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Pang F, Li Q, Solanki MK, Wang Z, Xing YX, Dong DF. Soil phosphorus transformation and plant uptake driven by phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1383813. [PMID: 38601943 PMCID: PMC11005474 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1383813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an important nutrient for plants, and a lack of available P greatly limits plant growth and development. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) significantly enhance the ability of plants to absorb and utilize P, which is important for improving plant nutrient turnover and yield. This article summarizes and analyzes how PSMs promote the absorption and utilization of P nutrients by plants from four perspectives: the types and functions of PSMs, phosphate-solubilizing mechanisms, main functional genes, and the impact of complex inoculation of PSMs on plant P acquisition. This article reviews the physiological and molecular mechanisms of phosphorus solubilization and growth promotion by PSMs, with a focus on analyzing the impact of PSMs on soil microbial communities and its interaction with root exudates. In order to better understand the ability of PSMs and their role in soil P transformation and to provide prospects for research on PSMs promoting plant P absorption. PSMs mainly activate insoluble P through the secretion of organic acids, phosphatase production, and mycorrhizal symbiosis, mycorrhizal symbiosis indirectly activates P via carbon exchange. PSMs can secrete organic acids and produce phosphatase, which plays a crucial role in soil P cycling, and related genes are involved in regulating the P-solubilization ability. This article reviews the mechanisms by which microorganisms promote plant uptake of soil P, which is of great significance for a deeper understanding of PSM-mediated soil P cycling, plant P uptake and utilization, and for improving the efficiency of P utilization in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Pang
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Smart Agricultural College, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, China
| | - Manoj Kumar Solanki
- Department of Life Sciences and Biological Sciences, IES University, Bhopal, India
| | - Zhen Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Smart Agricultural College, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, China
| | - Yong-Xiu Xing
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Deng-Feng Dong
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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2
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Fernandes GC, Rosa PAL, Jalal A, Oliveira CEDS, Galindo FS, Viana RDS, De Carvalho PHG, Silva ECD, Nogueira TAR, Al-Askar AA, Hashem AH, AbdElgawad H, Teixeira Filho MCM. Technological Quality of Sugarcane Inoculated with Plant-Growth-Promoting Bacteria and Residual Effect of Phosphorus Rates. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2699. [PMID: 37514313 PMCID: PMC10385306 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate fertilization in highly weathered soils has been a major challenge for sugarcane production. The objective of this work was to evaluate the foliar levels of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) and the technological quality and productivity of second ratoon cane as a function of inoculation with plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPBs) together with the residual effect of phosphate fertilization. The experiment was carried out at the research and extension farm of Ilha Solteira, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The experiment was designed in a randomized block with three replications in a 5 × 8 factorial scheme. The treatments consisted of five residual doses of phosphorus (0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 kg ha-1 of P2O5, 46% P) applied at planting from the source of triple superphosphate and eight inoculations from three species of PGPB (Azospirillum brasilense, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens), applied in single or co-inoculation at the base of stems of sugarcane variety RB92579. Inoculation with PGPBs influenced leaf N concentration, while inoculations with Pseudomonas fluorescens and combinations of bacteria together with the highest doses exerted a positive effect on leaf P concentration. Co-inoculation with A. brasilense + Pseudomonas fluorescens associated with a residual dose of 135 kg ha-1 of P2O5 increased stem productivity by 42%. Thus, it was concluded that inoculations with Pseudomonas fluorescens and their combinations are beneficial for the sugarcane crop, reducing phosphate fertilization and increasing productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Carlos Fernandes
- Department of Plant Health, College of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rural Engineering and Soils, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Poliana Aparecida Leonel Rosa
- Department of Plant Health, College of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rural Engineering and Soils, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Arshad Jalal
- Department of Plant Health, College of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rural Engineering and Soils, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo da Silva Oliveira
- Department of Plant Health, College of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rural Engineering and Soils, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Shintate Galindo
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena 17900-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo da Silva Viana
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena 17900-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Gomes De Carvalho
- Department of Plant Health, College of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rural Engineering and Soils, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson Cabral da Silva
- Department of Plant Health, College of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rural Engineering and Soils, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira
- Department of Plant Health, College of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rural Engineering and Soils, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via do Prof Access Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jabotcabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Askar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr H Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Jia Q, Zhang H, Zhao A, Qu L, Xiong W, Alam MA, Miao J, Wang W, Li F, Xu J, Lv Y. Produce D-allulose from non-food biomass by integrating corn stalk hydrolysis with whole-cell catalysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1156953. [PMID: 36911188 PMCID: PMC9998921 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1156953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
