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Aymée L, Dantas FTDR, Ezepha C, Motta D, Carvalho-Costa FA, Di Azevedo MIN, Lilenbaum W. Placental abnormalities associated with Leptospira interrogans infection in naturally infected mares. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 138:105099. [PMID: 38763365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The reproductive features of equine leptospirosis are often neglected. Equine genital leptospirosis is characterized as a silent chronic syndrome, and besides abortions, leads to placental abnormalities, stillbirths, and birth of weak foals. This study aimed to study the occurrence of placental abnormalities associated with Leptospira interrogans infection in naturally infected mares under field conditions. The studied herd had a high occurrence of placentitis and abortions. Ten pregnant mares, eight with placental abnormalities on ultrasonography and were selected. Serum and cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) samples were collected for serology and PCR, respectively. Positive samples in lipL32-PCR were submitted to the sequencing of the secY gene. In lipL32-PCR of CVM, five out of 10 (50%) mares were positive and all were characterized as Leptospira interrogans. Our results highlight the presence of placental abnormalities in the reproductive subclinical leptospirosis syndrome. We encourage field veterinarians to include leptospirosis testing in their reproductive management.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Aymée
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Alameda Barros Terra Street 57, Niteróis, Rio de Janeiro 24020-150, Brazil
| | - F T D R Dantas
- University of Bologna, Via Zamboni Street 33, Bologna, Bologna 33-40126, Italy
| | - C Ezepha
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Alameda Barros Terra Street 57, Niteróis, Rio de Janeiro 24020-150, Brazil
| | - D Motta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Alameda Barros Terra Street 57, Niteróis, Rio de Janeiro 24020-150, Brazil
| | - F A Carvalho-Costa
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Brazil Avenue 4365, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - M I N Di Azevedo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Alameda Barros Terra Street 57, Niteróis, Rio de Janeiro 24020-150, Brazil
| | - W Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Alameda Barros Terra Street 57, Niteróis, Rio de Janeiro 24020-150, Brazil.
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2
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Sohm C, Willixhofer D, Fasching E, Waldner K, Deitzer N, Steiner J, Jöbstl J, Schleicher C, Schwarz M, Fuchs R, Bourhy P, Käsbohrer A, Wittek T, Firth C, Steinparzer R, Desvars-Larrive A. First isolation and genotyping of pathogenic Leptospira spp. from Austria. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4467. [PMID: 38409294 PMCID: PMC10897423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease. The standard serological test, known as Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), requires the use of live Leptospira strains. To enhance its sensitivity and specificity, the usage of locally circulating strains is recommended. However, to date, no local strain is available from Austria. This study aimed to isolate circulating Leptospira strains from cattle in Austria to enhance the performances of the routine serological test for both humans and animals. We used a statistical approach combined with a comprehensive literature search to profile cattle with greater risk of leptospirosis infection and implemented a targeted sampling between November 2021 and October 2022. Urine and/or kidney tissue were sampled from 410 cattle considered at higher risk of infection. Samples were inoculated into EMJH-STAFF culture media within 2-6 h and a real-time PCR targeting the lipL32 gene was used to confirm the presence/absence of pathogenic Leptospira in each sample. Isolates were further characterised by core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). Nine out of 429 samples tested positive by PCR, from which three isolates were successfully cultured and identified as Leptospira borgpetersenii serogroup Sejroe serovar Hardjobovis, cgMLST cluster 40. This is the first report on the isolation and genotyping of local zoonotic Leptospira in Austria, which holds the potential for a significant improvement in diagnostic performance in the country. Although the local strain was identified as a cattle-adapted serovar, it possesses significant zoonotic implications. Furthermore, this study contributes to a better understanding of the epidemiology of leptospirosis in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Sohm
- VetFarm, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Kremesberg 13, 2563, Pottenstein, Austria.
