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El Oirdi M. Harnessing the Power of Polyphenols: A New Frontier in Disease Prevention and Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:692. [PMID: 38931359 PMCID: PMC11206774 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There are a wide variety of phytochemicals collectively known as polyphenols. Their structural diversity results in a broad range of characteristics and biological effects. Polyphenols can be found in a variety of foods and drinks, including fruits, cereals, tea, and coffee. Studies both in vitro and in vivo, as well as clinical trials, have shown that they possess potent antioxidant activities, numerous therapeutic effects, and health advantages. Dietary polyphenols have demonstrated the potential to prevent many health problems, including obesity, atherosclerosis, high blood sugar, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and neurological diseases. In this paper, the protective effects of polyphenols and the mechanisms behind them are investigated in detail, citing the most recent available literature. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the role of polyphenols in preventing and managing chronic diseases. The cited publications are derived from in vitro, in vivo, and human-based studies and clinical trials. A more complete understanding of these naturally occurring metabolites will pave the way for the development of novel polyphenol-rich diet and drug development programs. This, in turn, provides further evidence of their health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Oirdi
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Farhan M. The Promising Role of Polyphenols in Skin Disorders. Molecules 2024; 29:865. [PMID: 38398617 PMCID: PMC10893284 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The biochemical characteristics of polyphenols contribute to their numerous advantageous impacts on human health. The existing research suggests that plant phenolics, whether consumed orally or applied directly to the skin, can be beneficial in alleviating symptoms and avoiding the development of many skin disorders. Phenolic compounds, which are both harmless and naturally present, exhibit significant potential in terms of counteracting the effects of skin damage, aging, diseases, wounds, and burns. Moreover, polyphenols play a preventive role and possess the ability to delay the progression of several skin disorders, ranging from small and discomforting to severe and potentially life-threatening ones. This article provides a concise overview of recent research on the potential therapeutic application of polyphenols for skin conditions. It specifically highlights studies that have investigated clinical trials and the use of polyphenol-based nanoformulations for the treatment of different skin ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Farhan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Chen ZH, Guan M, Zhao WJ. Effects of resveratrol on macrophages after phagocytosis of Candida glabrata. Int J Med Microbiol 2023; 313:151589. [PMID: 37952279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2023.151589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is believed to be the underlying cause of many human ailments, including oral, gastrointestinal, and vaginal disorders. C. glabrata-caused deep-seated infections, coupled with its resistance to antifungal drugs, may contribute to a high mortality rate. Resveratrol is a polyphenol and can achieve better therapeutic effects when administered in combination with micafungin, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we investigate the effects of varying doses of resveratrol on the proliferation, apoptosis, and activity of macrophages, which were co-cultured with micafungin-pretreated C. glabrata. Resveratrol can restore the decreased proliferative activity of macrophages caused by the phagocytosis of C. glabrata. Further investigations demonstrated that this restoration ability exhibited a dose-dependent manner, reaching the highest level at 200 µM of resveratrol. Resveratrol tended to be more effective in inhibiting macrophage apoptosis and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels with concentration increases. In addition, at medium concentrations, resveratrol may down-regulate the expression of most inflammatory cytokines, whereas at high concentrations, it started to exert pro-inflammatory functions by up-regulating their expressions. Macrophages may shift from an anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype to an inflammatory (M1) phenotype by resveratrol at 200 µM, and from M1 to M2 at 400 µM. Our research shows that resveratrol with micafungin are effective in treating C. glabrata infections. The resveratrol-micafungin combination can reduce the production of ROS, and promote the proliferation, inhibit the apoptosis, and activate the polarization of macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. This study offers insights into how this combination works and may provide possible direction for further clinical application of the combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Han Chen
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Meng Guan
- Ophthalmology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei-Jia Zhao
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.