D-allulose is a high-value rare sugar with many health benefits. D-allulose market demand increased dramatically after approved as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). The current studies are predominantly focusing on producing D-allulose from either D-glucose or D-fructose, which may compete foods against human. The corn stalk (CS) is one of the main agricultural waste biomass in the worldwide. Bioconversion is one of the promising approach to CS valorization, which is of significance for both food safety and reducing carbon emission. In this study, we tried to explore a non-food based route by integrating CS hydrolysis with D-allulose production. Firstly we developed an efficient Escherichia coli whole-cell catalyst to produce D-allulose from D-glucose. Next we hydrolyzed CS and achieved D-allulose production from the CS hydrolysate. Finally we immobilized the whole-cell catalyst by designing a microfluidic device. Process optimization improved D-allulose titer by 8.61 times, reaching 8.78 g/L from CS hydrolysate. With this method, 1 kg CS was finally converted to 48.87 g D-allulose. This study validated the feasibility of valorizing corn stalk by converting it to D-allulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Anqi Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenlong Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Md Asraful Alam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jixing Miao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weigao Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shriram Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Feihu Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jingliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongkun Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Awad AAM, Ahmed AI, Elazem AHA, Sweed AAA. Mitigation of CaCO3 Influence on Ipomoea batatas Plants Using Bacillus megaterium DSM 2894. AGRONOMY 2022; 12:1571. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy12071571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The application of PGPB is considered a surrogate approach to reducing the amounts of phosphorus fertilizers applied in addition to its role in improving nutrient availability under stress conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate five levels of calcium superphosphate (CSP); ultimately, CSP was applied in five levels: CSP20, CSP40, CSP60, CSP80, and CSP100 were applied at 69, 138, 207, 276, and 345 kg ha−1, respectively, and two treatments of Bacillus megaterium DSM 2894 (with and without) were applied on sweet potato (Beauregard cv.) plants grown in calcareous soils in the 2019 and 2020 seasons in Egypt. Some macro- and micronutrient (i.e., nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu)) uptake, antiradical power (ARP), and protein and total root yields (TRYs) were determined. The plants inoculated with B. megaterium DSM 2894 had increased leaf N, P, and Mn contents in both seasons; in addition, Ca was increased in the second season. Furthermore, all of the root nutrient contents (except N) as well as the ARP and TRY were increased in both seasons as compared with those of the noninoculated plants. On the other hand, the maximum values of the leaf Ca, Fe, and Cu contents and the root Ca, Fe, and Zn contents were recorded with the CSP20 treatment in both seasons. CSP60 was the superior treatment for N (in the leaves), Mn (in the roots), ARP, protein contents, and TRY in both seasons and for the leaf Zn content in the 2019 season. The application of the CSP100 treatment gave the highest values for the leaf and root P contents and the root Cu contents in both seasons as well as for the leaf Mn content in the first season and the root N content in the 2020 growth season. Thus, it was concluded that the application of CSP20, CSP60, and CSP100 treatments with the B. megaterium DSM2894 mixture gave the best values compared to the use of CSP or DSM2894 individually to attenuate CaCO3-induced damage.
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Nieland S, Barig S, Salzmann J, Gehrau F, Zamani AI, Richter A, Ibrahim J, Gräser Y, Ng CL, Stahmann K. Aspergillus fumigatus AR04 obeys Arrhenius' rule in cultivation temperature shifts from 30 to 40°C. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:1422-1432. [PMID: 33421319 PMCID: PMC8313250 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To set a benchmark in fungal growth rate, a differential analysis of prototrophic Aspergillus fumigatus AR04 with three ascomycetes applied in > 103 t year-1 scale was performed, i.e. Ashbya gosspyii (riboflavin), Aspergillus niger (citric acid) and Aspergillus oryzae (food-processing). While radial colony growth decreased 0.5-fold when A. gossypii was cultivated at 40°C instead of 28°C, A. fumigatus AR04 responded with 1.7-fold faster hyphal growth. A. niger and A. oryzae formed colonies at 40°C, but not at 43°C. Moreover, all A. fumigatus strains tested grew even at 49°C. In chemostat experiments, A. fumigatus AR04 reached steady state at a dilution rate of 0.7 h-1 at 40°C, 120% more than reported for A. gossypii at 28°C. To study mycelial growth rates under unlimited conditions, carbon dioxide increase rates were calculated from concentrations detected online in the exhaust of batch fermentations for 3 h only. All rates calculated suggest that A. fumigatus AR04 approximates Arrhenius' rule when comparing short cultivations at 30°C with those at 40°C. Linearization of the exponential phase and comparison of the slopes revealed an increase to 192% by the 10°C up-shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Nieland
- Institute of BiotechnologyBrandenburg University of Technology Cottbus ‐ SenftenbergUniversitätsplatz 1SenftenbergD‐01958Germany
| | - Susann Barig
- Institute of BiotechnologyBrandenburg University of Technology Cottbus ‐ SenftenbergUniversitätsplatz 1SenftenbergD‐01958Germany
| | - Julian Salzmann
- Institute of BiotechnologyBrandenburg University of Technology Cottbus ‐ SenftenbergUniversitätsplatz 1SenftenbergD‐01958Germany
| | - Frauke Gehrau
- Institute of BiotechnologyBrandenburg University of Technology Cottbus ‐ SenftenbergUniversitätsplatz 1SenftenbergD‐01958Germany
| | - Arief Izzairy Zamani
- Institute of Systems BiologyUniversiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaBangiSelangor43600 UKMMalaysia
| | - Annabell Richter
- Institute of BiotechnologyBrandenburg University of Technology Cottbus ‐ SenftenbergUniversitätsplatz 1SenftenbergD‐01958Germany
| | - Julia Ibrahim
- Sime Darby Technology CentreUPM‐MTDC Technology Centre IIILebuh Silikon1st Floor Block BUPM 43400SerdangSelangorMalaysia
| | - Yvonne Gräser