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Denise Willixhofer
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Robert Koch-Gasse 17, 2340, Mödling, Austria
| | - Eva Fasching
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Robert Koch-Gasse 17, 2340, Mödling, Austria
| | - Karoline Waldner
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Robert Koch-Gasse 17, 2340, Mödling, Austria
| | - Nicole Deitzer
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Janina Steiner
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Jöbstl
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Corina Schleicher
- Department for Data, Statistics and Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Zinzendorfgasse 27/1, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Marcel Schwarz
- Department for Data, Statistics and Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Zinzendorfgasse 27/1, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Reinhard Fuchs
- Department for Data, Statistics and Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Zinzendorfgasse 27/1, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Pascale Bourhy
- Unit Biology of Spirochetes, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Wittek
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clair Firth
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Steinparzer
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Robert Koch-Gasse 17, 2340, Mödling, Austria
| | - Amélie Desvars-Larrive
- VetFarm, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Kremesberg 13, 2563, Pottenstein, Austria
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstädter Straße 39, 1080, Vienna, Austria
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Aymée L, Mendes J, Lilenbaum W. Bovine Genital Leptospirosis: An Update of This Important Reproductive Disease. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:322. [PMID: 38275782 PMCID: PMC10812666 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine leptospirosis is an important disease that affects the reproductive sphere. Due to its high relevance for the bovine production chain in a worldwide scenario, a better understanding of the disease is crucial to reduce its negative impacts. The main agents are strains from the Sejroe serogroup, such as Hardjo and Guaricura, which lead to renal and genital infection. The genital colonization causes a chronic, silent, and subclinical reproductive syndrome, called Bovine Genital Leptospirosis (BGL). Embryonic death, estrus repetition, subfertility, and abortions are the main signs of BGL condition in females. However, although leptospires have been identified in semen, the manifestation of BGL in bulls remains to be clarified. The recommended diagnosis of BGL includes a serologic screening of the herds using the microscopic agglutination test followed by PCR of genital samples (cervicovaginal mucus, uterine fragment, or semen), especially from animals with reproductive failures. After the identification of carriers, control is carried out considering three steps: antimicrobial treatment of the carriers, environmental and reproductive management, and herd vaccination. Systematic testing, quarantine of newly arrived animals, and usage of antimicrobials in semen diluents or embryo culture media are other sanitary approaches that are encouraged to improve the control of the syndrome. Herein we discuss protocols for an efficient diagnosis and preventive procedures of BGL, which are fundamental to reducing the negative impact of the disease on cattle reproduction and its consequent economic hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Walter Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Alameda Barros Terra Street, 57, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil (J.M.)
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Di Azevedo MIN, Borges ALDSB, Kremer F, de Melo JDSL, Carvalho-Costa FA, Lilenbaum W. Genetic Analysis of LigA, LipL32, Loa22, and OmpL1 Antigens from Leptospira spp. Sejroe Serogroup: How Close We Are To a Vaccine Against Bovine Leptospirosis? Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:310. [PMID: 37535179 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leptospirosis has as main causative agents Leptospira spp. from Sejroe serogroup. Vaccination is a crucial step to control this infection. The use of conserved proteins among Leptospira spp. is of great importance for a protective immune response. The aim of the present study is to genetically analyze antigens of Leptospira spp. from Sejroe serogroup strains isolated from cattle for a preliminary evaluation of vaccine candidates. Genes associated with antigenicity-LigA, LipL32, Loa22, and OmpL1-were analyzed through bioinformatic and immunoinformatic tools. Despite high diversity observed in strains, on an amino acid level, highly conserved regions were observed (> 90%), particularly in LipL32 gene. Moreover, highly conserved amino acid regions (> 30 aa) were observed in all genes, regardless of species, geographical origin or biological source of isolation. Superposed structures of protein fragments including all the predicted MHC-II and B-Cell epitopes were demonstrated. Results presented herein are preliminary, but a fundamental step towards the development of an efficient vaccine against bovine leptospirosis, a silent but enormously concerning disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frederico Kremer
- Technological Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Filipe Anibal Carvalho-Costa
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Walter Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Fluminense Federal University, Biomedical Institute, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Di Azevedo MIN, Aymée L, Borges ALDSB, Lilenbaum W. Molecular Epidemiology of Pathogenic Leptospira spp. Infecting Dogs in Latin America. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2422. [PMID: 37570231 PMCID: PMC10417440 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. Infections can vary from asymptomatic and chronic infections to clinical acute diseases. The disease is endemic in tropical areas, such as Latin American countries, but a broad understanding of the dynamics of circulation of strains, based on molecular data, has not yet been performed. Based on in silico analyses, the present study aims to analyze the genetic diversity and circulation patterns of haplotypes from pathogenic leptospires infecting dogs in Latin America. DNA sequences were obtained from GenBank platform, curated, and aligned. Genetic distances were calculated, and a maximum likelihood tree and haplotype network were constructed. According to the inclusion criteria adopted, a total of 148 sequences were identified. Most of the records were from Brazil, including sequences from L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae. Phylogenetic analysis showed a genetically closely related cluster, consisting of a larger haplogroup that includes the reference strain Fiocruz L1-130, known to be the major circulating strain in humans. Moreover, no genetic variations were observed according to clinical history and/or geographical localization. We described the molecular epidemiology of leptospires circulating among dogs in Latin America and demonstrated a very genetically homogeneous group, elucidating its ubiquitous circulation pattern and drawing attention to the important role of dogs in the One Health transmission dynamics of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Walter Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24020-150, Brazil; (M.I.N.D.A.); (L.A.); (A.L.d.S.B.B.)
