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Hu J, Mi Y, Wang L, Jiang F, Li P. Exploring the role of mitochondrial proteins SIRT5 and MRPL33 through Mendelian randomization in primary biliary cholangitis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2024; 48:102394. [PMID: 38857754 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2024.102394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by elevated serum antimitochondrial antibody levels in 90-95 % of cases. However, the exact causal relationship between mitochondrial proteins and PBC remains unclear. This study aims to investigate and clarify this relationship. METHODS Genome-wide association data for mitochondrial proteins and PBC were obtained from public databases. The assessment of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes employed the Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) method, MR Egger regression, and Weighted Median. Sensitivity analyses were systematically carried out to appraise the robustness of the Mendelian Randomization (MR) findings. RESULTS The analysis revealed two mitochondrial proteins exhibiting a causal relationship with PBC. Elevated SIRT5 levels demonstrated a positive correlation with an augmented susceptibility to PBC in the IVW approach (odds ratio, OR: 1.2907, 95 % CI: 1.062-1.568, p = 0.0102). Conversely, increased MRPL33 levels were associated with a decreased risk of PBC (OR: 0.8957, 95 % CI: 0.807-0.993, p = 0.0376). Sensitivity analysis corroborated these findings consistently. CONCLUSION This investigation advances the notion of a potential causal association between elevated SIRT5 levels and an increased risk of PBC, alongside a decreased risk of PBC linked to elevated MRPL33 levels. The identified mitochondrial proteins may serve as viable biomarkers, offering pertinent insights for the understanding and addressing of PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqin Hu
- Clinical School of the Second People's Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Hepatology, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yuqiang Mi
- Department of Hepatology, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Neonatology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011 China.
| | - Ping Li
- Clinical School of the Second People's Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Hepatology, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China.
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Wen H, Qu C, Wang Z, Gao H, Liu W, Wang H, Sun H, Gu J, Yang Z, Wang X. Cuproptosis enhances docetaxel chemosensitivity by inhibiting autophagy via the DLAT/mTOR pathway in prostate cancer. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23145. [PMID: 37584654 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300980r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Cuproptosis, a newly discovered programmed cell death induced by copper ions, is associated with the progression and drug resistance of various tumors. Docetaxel plays a vital role as a first-line chemotherapeutic agent for advanced prostate cancer; however, most patients end up with prostate cancer progression because of inherent or acquired resistance. Herein, we examined the role of cuproptosis in the chemotherapeutic resistance of prostate cancer to docetaxel. We treated prostate cancer cell lines with elesclomol-CuCl2 , as well as with docetaxel. We performed analyses of CCK8, colony formation tests, cell cycle flow assay, transmission electron microscopy, and mTOR signaling in treated cells, and treated a xenograft prostate cancer model with elesclomol-CuCl2 and docetaxel in vivo, and performed immunohistochemistry and Western blotting analysis in treated tumors. We found that elesclomol-CuCl2 could promote cell death and enhance chemosensitivity to docetaxel. Elesclomol-CuCl2 induced cell death and inhibited the growth of prostate cancer cells relying on copper ions-induced cuproptosis, not elesclomol. In addition, dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (DLAT) was involved in cuproptosis-enhanced drug sensitivity to docetaxel. Mechanistically, upregulated DLAT by cuproptosis inhibited autophagy, promoted G2/M phase retention of cells, and enhanced the sensitivity to docetaxel chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo via the mTOR signaling pathway. Our findings demonstrated that the cuproptosis-regulated DLAT/mTOR pathway inhibited autophagy and promoted cells in G2/M phase retention, thus enhancing the chemosensitivity to docetaxel. This discovery may provide an effective therapeutic option for treating advanced prostate cancer by inhibiting the chemotherapeutic resistance to docetaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhuang Wen
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Changbao Qu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haitao Gao
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wuyao Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hu Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Junfei Gu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhan Yang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Talent and Academic Exchange Center, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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An involvement of Hippo-yes-associated protein pathway in biliary epithelial senescence in primary biliary cholangitis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2023; 47:102106. [PMID: 36849079 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2023.102106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Accumulating evidence suggest that Hippo-yes-associated protein (YAP) pathway plays important roles in development and repair after injuries in biliary system. We disclosed that senescent biliary epithelial cells (BECs) participate in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). We hypothesized that dysregulation of Hippo-YAP pathway may be associated with biliary epithelial senescence in pathogenesis of PBC. APPROACH & RESULTS Cellular senescence was induced in cultured BECs by treatment with serum depletion or glycochenodeoxycholic acid. The expression and activity of YAP1 were significantly decreased in senescent BECs (p<0.01). Cellular senescence and apoptosis were significantly increased (p<0.01) and a proliferation activity and a 3D-cyst formation activity were significantly decreased (p<0.01) by a knockdown of YAP1 in BECs. The expression of YAP1 were immunohistochemically determined in livers taken from the patients with PBC (n = 79) and 79 control diseased and normal livers and its association with senescent markers p16INK4a and p21WAF1/Cip1 was analyzed. The nuclear expression of YAP1, which indicates activation of YAP1, was significantly decreased in BECs in small bile ducts involved in cholangitis and ductular reactions in PBC, compared to control livers (p<0.01). The decreased expression of YAP1 was seen in senescent BECs showing expression of p16INK4a and p21WAF1/Cip1 in bile duct lesions. CONCLUSION Dysregulation of Hippo-YAP1 pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of PBC in association with biliary epithelial senescence.
