c) livestock consumption by dholes was associated with wild and non-wild prey densities, and number of co-predator species, and (d) people's negative perception of dholes was associated with pack sizes, levels of livestock depredation and number of sympatric carnivore species. Global efforts for dhole conservation should involve different strategies based on region-specific realities that account for ecological context as well as human perceptions, which would require well-designed studies of dhole social and population dynamics, and human-dhole interactions. We also call for more such range-wide assessments of livestock depredation by wild canids, complemented with direct investigations of human-canid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Srivathsa
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; Wildlife Conservation Society-India, Bengaluru, India; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, India.
| | - Sushma Sharma
- Wildlife Conservation Society-India, Bengaluru, India
| | - Madan K Oli
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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22
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Modi S, Habib B, Ghaskadbi P, Nigam P, Mondol S. Standardization and validation of a panel of cross-species microsatellites to individually identify the Asiatic wild dog ( Cuon alpinus). PeerJ 2019; 7:e7453. [PMID: 31534835 PMCID: PMC6727832 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Asiatic wild dog or dhole (Cuon alpinus) is a highly elusive, monophyletic, forest dwelling, social canid distributed across south and Southeast Asia. Severe pressures from habitat loss, prey depletion, disease, human persecution and interspecific competition resulted in global population decline in dholes. Despite a declining population trend, detailed information on population size, ecology, demography and genetics is lacking. Generating reliable information at landscape level for dholes is challenging due to their secretive behaviour and monomorphic physical features. Recent advances in non-invasive DNA-based tools can be used to monitor populations and individuals across large landscapes. In this paper, we describe standardization and validation of faecal DNA-based methods for individual identification of dholes. We tested this method on 249 field-collected dhole faeces from five protected areas of the central Indian landscape in the state of Maharashtra, India. RESULTS We tested a total of 18 cross-species markers and developed a panel of 12 markers for unambiguous individual identification of dholes. This marker panel identified 101 unique individuals from faecal samples collected across our pilot field study area. These loci showed varied level of amplification success (57-88%), polymorphism (3-9 alleles), heterozygosity (0.23-0.63) and produced a cumulative misidentification rate or PID(unbiased) and PID(sibs) value of 4.7 × 10-10 and 1.5 × 10-4, respectively, indicating a high statistical power in individual discrimination from poor quality samples. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that the selected panel of 12 microsatellite loci can conclusively identify dholes from poor quality, non-invasive biological samples and help in exploring various population parameters. This genetic approach would be useful in dhole population estimation across its range and will help in assessing population trends and other genetic parameters for this elusive, social carnivore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrushti Modi
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bilal Habib
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pallavi Ghaskadbi
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Parag Nigam
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Samrat Mondol
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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Do males pay more? A male-biased predation of common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) by great grey shrike (Lanius excubitor). Acta Ethol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-019-00318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Reddy CS, Yosef R, Calvi G, Fornasari L. Inter-specific competition influences apex predator–prey populations. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/wr19011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
ContextTiger (Panthera tigris), leopard (Panthera pardus) and dhole (Cuon alpinus) represent a typical multi-predator system of species of conservation concern. Several studies have addressed this system, with heterogeneous results, and there’s a lack of information on population dynamics of multi-species assemblages. We studied a time series (1998–2009) of abundance indices for three predators and five prey species in Bor Wildlife Sanctuary (BWS), Maharashtra, India, before it was declared as Bor Tiger Reserve (BTR) in 2009.
AimsTo analyse the complex relationships within a predator–prey system in a dynamic fashion, to analyse data collected in a stable and undisturbed area and to form a comparison basis for future studies within the sanctuary after its declaration as a Tiger Reserve.
MethodsA 24-h effort was made annually to census the BWS. Predators were counted at waterholes from arboreal hideouts. The prey populations were censused along 353-km line-transects. For each species, we analysed the yearly growth rate, testing the effect of inter-species abundance.
Key resultsTiger growth rate did not depend on any particular prey, whereas mesopredators seemed to depend on medium-sized prey. A die-out of dholes in 2001 was followed by an increase in tiger populations (from 4 to 11), which, in turn, negatively affected leopard numbers (from 6 to 2).We found no direct evidence of top-down effect, but the density dependence for three of five prey species could be linked to predation pressure. We found some evidence of interspecific competition among prey species, especially among ungulates, potentially being mediated by predation pressure.
