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Lu J, Shataer D, Yan H, Dong X, Zhang M, Qin Y, Cui J, Wang L. Probiotics and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Unveiling the Mechanisms of Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium bifidum in Modulating Lipid Metabolism, Inflammation, and Intestinal Barrier Integrity. Foods 2024; 13:2992. [PMID: 39335920 PMCID: PMC11431124 DOI: 10.3390/foods13182992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has risen annually, yet due to the intricacies of its pathogenesis and therapeutic challenges, there remains no definitive medication for this condition. This review explores the intricate relationship between the intestinal microbiome and the pathogenesis of NAFLD, emphasizing the substantial roles played by Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium bifidum. These probiotics manipulate lipid synthesis genes and phosphorylated proteins through pathways such as the AMPK/Nrf2, LPS-TLR4-NF-κB, AMPKα/PGC-1α, SREBP-1/FAS, and SREBP-1/ACC signaling pathways to reduce hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress, key components of NAFLD progression. By modifying the intestinal microbial composition and abundance, they combat the overgrowth of harmful bacteria, alleviating the inflammatory response precipitated by dysbiosis and bolstering the intestinal mucosal barrier. Furthermore, they participate in cellular immune regulation, including CD4+ T cells and Treg cells, to suppress systemic inflammation. L. plantarum and B. bifidum also modulate lipid metabolism and immune reactions by adjusting gut metabolites, including propionic and butyric acids, which inhibit liver inflammation and fat deposition. The capacity of probiotics to modulate lipid metabolism, immune responses, and gut microbiota presents an innovative therapeutic strategy. With a global increase in NAFLD prevalence, these insights propose a promising natural method to decelerate disease progression, avert liver damage, and tackle associated metabolic issues, significantly advancing microbiome-focused treatments for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (H.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Dilireba Shataer
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (H.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Huizhen Yan
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (H.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Xiaoxiao Dong
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (H.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Minwei Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (H.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yanan Qin
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (H.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Jie Cui
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (H.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.Q.)
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Wang W, Dang G, Hao W, Li A, Zhang H, Guan S, Ma T. Dietary Supplementation of Compound Probiotics Improves Intestinal Health by Modulated Microbiota and Its SCFA Products as Alternatives to In-Feed Antibiotics. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10314-3. [PMID: 38904897 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium, Bifidobacterium, and Pediococcus acidilactici, as intestinal probiotics, have been proved to play a positive role in treating intestinal diseases, promoting growth and immune regulation in poultry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of compound probiotics on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal microbiome characteristics, as well as intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. Treatment diets with chlortetracycline and compound probiotics were used for two groups of sixty broilers each throughout the feeding process. Another group was fed the basal diet. The BW (2589.41 ± 13.10 g vs 2422.50 ± 19.08 g) and ADG (60.57 ± 0.31 g vs 56.60 ± 0.45 g) of the compound probiotics added feed treatment group were significantly increased, and the FCR was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The supplementation of a compound probiotics enhanced the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, and norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia_vadinBB60_group (P < 0.05), and modulated the cecal microbiota structure, thereby promoting the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and elevating their levels (P < 0.05), particularly propionic and butyric acids. Furthermore, the administration of the compound probiotics supplements significantly enhanced the villi height, V/C ratio, and reduced the crypt depth (P < 0.05). In addition, the activity of digestive enzymes in the duodenum and jejunum was elevated (P < 0.05). Collectively, the selected compound probiotics supplemented in this experiment have demonstrated efficacy, warranting further application in practical production settings as a viable alternative to antibiotics, thereby facilitating efficient production and promoting gastrointestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guoqi Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Hao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Anping Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shu Guan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Singapore Industrial Pte. Ltd, Singapore, 117440, Singapore
| | - Teng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Tang J, Wei Y, Pi C, Zheng W, Zuo Y, Shi P, Chen J, Xiong L, Chen T, Liu H, Zhao Q, Yin S, Ren W, Cao P, Zeng N, Zhao L. The therapeutic value of bifidobacteria in cardiovascular disease. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:82. [PMID: 37903770 PMCID: PMC10616273 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been an increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality over the past few decades, making cardiovascular disease (CVD) the leading cause of death worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of CVD is multi-factorial, complex, and not fully understood. The gut microbiome has long been recognized to play a critical role in maintaining the physiological and metabolic health of the host. Recent scientific advances have provided evidence that alterations in the gut microbiome and its metabolites have a profound influence on the development and progression of CVD. Among the trillions of microorganisms in the gut, bifidobacteria, which, interestingly, were found through the literature to play a key role not only in regulating gut microbiota function and metabolism, but also in reducing classical risk factors for CVD (e.g., obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes) by suppressing oxidative stress, improving immunomodulation, and correcting lipid, glucose, and cholesterol metabolism. This review explores the direct and indirect effects of bifidobacteria on the development of CVD and highlights its potential therapeutic value in hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. By describing the key role of Bifidobacterium in the link between gut microbiology and CVD, we aim to provide a theoretical basis for improving the subsequent clinical applications of Bifidobacterium and for the development of Bifidobacterium nutritional products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, P.R. China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Chronic Diseases Jointly Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Development Planning Department of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yumeng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, P.R. China
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Chao Pi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, P.R. China
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Wenwu Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zuo
- Department of Comprehensive Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Development Planning Department of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Jinglin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, P.R. China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Chronic Diseases Jointly Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Development Planning Department of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Linjin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, P.R. China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Chronic Diseases Jointly Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Development Planning Department of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, P.R. China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Chronic Diseases Jointly Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Development Planning Department of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Huiyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, P.R. China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Chronic Diseases Jointly Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Development Planning Department of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Qianjiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, P.R. China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Chronic Diseases Jointly Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Development Planning Department of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Suyu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, P.R. China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Chronic Diseases Jointly Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Development Planning Department of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Ren
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Cao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210028, P.R. China.
| | - Nan Zeng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, P.R. China.
| | - Ling Zhao
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Chronic Diseases Jointly Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China.