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Yang Q, Zeng S, Liu W. Roles of cuproptosis-related gene DLAT in various cancers: a bioinformatic analysis and preliminary verification on pro-survival autophagy. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15019. [PMID: 36949759 PMCID: PMC10026716 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown that the expressions and working mechanisms of Dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (DLAT) in different cancers vary. It is necessary to analyze the expressions and regulatory roles of DLAT in tumors systematically. Methods Online public-platform literature on the relationships between DLAT expression levels and tumor prognosis, methylation status, genetic alteration, drug sensitivity, and immune infiltration has been reviewed. The literature includes such documents as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Human Protein Atlas (HPA), Tumor Immune Estimation Resource 2.0 (TIMER2.0), Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA2) and Receiver Operating Characteristic plotter (ROC plotter). The molecular mechanisms of DLAT were explored with the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). The relationship between down-regulated DLAT and autophagy in two liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) cell lines was confirmed with the western blot method, colony formation assay, and transmission electron microscopy. Tissue microarrays were validated through the immunohistochemical staining of DLAT. Results DLAT is upregulated in the LIHC, lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), and stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) tumors but is down-regulated in the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) tumors in comparison with normal tissues. For LIHC patients treated with 5-Fluorouracil and Lenvatinib, the DLAT levels of those in the drug-resistant group are significantly high. In LIHC cells, autophagy will be inhibited, and cell death will be induced when DLAT breaks down. Moreover, there exist positive correlations between DLAT expression levels and infiltration of B cells, DC cells, Tregs, and CD8+ T cells in kidney chromophobe (KICH), breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD), LIHC and HPV+ HNSC. In LIHC, markers of Tregs are positively correlated with DLAT. Compared with those of normal tissues, the staining intensity of DLAT and the amount of Tregs marker CD49d in LIHC increase. Conclusions Through this study, the expressions of DLAT in various cancer types can be understood comprehensively. It suggests that DLAT may be a prognostic marker for LIHC, LUAD, LUSC, STAD and KIRC. A high DLAT expression in LIHC may promote tumorigenesis by stimulating autophagy and inhibiting anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinjing Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Hu H, Guo L, Overholser J, Wang X. Mitochondrial VDAC1: A Potential Therapeutic Target of Inflammation-Related Diseases and Clinical Opportunities. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193174. [PMID: 36231136 PMCID: PMC9562648 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional protein, voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), is located on the mitochondrial outer membrane. It is a pivotal protein that maintains mitochondrial function to power cellular bioactivities via energy generation. VDAC1 is involved in regulating energy production, mitochondrial oxidase stress, Ca2+ transportation, substance metabolism, apoptosis, mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), and many other functions. VDAC1 malfunction is associated with mitochondrial disorders that affect inflammatory responses, resulting in an up-regulation of the body’s defensive response to stress stimulation. Overresponses to inflammation may cause chronic diseases. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) acts as a danger signal that can further trigger native immune system activities after its secretion. VDAC1 mediates the release of mtDNA into the cytoplasm to enhance cytokine levels by activating immune responses. VDAC1 regulates mitochondrial Ca2+ transportation, lipid metabolism and mitophagy, which are involved in inflammation-related disease pathogenesis. Many scientists have suggested approaches to deal with inflammation overresponse issues via specific targeting therapies. Due to the broad functionality of VDAC1, it may become a useful target for therapy in inflammation-related diseases. The mechanisms of VDAC1 and its role in inflammation require further exploration. We comprehensively and systematically summarized the role of VDAC1 in the inflammatory response, and hope that our research will lead to novel therapeutic strategies that target VDAC1 in order to treat inflammation-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Hu
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Linlin Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (X.W.)
| | - Jay Overholser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xing Wang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (X.W.)