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de Andrade Morais D, Nunes BC, Soares RR, de Oliveira MD, da Costa DF, de Araújo HG, Júnior JPA, Malossi CD, Silva MLCR, de Azevedo SS, Alves CJ. Strong Evidence of the Role of Donkeys in the Epidemiology of Leptospira spp. in Semiarid Conditions. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1853. [PMID: 37513025 PMCID: PMC10384114 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Donkeys (Equus asinus) are historically known for their close relationship to humanity, which raises the need to study zoonotic diseases that affect them. In this perspective, leptospirosis stands out as a disease with an economic and public health impact, and its occurrence is facilitated in times of higher rainfall indexes, especially in large urban centers. In view of the scarcity of information about leptospirosis in donkeys, the objective of this study was to detect the presence of Leptospira spp. and anti-leptospiral antibodies in donkeys rescued by a zoonosis center located in the Caatiga biome, Brazilian semiarid region. Overall, 30 donkeys of both sexes, aged between 4 months and 15 years, were used, from which 64 serum samples were collected and submitted to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). In addition, 64 samples of urine, vaginal and preputial fluid, in duplicates, were subjected to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microbiological. Sixteen (53.3%) animals tested positive in at least one diagnostic test, 12 (40%) of which were positive at MAT and seven (23.3%) in the molecular and bacteriological detection (urine, vaginal, and preputial fluid samples). This is the first report identifying donkeys infected with Leptospira spp. by molecular and bacteriological diagnosis in Brazil, and the first in the world to detect this agent in their genital fluids. The study also shows that donkeys are commonly exposed to leptospires in the Caatinga biome, and this constitutes a One Health-based concern, demonstrating the importance of broad studies where large numbers of humans and animals coexist when investigating zoonotic infections and when planning and implementing control measures for donkeys-associated leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davidianne de Andrade Morais
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cesar Nunes
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Soares
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - Murilo Duarte de Oliveira
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - Diego Figueiredo da Costa
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Rodovia BR 079, Km 02, Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil
| | - Hosaneide Gomes de Araújo
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - João Pessoa Araújo Júnior
- Campus de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Dantas Malossi
- Campus de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Luana Cristiny Rodrigues Silva
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Santos de Azevedo
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - Clebert José Alves
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
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7
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Peltoniemi O, Tanskanen T, Kareskoski M. One Health challenges for pig reproduction. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:420-435. [PMID: 36638261 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The current state of the world challenges pig reproduction as an important part of One Health, which involves interrelationships between animal, human and environmental health. The One Health concept underlines a comparative aspect in reproductive physiology and disease occurrence, bridging knowledge from one species to another. Seasonal changes in the environment affect pig reproduction and climate change may further strengthen those effects. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and specifically phthalates and heavy metals, interfere with endocrine function, and thereby sexual behavior, fertilization capacity and steroidogenesis. Reproductive infections and extended semen storage are important indications for antimicrobial use. Innovative solutions are needed to explore alternatives to antimicrobials. Efforts to ensure reproductive efficiency have prolonged farrowing as litter size has doubled over the past three decades, compromising immune transfer and welfare. Physiological, metabolic and programming related events around parturition are key areas for future One Health research in pig reproduction. In conclusion, climate change challenges reproductive management and breeding. More resilient pigs that can tolerate harsh environment but maintain high reproductive performance are needed. EDCs continue to grow as an environmental challenge for reproductive management and alternatives to antibiotics will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Peltoniemi
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki One Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Topi Tanskanen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki One Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Kareskoski