- Institute of Microbiology and ImmunologyCharité ‐ Universitätsmedizin BerlinCorporate Member of Freie Universität BerlinHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Berlin Institute of HealthHindenburgdamm 30BerlinD‐12203Germany
| | - Chyan Leong Ng
- Institute of Systems BiologyUniversiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaBangiSelangor43600 UKMMalaysia
| | - Klaus‐Peter Stahmann
- Institute of BiotechnologyBrandenburg University of Technology Cottbus ‐ SenftenbergUniversitätsplatz 1SenftenbergD‐01958Germany
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Ruchala J, Sibirny AA. Pentose metabolism and conversion to biofuels and high-value chemicals in yeasts. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 45:6034013. [PMID: 33316044 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentose sugars are widespread in nature and two of them, D-xylose and L-arabinose belong to the most abundant sugars being the second and third by abundance sugars in dry plant biomass (lignocellulose) and in general on planet. Therefore, it is not surprising that metabolism and bioconversion of these pentoses attract much attention. Several different pathways of D-xylose and L-arabinose catabolism in bacteria and yeasts are known. There are even more common and really ubiquitous though not so abundant pentoses, D-ribose and 2-deoxy-D-ribose, the constituents of all living cells. Thus, ribose metabolism is example of endogenous metabolism whereas metabolism of other pentoses, including xylose and L-arabinose, represents examples of the metabolism of foreign exogenous compounds which normally are not constituents of yeast cells. As a rule, pentose degradation by the wild-type strains of microorganisms does not lead to accumulation of high amounts of valuable substances; however, productive strains have been obtained by random selection and metabolic engineering. There are numerous reviews on xylose and (less) L-arabinose metabolism and conversion to high value substances; however, they mostly are devoted to bacteria or the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This review is devoted to reviewing pentose metabolism and bioconversion mostly in non-conventional yeasts, which naturally metabolize xylose. Pentose metabolism in the recombinant strains of S. cerevisiae is also considered for comparison. The available data on ribose, xylose, L-arabinose transport, metabolism, regulation of these processes, interaction with glucose catabolism and construction of the productive strains of high-value chemicals or pentose (ribose) itself are described. In addition, genome studies of the natural xylose metabolizing yeasts and available tools for their molecular research are reviewed. Metabolism of other pentoses (2-deoxyribose, D-arabinose, lyxose) is briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Ruchala
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, Rzeszow 35-601, Poland.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street, 14/16, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
| | - Andriy A Sibirny
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, Rzeszow 35-601, Poland.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street, 14/16, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
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Cai D, Rao Y, Zhan Y, Wang Q, Chen S. EngineeringBacillusfor efficient production of heterologous protein: current progress, challenge and prospect. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:1632-1642. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio‐Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University Wuhan PR China
| | - Y. Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio‐Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University Wuhan PR China
| | - Y. Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio‐Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University Wuhan PR China
| | - Q. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio‐Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University Wuhan PR China
| | - S. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio‐Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University Wuhan PR China
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Saeid A, Prochownik E, Dobrowolska-Iwanek J. Phosphorus Solubilization by Bacillus Species. Molecules 2018; 23:E2897. [PMID: 30404208 PMCID: PMC6278551 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial solubilization applies the natural ability of a microorganism to liberate phosphorus from unavailable structures. The main mechanism recognized to be responsible for the solubilization of phosphorus is the production of different types of organic acids. Three kinds of Bacillus species and three types of raw materials (poultry bones, fish bones, and ash) were tested for solubilization. The following parameters were compared for all discussed cases: pH, specific growth rate, solubilization factor, released phosphorus concentration, and total and individual concentration of organic acids. Utilization of ash brought about the highest specific and maximum specific growth rates. A decrease in pH was observed in most of the discussed cases with the exception of fish bones. At the same time, fish bones had the highest concentration of released P₂O₅ and the highest total concentration of produced organic acids (gluconic, lactic, acetic, succinic, and propionic) in all discussed cases. The tested Bacillus species produced the mentioned acids with the exception of B. megaterium, where propionic acid was not present. The lactic and acetic acids were those produced in the highest amount. The kind of raw materials and type of Bacillus species used in solubilization had a strong influence on the kind of organic acids that were detected in the broth culture and its total concentration, which had a direct influence on the amount of released phosphorus. The combination of Bacillus megaterium with the fish bones at 5 g/L is proposed as the pair that gives the highest concentration of released phosphorus (483 ± 5 mg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Saeid
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Prochownik
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Justyna Dobrowolska-Iwanek
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
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Enhanced D-ribose production by genetic modification and medium optimization in Bacillus subtilis 168. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-017-0356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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You LX, Liu LD, Xiao Y, Dai YF, Chen BL, Jiang YX, Zhao F. Flavins mediate extracellular electron transfer in Gram-positive Bacillus megaterium strain LLD-1. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 119:196-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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