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Faqihi F, Stoodley MA, McRobb LS. Externalization of Mitochondrial PDCE2 on Irradiated Endothelium as a Target for Radiation-Guided Drug Delivery and Precision Thrombosis of Pathological Vasculature. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168908. [PMID: 36012169 PMCID: PMC9408815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells are highly sensitive to ionizing radiation, and exposure leads to multiple adaptive changes. Remarkably, part of this response is the translocation of normally intracellular proteins to the cell surface. It is unclear whether this ectopic expression has a protective or deleterious function, but, regardless, these surface-exposed proteins may provide unique discriminatory targets for radiation-guided drug delivery to vascular malformations or tumor vasculature. We investigated the ability of an antibody–thrombin conjugate targeting mitochondrial PDCE2 (E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase) to induce precision thrombosis on irradiated endothelial cells in a parallel-plate flow system. Click-chemistry was used to create antibody–thrombin conjugates targeting PDCE2 as the vascular targeting agent (VTA). VTAs were injected into the parallel-plate flow system with whole human blood circulating over irradiated cells. The efficacy and specificity of fibrin-thrombus formation was assessed relative to non-irradiated controls. The PDCE2-targeting VTA dose-dependently increased thrombus formation: minimal thrombosis was induced in response to 5 Gy radiation; doses of 15 and 25 Gy induced significant thrombosis with equivalent efficacy. Negligible VTA binding or thrombosis was demonstrated in the absence of radiation or with non-targeted thrombin. PDCE2 represents a unique discriminatory target for radiation-guided drug delivery and precision thrombosis in pathological vasculature.
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Park JW, Kim JH, Kim SE, Jung JH, Jang MK, Park SH, Lee MS, Kim HS, Suk KT, Kim DJ. Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Current Knowledge of Pathogenesis and Therapeutics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061288. [PMID: 35740310 PMCID: PMC9220082 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiopathies encompass various biliary diseases affecting the biliary epithelium, resulting in cholestasis, inflammation, fibrosis, and ultimately liver cirrhosis. Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are the most important progressive cholangiopathies in adults. Much research has broadened the scope of disease biology to genetic risk, epigenetic changes, dysregulated mucosal immunity, altered biliary epithelial cell function, and dysbiosis, all of which interact and arise in the context of ill-defined environmental triggers. An in-depth understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of these cholestatic diseases will help clinicians better prevent and treat diseases. In this review, we focus on the main underlying mechanisms of disease initiation and progression, and novel targeted therapeutics beyond currently approved treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-E.K.); (J.H.J.); (M.-K.J.); (S.-H.P.); (M.-S.L.); (H.-S.K.); (K.T.S.)
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-010, Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-E.K.); (J.H.J.); (M.-K.J.); (S.-H.P.); (M.-S.L.); (H.-S.K.); (K.T.S.)
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-010, Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-E.K.); (J.H.J.); (M.-K.J.); (S.-H.P.); (M.-S.L.); (H.-S.K.); (K.T.S.)
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-010, Korea
| | - Jang Han Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-E.K.); (J.H.J.); (M.-K.J.); (S.-H.P.); (M.-S.L.); (H.-S.K.); (K.T.S.)
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-010, Korea
| | - Myoung-Kuk Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-E.K.); (J.H.J.); (M.-K.J.); (S.-H.P.); (M.-S.L.); (H.-S.K.); (K.T.S.)
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-010, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-E.K.); (J.H.J.); (M.-K.J.); (S.-H.P.); (M.-S.L.); (H.-S.K.); (K.T.S.)
| | - Myung-Seok Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-E.K.); (J.H.J.); (M.-K.J.); (S.-H.P.); (M.-S.L.); (H.-S.K.); (K.T.S.)
| | - Hyoung-Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-E.K.); (J.H.J.); (M.-K.J.); (S.-H.P.); (M.-S.L.); (H.-S.K.); (K.T.S.)
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-010, Korea
| | - Ki Tae Suk
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-E.K.); (J.H.J.); (M.-K.J.); (S.-H.P.); (M.-S.L.); (H.-S.K.); (K.T.S.)
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-010, Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-E.K.); (J.H.J.); (M.-K.J.); (S.-H.P.); (M.-S.L.); (H.-S.K.); (K.T.S.)