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Benvin I, Perko VM, Maljković MM, Habuš J, Štritof Z, Hađina S, Perharić M, Zečević I, Cvetnić M, Turk N. Serological surveillance of equine leptospirosis in Croatia in the period from 2012 to 2022 - a key insight into the changing epizootiology. J Equine Vet Sci 2023:104844. [PMID: 37295759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is re-emerging zoonotic bacterial disease of global importance that affects domestic and wild animals and humans. Due to the public health importance, control of disease in Croatia is being implemented by monitoring the seroprevalence of equine leptospirosis and it is regulated by the law. In the period from 2012 to 2022, a total of 61724 serum samples from apparently healthy horses were admitted to the Laboratory for leptospires, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb. Serum samples were tested for Leptospira spp. antibodies using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Samples were considered seropositive with a cut-off titre 1:200 for Bratislava and 1:400 for other Leptospira spp. serovars. Out of 61724 serum samples tested, 6665 (10.80%) were found seropositive for at least one Leptospira serovar. In the studied period, seroprevalence varied between 5.00% and 15.94%. The highest seroprevalence was found for serovar Pomona (41.98%) and serovar Grippotyphosa (31.34%), followed by Sejroe (8.03%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (7.05%) and Bratislava (6.47%). Results indicated that horses in Croatia are particularly exposed to Leptospira spp. infections. The most prevalent presumed infective serovar was Pomona increasing each year. Investigated horses were randomly selected and healthy and most seropositive horses have anamnestic titre due to previous infection. This is the first study in Europe reporting such high seropositivity for the serovar Pomona in apparently healthy horses. According to the results of the present study, the question arises of the possible evolutionary adaptation of the pathogenic serovar Pomona as dominant for horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Benvin
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Vesna Mojčec Perko
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Maurić Maljković
- Department of Animal Breeding and Livestock Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josipa Habuš
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Štritof
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suzana Hađina
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matko Perharić
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Zečević
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Cvetnić
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nenad Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Torres FD, Borges ALDSB, Kolesnikovas C, Domit C, Barbosa CB, Carvalho-Costa FA, Di Azevedo MIN, Lilenbaum W. Pinnipeds carriers of pathogenic Leptospira: New data based on molecular characterization. Res Vet Sci 2023; 155:62-68. [PMID: 36634544 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by the infection of pathogenic strains of the genus Leptospira, endemic in tropical and subtropical regions. Although well documented in terrestrial animals and humans, little information is available on its distribution and impact on marine animals. Despite clinical manifestations that may occur, the occurrence of carriers was suggested in some species. Nevertheless, there are few studies regarding the infection by Leptospira sp. in marine mammals. In this context, and considering the One Health approach, the present aimed to investigate pinnipeds' role as Leptospira sp. carriers. Kidneys of 47 pinnipeds of two species, Arctocephalus australis (n = 40) and Arctocephalus tropicalis (n = 7) were collected. DNA was extracted and the diagnosis was performed through LipL32-PCR and genetic characterization based on secY gene sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis and haplotype networks were constructed. Pathogenic Leptospira sp. DNA was detected in 31.9% (15/47) of the tested pinnipeds. It was possible to amplify and sequence eight strains (6 for A. australis, 2 for A. tropicalis), all identified as L. interrogans, with high similarity with sequences from Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup. Phylogenetic analysis revealed sequences from the present study grouped in species-specific unique clusters, but very close to others from humans, wild animals, and domestic animals. We demonstrate that pinnipeds could act as carriers, and play an important role in leptospirosis dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe D'Azeredo Torres
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila Domit
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Center of Ocean Research, Paraná Federal University, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Walter Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Guadelupe B, Balaro MFA, Brandão FZ, Martins GMDS, Lilenbaum W. Streptomycin treatment of genital carriers of Leptospira in experimentally infected sheep on different estrous phases. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:579-581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Equine genital leptospirosis: Evidence of an important silent chronic reproductive syndrome. Theriogenology 2022; 192:81-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Diaz EA, Luna L, Burgos-Mayorga A, Donoso G, Guzman DA, Baquero MI, Pearson T, Barragan VA. First detection of Leptospira santarosai in the reproductive track of a boar: A potential threat to swine production and public health. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274362. [PMID: 36129918 PMCID: PMC9491572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis causes significant economic losses and is an occupational risk in the swine industry, especially in developing tropical regions where social and geoclimatic conditions are favorable for the transmission of this disease. Although vaccination can reduce infection risk, efficacy is diminished if local genetic and antigenic variants of the pathogen are not accounted for in the vaccine. Identifying and characterizing strains hosts, and potential mechanisms of transmission is therefore critical for public health mitigation practices. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Our study was conducted on a rural breeding farm in Ecuador, where we used a PCR assay that targets lipL32 to detect Leptospira spp. and targeted gene sequencing to identify Leptospira santarosai in the kidneys, testicles, and ejaculate of a vaccinated boar. MAT results showed low titers against serovars found in the vaccine, but the MAT panel did not include serovars of L. santarosai. The boar showed no symptoms of leptospirosis but did show blood in the semen. However, no postmortem histopathological lesions were observed tissue samples. Vaccinated sows that were artificially inseminated with the semen from this boar had reproductive problems, suggesting that transmission had occurred. This is the first documented case of Leptospira santarosai in the reproductive tract of a boar. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE As L. santarosai is pathogenic in other livestock species and humans, our finding highlights the need to evaluate the prevalence and epidemiological significance of this pathogen in livestock and consider the possibility of venereal transmission. In addition, further studies are needed to identify and characterize local serovars that may impact diagnosis and vaccination programs to better control leptospirosis in livestock and spillover into the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A. Diaz
- Hospital de Fauna Silvestre TUERI, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
- Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical, Laboratorio de Salud Animal, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ligia Luna
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ana Burgos-Mayorga
- Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias, Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Riobamba, Ecuador
| | - Gustavo Donoso
- Hospital de Fauna Silvestre TUERI, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Diego A. Guzman
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - María Ines Baquero
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Talima Pearson
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Veronica Alexandra Barragan
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
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Soares RR, Natércio da Costa Barnabé N, Cristiny Rodrigues Silva ML, Figueiredo da Costa D, Araújo Júnior JP, Malossi CD, Ullmann LS, Silvano Dos Santos Higino S, Santos de Azevedo S, Alves CJ. Detection of Leptospira spp. in genitourinary tract of female goats managed in the brazilian semiarid. Microb Pathog 2022; 172:105763. [PMID: 36116606 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies related to the prevalence of leptospirosis in the semiarid region showed that even during long periods of drought, the disease has a remarkable frequency in herds in the region. It is a neglected disease and the extent of its effects in the Brazilian semiarid region is not known. The dynamics of this agent is well studied in the urinary tract, however, there are not many studies regarding the genital tract in female goats. Observing this scenario, the present work aimed to diagnose Leptospira spp. in female goats kept in the Brazilian semiarid region by means of serological, molecular and isolation techniques. Blood samples, vaginal fluid, urine and fragments of organs from the genitourinary tract were collected from 40 goats destined for slaughter. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was used as a serological technique, with a battery of 24 serovars. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) of the vaginal fluid, urine and organ fragments was performed, as well as the bacterial growth of these same products in a selective medium. Isolation positive samples were subjected to PCR. It was observed that two (5%) animals were serologically positive for the Pyrogenes serogroup. A total of 29 (72.5%) animals were PCR positive, with DNA present in 51/160 (31.8%) samples from the genital tract and 34/120 (28.3%) from the urinary tract, with no statistical difference. For bacterial growth, 22/40 (55%) animals were positive for growth, with morphology being observed in 19/160 (11.8%) for the genital tract and 16/120 (13.3%) for the urinary tract, with no statistical difference. Two uterus samples showed 99% similarity with L. interrogans after sequencing. Thus, female goats kept under semiarid conditions were positive for Leptospira spp, with positive samples from both the urinary and genital tracts, which possible is an alternative way of adapting and maintaining the agent for severe and adverse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rodrigues Soares
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB, 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Nathanael Natércio da Costa Barnabé
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB, 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Maria Luana Cristiny Rodrigues Silva
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB, 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Diego Figueiredo da Costa
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), Rodovia BR 079, Km 02, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - João Pessoa Araújo Júnior
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Camila Dantas Malossi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Leila Sabrina Ullmann
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Severino Silvano Dos Santos Higino
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB, 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Sergio Santos de Azevedo
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB, 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Clebert José Alves
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB, 58708-110, Brazil.