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Qin Y, Wang J, Lv Q, Han B. Recent Progress in Research on Mitochondrion-Targeted Antifungal Drugs: a Review. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0000323. [PMID: 37195189 PMCID: PMC10269089 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00003-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections, which commonly occur in immunocompromised patients, can cause high morbidity and mortality. Antifungal agents act by disrupting the cell membrane, inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis and function, or inhibiting β-1,3-glucan synthase. Because the incidences of life-threatening fungal infections and antifungal drug resistance are continuously increasing, there is an urgent need for the development of new antifungal agents with novel mechanisms of action. Recent studies have focused on mitochondrial components as potential therapeutic drug targets, owing to their important roles in fungal viability and pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss novel antifungal drugs targeting mitochondrial components and highlight the unique fungal proteins involved in the electron transport chain, which is useful for investigating selective antifungal targets. Finally, we comprehensively summarize the efficacy and safety of lead compounds in clinical and preclinical development. Although fungus-specific proteins in the mitochondrion are involved in various processes, the majority of the antifungal agents target dysfunction of mitochondria, including mitochondrial respiration disturbance, increased intracellular ATP, reactive oxygen species generation, and others. Moreover, only a few drugs are under clinical trials, necessitating further exploration of possible targets and development of effective antifungal agents. The unique chemical structures and targets of these compounds will provide valuable hints for further exploiting new antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanzhen Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Wu H, Wang Y, Zhang B, Li YL, Ren ZX, Huang JJ, Zhang ZQ, Lin ZJ, Zhang XM. Smilax glabra Roxb.: A Review of Its Traditional Usages, Phytochemical Constituents, Pharmacological Properties, and Clinical Applications. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:3621-3643. [PMID: 36277602 PMCID: PMC9579009 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s374439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Smilax glabra Roxb. (SGB) is a medicinal plant widely distributed in 17 countries worldwide. It is the primary raw material of the world-famous and best-selling functional food and beneficial tea. SGB was first recorded in Ben Cao Jing Ji Zhu of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420–589 AD) and was reported for nutritional and medicinal properties for thousands of years. This review searched PubMed, Web of Science, and other databases for relevant literature on SGB species until April 2022. It aims to provide more integrated thinking, detailed awareness, and better knowledge of SGB. More than 200 chemical components have been discovered, including flavonoids, phenolic, phenolic acids, stilbenes, organic acids, phenylpropanoids, and others. Previous studies have demonstrated that SGB and its active ingredients show a wide range of pharmacological effects, including anti-infective, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardiovascular protection, etc. However, many studies on the biological activity of this plant were mainly based on crude extracts and active ingredients, and there is a lack of clinical studies and toxicity studies to support the development of drug design, development, and therapy. In summary, this review will provide specific and valuable suggestions and guidelines for further research and application of this plant in the medicinal field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Center for Pharmacovigilance and Rational Use of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Bing Zhang, Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, South Yang-Guang Road, Fang-shan District, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Yao-lei Li
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-xin Ren
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-jian Huang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-qi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-jian Lin
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-meng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Brankiewicz W, Okońska J, Serbakowska K, Lica J, Drab M, Ptaszyńska N, Łęgowska A, Rolka K, Szweda P. New Peptide Based Fluconazole Conjugates with Expanded Molecular Targets. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040693. [PMID: 35456526 PMCID: PMC9026428 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections of Candida spp. etiology are frequently treated with azole drugs. Among azoles, the most widely used in the clinical scenario remains fluconazole (FLC). Promising results in treatment of dangerous, systemic Candida infections demonstrate the advantages of combined therapies carried out with combinations of at least two different antifungal agents. Here, we report five conjugates composed of covalently linked FLC and cell penetrating or antimicrobial peptide: TP10-7-NH2, TP10-NH2, LFcinB(2-11)-NH2, LFcinB[Nle1,11]-NH2, and HLopt2-NH2, with aspects of design, chemical synthesis and their biological activities. Two of these compounds, namely FLCpOH-TP10-NH2 and FLCpOH-TP10-7-NH2, exhibit high activity against reference strains and fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates of C. albicans, including strains overproducing drug transporters. Moreover, both of them demonstrate higher fungicidal effects compared to fluconazole. Analysis performed with fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy as well as flow cytometry indicated the cell membrane as a molecular target of synthesized conjugates. An important advantage of FLCpOH-TP10-NH2 and FLCpOH-TP10-7-NH2 is their low cytotoxicity. The IC90 value for the human cells after 72 h treatment was comparable to the MIC50 value after 24 h treatment for most strains of C. albicans. In reported conjugates, FLC was linked to the peptide by its hydroxyl group. It is worth noting that conjugation of FLC by the nitrogen atom of the triazole ring led to practically inactive compounds. Two compounds produced by us and reported herein appear to be potential candidates for novel antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Brankiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (W.B.); (K.S.)
| | - Joanna Okońska
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.O.); (J.L.); (A.Ł.); (K.R.)
| | - Katarzyna Serbakowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (W.B.); (K.S.)
| | - Jan Lica
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.O.); (J.L.); (A.Ł.); (K.R.)
| | - Marek Drab
- Unit of Nanostructural Bio-Interactions, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Weigla-Street, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Natalia Ptaszyńska
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.O.); (J.L.); (A.Ł.); (K.R.)
- Correspondence: (N.P.); (P.S.); Tel.: +48-58-523-5092 (N.P.); +48-58-347-2440 (P.S.); Fax: +48-58-523-5012 (N.P.)
| | - Anna Łęgowska
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.O.); (J.L.); (A.Ł.); (K.R.)
| | - Krzysztof Rolka
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.O.); (J.L.); (A.Ł.); (K.R.)
| | - Piotr Szweda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (W.B.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: (N.P.); (P.S.); Tel.: +48-58-523-5092 (N.P.); +48-58-347-2440 (P.S.); Fax: +48-58-523-5012 (N.P.)