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-010, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-240-5646
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8
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Faqihi F, Stoodley MA, McRobb LS. Endothelial surface translocation of mitochondrial PDCE2 involves the non-canonical secretory autophagy pathway: Putative molecular target for radiation-guided drug delivery. Exp Cell Res 2021; 405:112688. [PMID: 34097858 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Radiation has been proposed as a priming agent to induce discriminatory luminal biomarkers for vascular targeting and drug delivery in disorders such as brain arteriovenous malformations and cancers. We previously observed ectopic expression of intracellular proteins such as mitochondrial PDCE2 on irradiated endothelium in animal models. In this study we examined the mechanism of PDCE2 trafficking in human endothelial cells to better understand its suitability as a vascular target. Ionizing radiation induced PDCE2 surface localization in association with accumulation of autophagosome markers (L3CB and p62) indicative of late-stage inhibition of autophagic flux. This effect was abolished in the presence of Rapamycin, an autophagy-inducer, but replicated in the presence of Bafilomycin A, an autophagy blocker. PDCE2 co-localized with lysosomal markers of the canonical degradative autophagy pathway in response to radiation but also with recycling endosomes and SNARE proteins responsible for autophagosome-plasma membrane fusion. These findings demonstrate that radiation-induced blockade of autophagic flux stimulates redirection of intracellular molecules such as PDCE2 to the cell surface via a non-canonical secretory autophagy pathway. Intracellular membrane proteins trafficked in this way could provide a unique pool of radiation biomarkers for therapeutic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Faqihi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M A Stoodley
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - L S McRobb
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Sasaki M, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 may be a key factor in primary biliary cholangitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11413. [PMID: 34075171 PMCID: PMC8169865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating studies suggest that senescent biliary epithelial cells (BECs) produce senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASPs) and play various roles in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and other cholangiopathies. We examined comprehensive profiles of senescent BECs and its contribution to the pathogenesis of PBC taking advantage of microarray analysis. cDNA microarray analysis revealed that 1841 genes including CCL2, IFIT3, CPQ were commonly up-regulated in senescent BECs cultured in serum depleted media or media with glycochenodeoxycholic acid. Knockdown of IFIT3 significantly suppressed cellular senescence (p < 0.01) and significantly increased apoptosis (p < 0.01) in BECs treated with serum depletion or glycochenodeoxycholic acid. Significantly increased expression of IFIT3 was seen in senescent BECs in small bile ducts showing cholangitis and in ductular reactions in PBC, compared to control livers (p < 0.01). An inadequate response to UDCA was inversely correlated to the increased expression of IFIT3 in small bile duct in PBC (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the expression of various genes related to immunity and inflammation including SASPs were increased in senescent BECs. Upregulated IFIT3 in senescent BECs may be associated with the pathogenesis of PBC and may be a possible therapeutic target in PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Sasaki
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yasuni Nakanuma
- Department of Pathology, Fukui Saiseikai Hospital, Fukui, 918-8503, Japan
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10
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Kouroumalis E, Voumvouraki A, Augoustaki A, Samonakis DN. Autophagy in liver diseases. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:6-65. [PMID: 33584986 PMCID: PMC7856864 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the liver cell energy recycling system regulating a variety of homeostatic mechanisms. Damaged organelles, lipids and proteins are degraded in the lysosomes and their elements are re-used by the cell. Investigations on autophagy have led to the award of two Nobel Prizes and a health of important reports. In this review we describe the fundamental functions of autophagy in the liver including new data on the regulation of autophagy. Moreover we emphasize the fact that autophagy acts like a two edge sword in many occasions with the most prominent paradigm being its involvement in the initiation and progress of hepatocellular carcinoma. We also focused to the implication of autophagy and its specialized forms of lipophagy and mitophagy in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. We analyzed autophagy not only in well studied diseases, like alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver and liver fibrosis but also in viral hepatitis, biliary diseases, autoimmune hepatitis and rare diseases including inherited metabolic diseases and also acetaminophene hepatotoxicity. We also stressed the different consequences that activation or impairment of autophagy may have in hepatocytes as opposed to Kupffer cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells or hepatic stellate cells. Finally, we analyzed the limited clinical data compared to the extensive experimental evidence and the possible future therapeutic interventions based on autophagy manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Kouroumalis
- Liver Research Laboratory, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Argryro Voumvouraki
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Augoustaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Samonakis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece.