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Medeiros EJDS, Ferreira LCA, Ortega JM, Cosate MRV, Sakamoto T. Genetic basis underlying the serological affinity of leptospiral serovars from serogroups Sejroe, Mini and Hebdomadis. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 103:105345. [PMID: 35917899 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widely distributed zoonosis caused by pathogenic strains of bacteria of the genus Leptospira (Phylum Spirochaetes). Its agents are commonly classified based on their antigenic characteristics into serogroups and serovars, which are relevant for epidemiologic studies and vaccine development. Serological tests are considered laborious and require a specialized infrastructure. Some molecular methods have been proposed to accelerate these procedures, but they still can not replace the immunological tests, thus requiring a further understanding of the genetic basis underlying the serological classification. In this work, we focused on elucidating the genetic factors determinant for the serogroup Sejroe, which is one of the most prevalent serogroups in livestock. For this, we conducted a comparative analysis using >700 leptospiral genomic samples available in the public database. The analysis showed that the genes comprising the rfb locus are the main genetic factors associated with the serological classification. Samples from the serogroup Sejroe have an rfb locus with a conserved gene composition that differs from most other serogroups. Hebdomadis and Mini were the only serogroups whose samples have an rfb locus with similar gene composition to those from serogroup Sejroe, corroborating with the serological affinity shared by them. Finally, we could determine a small region in the rfb locus in which each of those three serogroups can be distinguished by its gene composition. This is the first work that uses an extensive repertoire of genomic data of leptospiral samples to elucidate the molecular basis of the serological classification and open the road to more reliable strategies based on molecular methods for serodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu Jayro de Souza Medeiros
- Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment (BioME), Instituto Metrópole Digital (IMD), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Cabral Afonso Ferreira
- Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment (BioME), Instituto Metrópole Digital (IMD), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - J Miguel Ortega
- Laboratório de Biodados, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Tetsu Sakamoto
- Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment (BioME), Instituto Metrópole Digital (IMD), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Laboratório de Biodados, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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15
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Rodrigues TC, Santos AL, Pinheiro ES, Piatti RM, Castro V, Buiatte AB, Lima AM, Marmontel M. Survey for Leptospira and Brucella in Amazonian manatees, Amazon river dolphins, and a tucuxi in the Brazilian Amazon. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 150:17-29. [PMID: 35796508 DOI: 10.3354/dao03667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis and brucellosis are zoonotic diseases with global distributions that represent severe hazards to humans and animals. We investigated exposure to Leptospira spp. and Brucella spp. in samples from Amazonian manatees Trichechus inunguis, Amazon river dolphins Inia geoffrensis, and a tucuxi Sotalia fluviatilis. The animals were free-ranging or undergoing in situ rehabilitation in the mid-Solimões River region, Brazilian Amazon. Serum samples from 19 Amazonian manatees were tested by microscopic agglutination test, Rose Bengal test, and 2-mercaptoethanol Brucella agglutination test. Antibodies against Leptospira spp. were detected in 63% of the manatees tested and serovar Patoc was considered the infecting serovar in all positive samples. Titers were generally low, indicating chronic exposure, but higher titers indicative of an active infection were detected in 3 animals. Anti-Brucella spp. antibodies were not detected. Tissue and/or body fluid samples from 12 Amazon river dolphins, a tucuxi, and 2 Amazonian manatees were investigated by multiplex PCR and bacteriology for Leptospira spp. and Brucella spp. All samples were negative. However, Enterococcus faecalis was isolated from uterine fluid, lymph node, and lung of 3 Amazon river dolphins. Bacillus spp. were isolated from milk and synovial fluid from 2 Amazon river dolphins and from a milk sample from 1 Amazonian manatee. Knowledge of the pathogens present in Amazonian manatees, Amazon river dolphins, and tucuxis is of great relevance to species conservation and environmental health. Although no clinical signs were noted, further research is needed to elucidate the clinical relevance of infection by Leptospira sp. serovar Patoc in Amazonian aquatic mammals.
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dos Santos Pereira PV, Di Azevedo MIN, dos Santos Baptista Borges AL, Loureiro AP, Martins G, Carvalho-Costa FA, Souza-Fabjan JMG, Lilenbaum W. Bovine genital leptospirosis: Evidence of ovarian infection by Leptospira interrogans. Vet Microbiol 2022; 271:109489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Molecular Diagnostic Methods For The Detection of Leptospirosis. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.2.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread infectious disease caused by the spirochete Leptospira. The clinical features of leptospirosis are fever, headache, vomiting, jaundice, and the acute form of the disease is commonly called Weil’s disease. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is a gold standard method used to detect leptospirosis. However, it requires 14 days of time and skilled personnel to detect leptospirosis. Various molecular methods were developed for the rapid detection process, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), multiplex PCR, nested PCR, real-time PCR, and Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Other immuno-based biosensor kits are readily available for the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Though these methods claim to be highly sensitive and specific, each method has its drawbacks. This review discusses the different molecular diagnostic techniques applied for the diagnosis of leptospirosis; elaborating on each method’s sensitivity, specificity, and detection time and the different samples of water, blood, and urine used.