ConclusionsThe relationships among species in a predator–prey system are very complex and often could be explained only by more-than-two-species interactions. The disappearance of one predator, not necessarily the top predator, could bring multiple effects, for which it could be difficult to detect causal relationships.
ImplicationsAll subsequent changes in human activities in the sanctuary, as a consequence of its designation as the BTR in 2009, should be evaluated with respect to the results of the present study. The conservation of large predators should rely on the maintenance of a rich and abundant prey base, in which different-sized prey could lessen interactive-competition among the predators.
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Forsyth DM, Latham ADM, Davis NE, Caley P, Letnic M, Moloney PD, Woodford LP, Woolnough AP. Interactions between dingoes and introduced wild ungulates: concepts, evidence and knowledge gaps. AUSTRALIAN MAMMALOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/am17042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The dingo (Canis dingo or C. familiaris, including hybrids with feral dogs) is the apex carnivore on mainland Australia. Fifteen non-native ungulate species have established wild populations in Australia. Dingoes are managed to reduce impacts on domestic ungulates, and introduced wild ungulates are managed to reduce impacts on natural ecosystems and to minimise competition with domestic ungulates. There is speculation about the extent to which (1) dingoes limit the abundances of introduced wild ungulates, and (2) introduced wild ungulates sustain dingo populations. We reviewed the literature to identify potential ecological interactions between dingoes and introduced wild ungulates, and to synthesise evidence for interactions between dingoes and each ungulate species (including the percentage frequency occurrence (%FO) of ungulates in dingo diets). Eleven of the 15 ungulate species were recorded in the diet of dingoes, with the highest %FO occurrences reported for feral goats (73%) and cattle (60%). Two studies concluded that dingoes reduced ungulate abundances (feral goat (Capra hircus) and feral donkey (Equus asinus)), and two studies concluded that dingoes did not regulate feral pig (Sus scrofa) abundances. A fifth study concluded that dingoes exhibited a Type III functional response to increasing sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) abundances. A sixth study concluded that dingoes made relatively little use of hunter-shot sambar deer carcasses. We propose that interactions between dingoes and introduced wild ungulates depend on the sex–age classes vulnerable to dingo predation, dingo pack sizes, the availability of escape terrain for ungulates and the availability of alternative foods for dingoes. The interplay between environmental conditions and the population growth rate of ungulates, and hence their ability to sustain losses from predation, could also be important. We predict that dingoes will have most impact on the abundance of smaller ungulate species and neonates.
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Utilization of waterholes by globally threatened species in deciduous dipterocarp forest of the Eastern Plains Landscape of Cambodia. ORYX 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605318000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDeciduous dipterocarp forests throughout Asia provide crucial habitat for several globally threatened species. During the dry season water availability in these forests is primarily limited to perennial rivers and waterholes. Such water sources form an essential part of these dry forests and are used by multiple species, including large mammals and birds, but little is known regarding how waterhole characteristics affect wildlife use. We investigated waterhole utilization by six globally threatened dry forest specialists: banteng Bos javanicus, Eld's deer Rucervus eldii, giant ibis Thaumatibis gigantea, green peafowl Pavo muticus, lesser adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus and Asian woolly-necked stork Ciconia episcopus. We camera-trapped 54 waterholes in Srepok Wildlife Sanctuary, eastern Cambodia, during the dry season of December 2015–June 2016. We measured nine waterhole and landscape characteristics, including indicators of human disturbance. Waterhole depth (measured every 2 weeks) and the area of water at the start of the dry season were the main environmental factors influencing waterhole use. Additionally, waterholes further from villages were more frequently used than those nearer. Our study reaffirmed the importance of waterholes in supporting globally threatened species, especially large grazers, which are critical for maintaining these dry forest ecosystems. The results also suggested that artificially enlarging and deepening selected waterholes, particularly those further from human disturbance, could enhance available habitat for a range of species, including grazers. However, this would need to be conducted in coordination with patrolling activities to ensure waterholes are not targets for illegal hunting, which is a problem throughout South-east Asian protected areas.