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11
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Ferreira-Gonzalez S, Rodrigo-Torres D, Gadd VL, Forbes SJ. Cellular Senescence in Liver Disease and Regeneration. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:50-66. [PMID: 33764485 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an irreversible cell cycle arrest implemented by the cell as a result of stressful insults. Characterized by phenotypic alterations, including secretome changes and genomic instability, senescence is capable of exerting both detrimental and beneficial processes. Accumulating evidence has shown that cellular senescence plays a relevant role in the occurrence and development of liver disease, as a mechanism to contain damage and promote regeneration, but also characterizing the onset and correlating with the extent of damage. The evidence of senescent mechanisms acting on the cell populations of the liver will be described including the role of markers to detect cellular senescence. Overall, this review intends to summarize the role of senescence in liver homeostasis, injury, disease, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Rodrigo-Torres
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria L Gadd
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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12
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Panzitt K, Fickert P, Wagner M. Regulation of autophagy by bile acids and in cholestasis - CholestoPHAGY or CholeSTOPagy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1867:166017. [PMID: 33242590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway in which the cell self-digests its own components to provide nutrients in harsh environmental conditions. It also represents an opportunity to rid the cell of superfluous and damaged organelles, misfolded proteins or invaded microorganisms. Liver autophagy contributes to basic hepatic functions such as lipid, glycogen and protein turnover. Deregulated hepatic autophagy has been linked to many liver diseases including alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, hepatitis B and C infections, liver fibrosis as well as liver cancer. Recently, bile acids and the bile acid receptor FXR have been implicated in the regulation of hepatic autophagy, which implies a role of autophagy also for cholestatic liver diseases. This review summarizes the current evidence of bile acid mediated effects on autophagy and how this affects cholestatic liver diseases. Although detailed studies are lacking, we suggest a concept that the activity of autophagy in cholestasis depends on the disease stage, where autophagy may be induced at early stages ("cholestophagy") but may be impaired in prolonged cholestatic states ("cholestopagy").
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Panzitt
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Fickert
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Wagner
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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13
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Pinto C, Ninfole E, Benedetti A, Maroni L, Marzioni M. Aging-Related Molecular Pathways in Chronic Cholestatic Conditions. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 6:332. [PMID: 32039217 PMCID: PMC6985088 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is commonly defined as the time-dependent functional decline of organs and tissues. Average life expectancy has increased considerably over the past century and is estimated to increase even further, consequently also the interest in understanding the aging processes. Although aging is not a disease, it is the major risk factor for the development of many chronic diseases. Pathologies, such as Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) are cholestatic liver diseases characterized by chronic inflammation, biliary damage and ultimately liver fibrosis, targeting specifically cholangiocytes. To date, the influence of aging in these biliary diseases is not fully understood. Currently, liver transplantation is the only solution because of lacking in efficiently therapies. Although liver cells have a high regenerative capacity, they undergo extensive molecular changes in response to aging. Following time-dependent damage induced by aging, the cells initially activate protective compensatory processes that, if hyperstimulated, can lead to the decline of regenerative ability and the development of pathologies. Recent studies have introduced novel therapeutic tools for cholangiopathies that have showed to have promising potential as novel therapies for PSC and PBC and for the development of new drugs. The recent advancements in understanding of molecular aging have undoubtedly the potential to unveil new pathways for selective drug treatments, but further studies are needed to deepen their knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Pinto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ninfole
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Benedetti
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Maroni
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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14
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Sasaki M, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Increased p16 INK4a-expressing senescent bile ductular cells are associated with inadequate response to ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cholangitis. J Autoimmun 2019; 107:102377. [PMID: 31812332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Senescent biliary epithelial cells (BECs) may be involved in the pathophysiology of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) by secreting senescence-associated secretory phenotypes. We examined an association of the extent of cellular senescence in BECs with clinicopathological features including response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and a possibility of senolytic therapy in PBC. METHODS The expression of senescent markers (p21WAF1/Cip1, p16INK4a) and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL), a key regulator of senescent cell anti-apoptotic pathway, was immunohistochemically examined in livers from patients