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Wang Y, Hong C, Wu Z, Li S, Xia Y, Liang Y, He X, Xiao X, Tang W. Resveratrol in Intestinal Health and Disease: Focusing on Intestinal Barrier. Front Nutr 2022; 9:848400. [PMID: 35369090 PMCID: PMC8966610 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.848400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of intestinal barrier determines intestinal homeostasis, which could be affected by various factors, like physical, chemical, and biological stimuli. Therefore, it is of considerable interest and importance to maintain intestinal barrier function. Fortunately, many plant polyphenols, including resveratrol, could affect the health of intestinal barrier. Resveratrol has many biological functions, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, and anti-cardiovascular diseases. Accumulating studies have shown that resveratrol affects intestinal tight junction, microbial composition, and inflammation. In this review, we summarize the effects of resveratrol on intestinal barriers as well as the potential mechanisms (e.g., inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, regulating the expression of tight junction proteins, and increasing anti-inflammatory T cells while reducing pro-inflammatory T cells), and highlight the applications of resveratrol in ameliorating various intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxia Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changming Hong
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zebiao Wu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwei Li
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Yaoyao Xia
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Liang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua He
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Xiao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Wenjie Tang
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Manso T, Lores M, de Miguel T. Antimicrobial Activity of Polyphenols and Natural Polyphenolic Extracts on Clinical Isolates. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 11:antibiotics11010046. [PMID: 35052923 PMCID: PMC8773215 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a growing global problem that affects people, animals, the environment, and the economy. Many clinically relevant bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics, and this fact is emerging as one of the major threats to public health. The lack of new antibiotics, which is due to their time-consuming and costly development, exacerbates the problem. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new antimicrobial agents to treat bacterial and fungal infections. Plant extracts, which are valuable sources of bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenols, play an important role as a new strategy to combat pathogenic microorganisms. There is an extensive body of supporting evidence for the potent antibacterial and antifungal activities of polyphenols. Furthermore, some polyphenols show a synergistic effect when combined with antibiotics and antifungals, suggesting a promising alternative for therapeutic strategies against antibiotic resistance. However, only a few articles are found when searching the antibacterial or antifungal activities of polyphenols employing clinical isolates. Hence, this review focuses on the antimicrobial activity of polyphenols and extracts rich in polyphenols on clinical isolates, organized according to the World Health Organization priority pathogens classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Manso
- Hospital Público da Mariña, E-27880 Burela, Spain;
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marta Lores
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Trinidad de Miguel
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Ma J, Yang YC, Su LQ, Qin DM, Yuan K, Zhang Y, Wang RR. The liquid Kangfuxin (KFX) has efficient antifungal activity and can be used in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis in mouse. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 74:564-576. [PMID: 34958703 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an infectious disease caused mainly by Candida albicans. Kangfuxin (KFX) is a traditional Chinese medicine preparation made from Periplaneta Americana extracts, which has the functions of promoting wound healing and enhancing body immunity and acting as an antifungal. Here, we evaluated the effect of KFX in VVC treatment in vitro and in vivo. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50 ) of KFX against C. albicans ranged from 7.65% to 20.57%. In addition, KFX was better than fluconazole (FLC) in inhibiting drug resistant C. albicans, and the effect was more obvious after 8h. KFX treatment also exhibited good activity in vivo. It restored the body weight and reduced the vulvovaginal symptoms in mice induced with VVC. It down-regulated the expression of the hyphae-related gene HWP1, thus inhibiting the growth and development of C. albicans hyphae. It also increased the number of neutrophils and promoted the scretion of Interleukin-17A (IL-17A), however decreased Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in mice with VVC. We deduce that KFX effectively treats vaginal candidiasis in two ways: inhibiting the growth and development of mycelia to reduce C. albicans colonization and promoting the release of IL-17A and neutrophils number to fight C. albicans infection. This study provides a theoretical basis for the use of KFX for the clinical treatment of VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ma
- College of pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Ya-Chao Yang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Liu-Qing Su
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ding-Mei Qin
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Rui-Rui Wang
- College of pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China.,College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China
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Herbal Products and Their Active Constituents Used Alone and in Combination with Antifungal Drugs against Drug-Resistant Candida sp. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060655. [PMID: 34072664 PMCID: PMC8229001 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical isolates of Candida yeast are the most common cause of opportunistic fungal infections resistant to certain antifungal drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to detect more effective antifungal agents that would be successful in overcoming such infections. Among them are some herbal products and their active constituents.The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge onherbal products and their active constituents havingantifungal activity against drug-resistant Candida sp. used alone and in combination with antifungal drugs.The possible mechanisms of their action on drug-resistant Candida sp. including (1) inhibition of budding yeast transformation into hyphae; (2) inhibition of biofilm formation; (3) inhibition of cell wall or cytoplasmic membrane biosynthesis; (4) ROS production; and (5) over-expression of membrane transporters will be also described.
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