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Abstract
The great increase in the study of dog cognition in the current century has yielded insights into canine cognition in a variety of domains. In this review, we seek to place our enhanced understanding of canine cognition into context. We argue that in order to assess dog cognition, we need to regard dogs from three different perspectives: phylogenetically, as carnivoran and specifically a canid; ecologically, as social, cursorial hunters; and anthropogenically, as a domestic animal. A principled understanding of canine cognition should therefore involve comparing dogs' cognition with that of other carnivorans, other social hunters, and other domestic animals. This paper contrasts dog cognition with what is known about cognition in species that fit into these three categories, with a particular emphasis on wolves, cats, spotted hyenas, chimpanzees, dolphins, horses, and pigeons. We cover sensory cognition, physical cognition, spatial cognition, social cognition, and self-awareness. Although the comparisons are incomplete, because of the limited range of studies of some of the other relevant species, we conclude that dog cognition is influenced by the membership of all three of these groups, and taking all three groups into account, dog cognition does not look exceptional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E G Lea
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Laboratories, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK.
| | - Britta Osthaus
- School of Psychology, Politics and Sociology, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, CT1 1QU, UK
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Rahman DA, Rianti P, Muhiban M, Muhtarom A, Rahmat UM, Santosa Y, Aulagnier S. Density and spatial partitioning of endangered sympatric Javan leopard (Felidae) and dholes (Canidae) in a tropical forest landscape. FOLIA ZOOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.25225/fozo.v67.i3-4.a8.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dede Aulia Rahman
- Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural
| | - Puji Rianti
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, K
| | - Muhiban Muhiban
- Ujung Kulon National Park, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan No.51, Labuan, Pandeglang 42264, Banten, Indones
| | - Aom Muhtarom
- Mount Ciremai National Park, Jl. Raya Kuningan-Cirebon No.1, Manislor Jalaksana, Kuningan 45554, Wes
| | - Ujang Mamat Rahmat
- Ujung Kulon National Park, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan No.51, Labuan, Pandeglang 42264, Banten, Indones
| | - Yanto Santosa
- Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural
| | - Stephané Aulagnier
- Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage, I.N.R.A., CS 52627, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, Fran
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Modi S, Mondol S, Ghaskadbi P, Hussain Z, Nigam P, Habib B. Noninvasive DNA-based species and sex identification of Asiatic wild dog (
$${\varvec{Cuon~alpinus}}$$
C
u
o
n
a
l
p
i
n
u
s
). J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-1017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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A meta-analysis of ungulate predation and prey selection by the brown bear Ursus arctos in Eurasia. MAMMAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-018-0396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Forsyth DM, Caley P, Davis NE, Latham ADM, Woolnough AP, Woodford LP, Stamation KA, Moloney PD, Pascoe C. Functional responses of an apex predator and a mesopredator to an invading ungulate: Dingoes, red foxes and sambar deer in south-east Australia. AUSTRAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Forsyth
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit; NSW Department of Primary Industries; 1447 Forest Road Orange New South Wales 2800 Australia
- School of BioSciences; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Peter Caley
- CSIRO; Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Naomi E. Davis
- School of BioSciences; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | | | - Andrew P. Woolnough
- Biosecurity Branch, Department of Economic Development; Jobs,Transport and Resources; Attwood Victoria Australia
| | - Luke P. Woodford
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning; Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research; Heidelberg Victoria Australia
| | - Kasey A. Stamation
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning; Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research; Heidelberg Victoria Australia
| | - Paul D. Moloney
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning; Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research; Heidelberg Victoria Australia
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Punjabi GA, Rao M. Large herbivore populations outside protected areas in the human-dominated Western Ghats, India. Mamm Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ghaskadbi P, Habib B, Qureshi Q. A whistle in the woods: an ethogram and activity budget for the dhole in central India. J Mammal 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Hayward MW, Kamler JF, Montgomery RA, Newlove A, Rostro-García S, Sales LP, Van Valkenburgh B. Prey Preferences of the Jaguar Panthera onca Reflect the Post-Pleistocene Demise of Large Prey. Front Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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