with PBC (n = 145) and 103 control livers. Senolytic effect of Bcl-xL inhibitors (A-1331852 and Navitoclax) was examined in senescent murine BECs. RESULTS Senescent BECs were increased in small bile ducts in PBC, compared with control livers (p < 0.01). Senescent BECs were increased in ductular reactions in PBC, stage 3-4, compared with PBC, stage 1-2 and control livers (p < 0.01). The extent of senescent BECs in bile ductules was significantly correlated with stage and hepatitis activity (p < 0.01) and the expression of p16INK4a in bile ductules was significantly correlated to inadequate response to UDCA in PBC (p < 0.01). Double immunofluorescence revealed an increased expression of Bcl-xL in p16INK4a-positive senescent BECs in PBC. Bcl-xL inhibitors selectively induced apoptosis in senescent murine BECs (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The extent of senescent BECs in small bile ducts and bile ductules was closely related to stage and activity of PBC and the increased expression of p16 INK4a in bile ductules was correlated with inadequate response to UDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Sasaki
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yasuni Nakanuma
- Department of Pathology, Fukui Saiseikai Hospital, Fukui, 918-8503, Japan
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15
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Shearn CT, Fennimore B, Orlicky DJ, Gao YR, Saba LM, Battista KD, Aivazidis S, Assiri M, Harris PS, Michel C, Merrill GF, Schmidt EE, Colgan SP, Petersen DR. Cholestatic liver disease results increased production of reactive aldehydes and an atypical periportal hepatic antioxidant response. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:101-114. [PMID: 31377417 PMCID: PMC6848778 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiopathies such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are chronic liver diseases characterized by increased cholestasis, biliary inflammation and oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to elucidate the impact of cholestatic injury on oxidative stress-related factors. Using hepatic tissue and whole cell liver extracts (LE) isolated from 11-week old C57BL/6J (WT) and Mdr2KO mice, inflammation and oxidative stress was assessed. Concurrently, specific targets of carbonylation were assessed in LE prepared from murine groups as well as from normal and human patients with end-stage PSC. Identified carbonylated proteins were further evaluated using bioinformatics analyses. Picrosirius red staining revealed extensive fibrosis in Mdr2KO liver, and fibrosis colocalized with increased periportal inflammatory cells and both acrolein and 4-HNE staining. Western blot analysis revealed elevated periportal expression of antioxidant proteins Cbr3, GSTμ, Prdx5, TrxR1 and HO-1 but not GCLC, GSTπ or catalase in the Mdr2KO group when compared to WT. From immunohistochemical analysis, increased periportal reactive aldehyde production colocalized with elevated staining of Cbr3, GSTμ and TrxR1 but surprisingly not with Nrf2. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed an increase in carbonylated proteins in the Mdr2KO and PSC groups compared to respective controls. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis of carbonylated proteins revealed a propensity for increased carbonylation of proteins broadly involved in metabolic processes as well more specifically in Rab-mediated signal transduction, lysosomes and the large ribosomal subunit in human PSC. Western blot analysis of Rab-GTPase expression revealed no significant differences in Mdr2KO mice when compared to WT livers. In contrast, PSC tissue exhibited decreased levels of Rabs 4, 5 and increased abundance of Rabs 6 and 9a protein. Results herein reveal that cholestasis induces stage-dependent increases in periportal oxidative stress responses and protein carbonylation, potentially contributing to pathogenesis in Mdr2KO. Furthermore, during early stage cholestasis, there is cell-specific upregulation of some but not all, antioxidant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin T Shearn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States.
| | - Blair Fennimore
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Yue R Gao
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Laura M Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Kayla D Battista
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Stefanos Aivazidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Mohammed Assiri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Peter S Harris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Cole Michel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Gary F Merrill
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvalis, OR, 97331, United States
| | - Edward E Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, United States
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Dennis R Petersen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
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16
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Corpechot C, Poupon R, Chazouillères O. New treatments/targets for primary biliary cholangitis. JHEP Rep 2019; 1:203-213. [PMID: 32039371 PMCID: PMC7001536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune, cholestatic, chronic liver disease that ultimately progresses towards cirrhosis and liver failure if untreated. While ursodeoxycholic acid has been established as standard of care for PBC in the last few decades, significant advances in second-line treatment options have recently been made and new therapeutic developments are currently under evaluation. The purpose of this article is to provide the clinician with an overview of the current treatment options and future opportunities for patients with PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Corpechot
- Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis, Hepatology Department, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP); INSERM UMR_S938, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Corresponding author. Address: Hepatology Department, Saint Antoine Hospital, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint Antoine, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France.