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Development Planning Department of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China.
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Nan S, Yao M, Zhang X, Wang H, Li J, Niu J, Chen C, Zhang W, Nie C. Fermented grape seed meal promotes broiler growth and reduces abdominal fat deposition through intestinal microorganisms. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:994033. [PMID: 36299718 PMCID: PMC9589342 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.994033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The fermentation of grape seed meal, a non-conventional feed resource, improves its conventional nutritional composition, promotes the growth and development of livestock and fat metabolism by influencing the structure and diversity of intestinal bacteria. In this study, the nutritional components of Fermented grape seed meal (FGSM) and their effects on the growth performance, carcass quality, serum biochemistry, and intestinal bacteria of yellow feather broilers were investigated. A total of 240 male 14-day-old yellow-feathered broilers were randomly selected and divided into four groups, with three replicates of 20 chickens each. Animals were fed diets containing 0% (Group I), 2% (Group II), 4% (Group III), or 6% (Group IV) FGSM until they were 56 days old. The results showed that Acid soluble protein (ASP) and Crude protein (CP) contents increased, Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents decreased, and free amino acid content increased in the FGSM group. The non-targeted metabolome identified 29 differential metabolites in FGSM, including organic acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and monosaccharides. During the entire trial period, Average daily gain (ADG) increased and Feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased in response to dietary FGSM supplementation (p < 0.05). TP content in the serum increased and BUN content decreased in groups III and IV (p < 0.05). Simultaneously, the serum TG content in group III and the abdominal fat rate in group IV were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). The results of gut microbiota analysis showed that FGSM could significantly increase the Shannon and Simpson indices of broilers (35 days). Reducing the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes significantly altered cecal microbiota composition by increasing the relative abundance of Firmicutes (p < 0.05). By day 56, butyric acid content increased in the cecal samples from Group III (p < 0.05). In addition, Spearman's correlation analysis revealed a strong correlation between broiler growth performance, abdominal fat percentage, SCFAs, and gut microbes. In summary, the addition of appropriate levels of FGSM to rations improved broiler growth performance and reduced fat deposition by regulating gut microbes through differential metabolites and affecting the microbiota structure and SCFA content of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Nan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Min Yao
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hailiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Junli Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Wenju Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Cunxi Nie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Dev K, Begum J, Biswas A, Mir NA, Singh J, Prakash R, Sonowal J, Bharali K, Tomar S, Kant R, Ahlawat N. Hepatic transcriptome analysis reveals altered lipid metabolism and consequent health indices in chicken supplemented with dietary Bifidobacterium bifidum and mannan-oligosaccharides. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17895. [PMID: 34504213 PMCID: PMC8429770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the role of dietary prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), and probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum (BFD) in lipid metabolism, deposition, and consequent health indices in broiler chicken. The supplementation of 0.2% MOS along with either 106 or 107 CFU BFD/g feed resulted in downregulation of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, sterolregulatory element binding protein-1, and apolipoprotein B100; and up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α AMP-activated protein kinase α-1, and stearoyl CoA (∆9) desaturase-1 hepatic expression in broiler chicken. The birds supplemented with 0.2% MOS along with either 106 or 107 CFU BFD/g feed depicted lower body fat percentage, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and saturated fatty acid contents, whereas, higher palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, and MUFA contents were observed. The ∆9-desaturase indices of chicken meat have shown higher values; and elongase index (only thigh) and thioesterase index have shown lower values in birds supplemented with 0.2% MOS along with either 106 or 107 CFU BFD/g feed. The meat health indices such as Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)/Saturated fatty acids (SFA) ratio, Mono-saturated fatty acids (MUFA)/SFA ratio, unsaturated fatty acids (UFA)/SFA ratio, hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic fatty acid ratio, saturation index, atherogenic index, thrombogenic index, and hypercholesterolemic fatty acid content were positively improved in birds supplemented with 0.2% MOS along with either 106 or 107 CFU BFD/g feed. Similarly, the birds supplemented with 0.2% MOS along with either 106 or 107 CFU BFD/g feed have shown lower serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels along with higher high density levels and improved serum health indices cardiac risk ratio, atherogenic coefficient, and, atherogenic index of plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Dev
- grid.505927.c0000 0004 1764 5112ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 India ,Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (Allahabad), 211007 India
| | - Jubeda Begum
- grid.440691.e0000 0001 0708 4444College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, 263145 India
| | - Avishek Biswas
- grid.505927.c0000 0004 1764 5112ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 India
| | - Nasir Akbar Mir
- grid.505927.c0000 0004 1764 5112ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 India
| | - Jitendra Singh
- grid.418363.b0000 0004 0506 6543CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 India
| | - Ravi Prakash
- grid.418363.b0000 0004 0506 6543CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 India
| | - Joyshikh Sonowal
- grid.417990.20000 0000 9070 5290ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 India
| | - Krishna Bharali
- grid.417990.20000 0000 9070 5290ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 India
| | - Simmi Tomar
- grid.505927.c0000 0004 1764 5112ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 India
| | - Rajiv Kant
- Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (Allahabad), 211007 India
| | - Neeraj Ahlawat
- Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (Allahabad), 211007 India
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