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Esteves SB, Gaeta NC, Batista JMN, Dias RA, Heinemann MB. Leptospira sp. infection in bats: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2456-e2473. [PMID: 35533065 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bats are the only flying mammalian animals and are distributed worldwide. Bats are well-known hosts of several zoonotic viruses and bacteria, including Leptospira sp. Here, we performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis of evidence of Leptospira sp. infection in bats by examining studies published between 1964 and 2021. We reported the frequencies of various species and serogroups on all continents, several species and feeding habits of bats, and different diagnostic tools. Together, 33 papers from all continents with seven to 2077 individuals from one to 31 species were included. Molecular detection was conducted in most studies, followed by MAT (Microscopic Agglutination Test) and isolation and identification. Molecular characterization of Leptospira sp. revealed L. borgpetersenii as the most frequent species. Moreover, 179 positive samples for MAT contained the most likely infecting serogroups described, particularly the Australis serogroup. The percentage of positive tests in isolation and identification ranged between zero and 0.5%. The highest frequency of Leptospira infection among the continents was observed in Asia, whereas South America had the lowest percentage. Finally, Nycteridae and Rhinonycteridae were the most frequently infected bat families. Our study provides valuable information about the epidemiology of Leptospira sp. infection in bats. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bergmann Esteves
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Carrillo Gaeta
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Maria Nunes Batista
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto Dias
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Aymée L, Nogueira Di Azevedo MI, de Souza Pedrosa J, Loria de Melo JDS, Carvalho-Costa FA, Lilenbaum W. The role of Leptospira santarosai serovar Guaricura as agent of Bovine Genital Leptospirosis. Vet Microbiol 2022; 268:109413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Di Azevedo MIN, Santanna R, Carvalho-Costa FA, Lilenbaum W. The same strain leading to different clinical outcomes: The enigma behind the canine leptospirosis. Microb Pathog 2022; 165:105500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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The role of small ruminants in the epidemiology of leptospirosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2148. [PMID: 35140240 PMCID: PMC8828929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a common global zoonotic disease of man and all farm animals. Although most leptospiral infections in sheep and goats are asymptomatic, they may play a role in the epidemiology of the disease by the spread of Leptospira through the urine. This study was carried out to evaluate the role of sheep and goats in the epidemiology of leptospirosis. Blood and urine samples were taken from 210 goats and 246 sheep. To detect antibodies, sera samples were tested with 8 live serovars of L. interrogans (Hardjo, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Canicola, Ballum, Icterhemorrhagiae, Tarasovi, and Australis) by MAT. Then, urine samples were tested by Nested PCR targeting 16S rRNA gene for detection of pathogenic Leptospira. Results of MAT showed that 10.95% of goats and 8.53% of sheep had antibodies against at least one examined serovars. In both species, the highest reacting was L. i. Pomona with a rate of 68.18% and 56% in sheep and goats, respectively. Moreover, in PCR, 2 (0.95%) urine samples of goat and 12 (4.87%) urine samples of sheep were positive. All of the MAT positive studied animals were PCR negative and, statistical analysis showed that there was no relationship and agreement between the results of PCR and MAT in sheep (kappa = − 0.07, p > 0.05) and goats (kappa = − 0.02, p > 0.05). Finally, it is concluded that sheep and goats can excrete L. interrogans in the urine and thus transmit them to other animals and humans.
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22
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Polymerase chain reaction and loop-mediated isothermal amplification targeting lic13162, lic20239, and lipL32 genes for leptospirosis diagnosis. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1029-1037. [PMID: 35124771 PMCID: PMC9151938 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic species of Leptospira. Due to the similarity with clinical signs of other febrile diseases, early diagnosis remains challenging. Real-time PCR has been used for direct detection of Leptospira, but it requires thermocyclers and highly trained personnel. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a simple and rapid DNA-based assay. Therefore, here we have developed PCR and LAMP assays targeting two novel genes, lic13162 and lic20239, and also lipL32 gene to detect pathogenic Leptospira. Analytical and diagnostic performances were compared with bacterial isolates (including different Leptospira species and serovars) and clinical samples. The results demonstrated that PCR assays targeting lic13162 and lic20239 were successful to amplify Leptospira, but LAMP not. However, both PCR and LAMP targeting lipL32 could detect pathogenic Leptospira. LAMP lipL32 could be performed in 30 min with a detection limit of 156 cells/mL. Diagnostic performance of lipL32-LAMP presented 84.2% sensitivity and 93.2% specificity. In conclusion, lipL32 PCR and LAMP are effective methods to detect pathogenic Leptospira directly from clinical samples.