| | - Raoul Poupon
- Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis, Hepatology Department, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP); INSERM UMR_S938, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Chazouillères
- Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis, Hepatology Department, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP); INSERM UMR_S938, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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17
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Abstract
Mitophagy is a vital form of autophagy for selective removal of dysfunctional or redundant mitochondria. Accumulating evidence implicates elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria as a powerful means employed by autophagy to keep the immune system in check. The process of mitophagy may restrict inflammatory cytokine secretion and directly regulate mitochondrial antigen presentation and immune cell homeostasis. In this review, we describe distinctive pathways of mammalian mitophagy and highlight recent advances relevant to its function in immunity. In addition, we further discuss the direct and indirect evidence linking mitophagy to inflammation and autoimmunity underlying the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC).Abbreviations: AICD: activation induced cell death; AIM2: absent in melanoma 2; ALPL/HOPS: alkaline phosphatase, biomineralization associated; AMA: anti-mitochondrial antibodies; AMFR: autocrine motility factor receptor; ATG: autophagy-related; BCL2L13: BCL2 like 13; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; BNIP3L/NIX: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CARD: caspase recruitment domain containing; CASP1: caspase 1; CD: Crohn disease; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; CXCL1: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1; DEN: diethylnitrosamine; DLAT/PDC-E2: dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase; DNM1L/Drp1: dynamin 1 like; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complexes required for transport; FKBP8: FKBP prolyl isomerase 8; FUNDC1: Fun14 domain containing 1; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1; HPIV3: human parainfluenza virus type 3; IBD: inflammatory bowel diseases; IEC: intestinal epithelial cell; IFN: interferon; IL1B/IL-1β: interleukin 1 beta; iNK: invariant natural killer; IRGM: immunity related GTPase M; LIR: LC3-interacting region; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; LRRK2: leucine rich repeat kinase 2; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MARCH5: membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 5; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; MDV: mitochondria-derived vesicle; MFN1: mitofusin 1; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; MIF: macrophage migration inhibitory factor; mtAP: mitochondrial antigen presentation; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; mtROS: mitochondrial ROS; MUL1: mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; NFKB/NF-ĸB: nuclear factor kappa B subunit; NK: natural killer; NLR: NOD-like receptor; NLRC4: NLR family CARD domain containing 4; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; OGDH: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase; OMM: outer mitochondrial membrane; OPTN: optineurin; ox: oxidized; PARK7: Parkinsonism associated deglycase; PBC: primary biliary cirrhosis; PEX13: peroxisomal biogenesis factor 13; PHB/PHB1: prohibitin; PHB2: prohibitin 2; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; PLEKHM1: pleckstrin homology and RUN domain containing M1; PRKN/PARK2: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RAB: member RAS oncogene family; RHEB: Ras homolog: mTORC1 binding; RIPK2: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 2; RLR: DDX58/RIG-I like receptor; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SBD: small bile ducts; SLC2A1/GLUT1: solute carrier family 2 member 1; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; SMURF1: SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; TCR: T cell receptor; TFAM: transcription factor A: mitochondrial; Th17: T helper 17; TLR9: toll like receptor 9; TMEM173/STING: transmembrane protein 173; TNF/TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor; Ub: ubiquitin; UC: ulcerative colitis; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; WIPI: WD repeat domain: phosphoinositide interacting; ZFYVE1/DFCP1: zinc finger FYVE-type containing 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Ran
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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18
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Ke PY. Diverse Functions of Autophagy in Liver Physiology and Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E300. [PMID: 30642133 PMCID: PMC6358975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process by which eukaryotic cells eliminate cytosolic materials through vacuole-mediated sequestration and subsequent delivery to lysosomes for degradation, thus maintaining cellular homeostasis and the integrity of organelles. Autophagy has emerged as playing a critical role in the regulation of liver physiology and the balancing of liver metabolism. Conversely, numerous recent studies have indicated that autophagy may disease-dependently participate in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, such as liver hepatitis, steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the functions of autophagy in hepatic metabolism and the contribution of autophagy to the pathophysiology of liver-related diseases. Moreover, the impacts of autophagy modulation on the amelioration of the development and progression of liver diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
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19
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Tang YM, Yu HY. Progress in research of mechanism of biliary epithelial cell injury in primary biliary cholangitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:36-42. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by chronic biliary cholestasis and progressive intrahepatic and small bile duct non- suppurative inflammation with early infiltration of inflammatory cells around biliary epithelial cells (BECs). BECs lining the bile duct express multiple receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns and can activate intracellular signaling pathways and participate in immune regulation. The etiology and pathogenesis of PBC are not fully understood yet, but the key step found in its pathogenesis is the targeted destruction of biliary cells. Since bile duct epithelial cells participate in a series of intrahepatic immune regulation processes, bile duct epithelial cell injury is an important mechanism involved in the development of intrahepatic inflammation in PBC. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of BEC injury can help us find some new targets for the treatment of PBC. This article briefly reviews the progress in the research of mechanism of biliary epithelial cell injury in PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Mei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hai-Yan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, Yunnan Province, China