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Lu J, Hu J, Yu S, Li L. Next Generation Sequencing for Diagnosis of Leptospirosis Combined With Multiple Organ Failure: A Case Report and Literature Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:756592. [PMID: 35145972 PMCID: PMC8821090 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.756592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Leptospirosis poses a major threat to human life. The disease spectrum ranges from a nearly undetectable presentation to severe multi-organ dysfunction and death. Leptospirosis is difficult to diagnose by traditional antibody and culture tests. We here present a case of multiple organ failure associated with leptospirosis. Material and Methods A 64-year-old woman presented with fatigue and arthralgia, which developed rapidly into multiple organ injuries, and she eventually died of cerebral hemorrhage. Serum antibody test and cultures of blood, sputum, urine, and feces samples were all negative. The patient was diagnosed with leptospirosis by the next-generation sequencing (NGS). Conclusion We conclude that leptospirosis is a neglected zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira species. New techniques such as NGS are highlighted for early diagnosis. Surveillance for pathogens during diagnosis can provide guidance for clinical treatment and improves prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Intensive Care Unit, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lanjuan Li
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Aymée L, Di Azevedo MIN, de Melo JDSL, Balaro MFA, Martins GMDS, Consalter A, Leite JDS, Carvalho-Costa FA, Lilenbaum W. Leptospira noguchii associated to reproductive disease in ruminants. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:3103-3108. [PMID: 34741442 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is known to determine reproductive disorders on livestock, and Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira borgpetersenii are the most frequently reported species. Leptospira noguchii is an emerging pathogen, but its association with reproductive disease is unclear. We have detected L. noguchii as the agent of an outbreak with reproductive disorders in a Brazilian dairy goat flock. In the kidding season, five out of 10 Saanen had abortions in the final month of pregnancy and two newborn kids had acute clinical signs. After necropsy of three foetuses and one newborn kid, fragments of liver, lung and kidney were submitted to lipL32-PCR. It yielded positive results in at least one fragment from each animal. After, a nested secY-PCR, followed by sequencing, could identify L. noguchii, with 99-100% of identity with sequences obtained from cattle in the same region. For the first time, L. noguchii was detected in goats and, most importantly, the association of this leptospiral species with reproductive failures in ruminants has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Aymée
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mario Felipe Alvarez Balaro
- Pathology and Veterinary Clinics Department, Veterinary College, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Mendes de Souza Martins
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Arthur Sá Earp Neto University Center, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Angélica Consalter
- Professor Firmino Marsico Filho, University Veterinary Hospital, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva Leite
- Pathology and Veterinary Clinics Department, Veterinary College, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Walter Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Aymée L, Gregg WRR, Loureiro AP, Di Azevedo MIN, Pedrosa JDS, Melo JDSLD, Carvalho-Costa FA, de Souza GN, Lilenbaum W. Bovine Genital Leptospirosis and reproductive disorders of live subfertile cows under field conditions. Vet Microbiol 2021; 261:109213. [PMID: 34481272 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine genital leptospirosis (BGL) is characterized by silent chronic reproductive disorders, most related to early embryonic death leading to estrus repetition, subfertility and abortions. However, most studies were conducted in slaughterhouses, which lacks reproductive and sanitary history of the studied animals. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of Leptospira sp. infection in live cows with history of low reproductive efficiency. Blood, urine, cervico-vaginal mucus and uterine fragment were collected from nine cows of the same herd presenting reproductive failure (abortions, estrus repetition and chronic infertility). Serology (MAT) and molecular analysis (PCR and nucleotide sequencing) were performed. Serology showed three (33.3%) seroreactive cows, two to Sejroe and one to Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroups. Six cows (66.7%) presented leptospiral DNA on genital samples, while all urine samples were negative. L. interrogans was identified in five samples, very closely related to strains from Sejroe (n = 3) and Icterohaemorrhagiae (n = 2) serogroups, while L. noguchii was identified in one sample. Results from this preliminary study demonstrates the presence of leptospires on uterus and reinforces the negative impact of leptospiral infection on reproductive tract, highlighting its association with reproductive failures on live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Aymée
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Loureiro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana de Souza Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Guilherme Nunes de Souza
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Walter Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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