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20
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Simonian M, Shirasaki D, Lee VS, Bervini D, Grace M, Loo RRO, Loo JA, Molloy MP, Stoodley MA. Proteomics identification of radiation-induced changes of membrane proteins in the rat model of arteriovenous malformation in pursuit of targets for brain AVM molecular therapy. Clin Proteomics 2018; 15:43. [PMID: 30602943 PMCID: PMC6305998 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-018-9217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid identification of novel targets and advancement of a vascular targeting strategy requires a comprehensive assessment of AVM endothelial membrane protein changes in response to irradiation. The aim of this study is to provide additional potential target protein molecules for evaluation in animal trials to promote intravascular thrombosis in AVM vessels post radiosurgery. Methods We employed in vivo biotinylation methodology that we developed, to label membrane proteins in the rat model of AVM post radiosurgery. Mass spectrometry expression (MSE) analysis was used to identify and quantify surface protein expression between irradiated and non irradiated rats, which mimics a radiosurgical treatment approach. Results Our proteomics data revealed differentially expressed membrane proteins between irradiated and non irradiated rats, e.g. profilin-1, ESM-1, ion channel proteins, annexin A2 and lumican. Conclusion This work provides additional potential target protein molecules for evaluation in animal trials to promote intravascular thrombosis in AVM vessels post radiosurgery. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12014-018-9217-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Simonian
- 1Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW Australia.,2Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Dyna Shirasaki
- 2Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Vivienne S Lee
- 1Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - David Bervini
- 1Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW Australia.,3Neurosurgery Department, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Grace
- 4Genesis Cancer Care, Macquarie University Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Rachel R Ogorzalek Loo
- 2Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Joseph A Loo
- 2Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Mark P Molloy
- 5Department of Chemistry and Bimolecular Sciences, Australian Proteome Analysis Facility (APAF), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW Australia.,Lawrence Penn Chair of Bowel Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Northern Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marcus A Stoodley
- 1Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW Australia
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21
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Feng Q, Yao J, Zhou G, Xia W, Lyu J, Li X, Zhao T, Zhang G, Zhao N, Yang J. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals That Arctigenin Alleviates Concanavalin A-Induced Hepatitis Through Suppressing Immune System and Regulating Autophagy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1881. [PMID: 30177931 PMCID: PMC6109684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis is a well-established experimental model for immune-mediated liver injury. It has been widely used in the therapeutic studies of immune hepatitis. The in-depth analysis of dysregulated proteins from comparative proteomic results indicated that the activation of immune system resulted in the deregulation of autophagy. Follow-up studies validated that some immune related proteins, including Stat1, Pkr, Atg7, and Adrm1, were indeed upregulated. The accumulations of LC3B-II and p62 were confirmed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses. Arctigenin pretreatment significantly alleviated the liver injury, as evidenced by biochemical and histopathological investigations, whose protective effects were comparable with Prednisone acetate and Cyclosporin A. Arctigenin pretreatment decreased the levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ, but increased the ones of IL-10. Next, the quantitative proteomic analysis demonstrated that ARC pretreatment suppressed the activation of immune system through the inhibition of IFN-γ signaling, when it downregulated the protein expressions of Stat1, P-Stat1, Pkr, P-Pkr, Bnip3, Beclin1, Atg7, LC3B, Adrm1, and p62. Meanwhile, Arctigenin pretreatment also reduced the gene expressions of Stat1, Pkr, and Atg7. These results suggested that Arctigenin alleviated autophagy as well as apoptosis through inhibiting IFN-γ/IL-6/Stat1 pathway and IL-6/Bnip3 pathway. In summary, the comparative proteomic analysis revealed that the activation of immune system led to Concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. Both autophagy and apoptosis had important clinical implications for the treatment of immune hepatitis. Arctigenin might exert great therapeutic potential in immune-mediated liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Jingchun Yao
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Ge Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenkai Xia
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Jingang Lyu
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Xin Li
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Guimin Zhang
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China.,School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Ningwei Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Shimadzu Biomedical Research Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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van Niekerk J, Kersten R, Beuers U. Role of Bile Acids and the Biliary HCO 3- Umbrella in the Pathogenesis of Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Clin Liver Dis 2018; 22:457-479. [PMID: 30259847 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The biliary HCO3- umbrella hypothesis states that human cholangiocytes and hepatocytes create a protective apical alkaline barrier against millimolar concentrations of potentially toxic glycine-conjugated bile salts in bile by secreting HCO3- into the bile duct lumen. This alkaline barrier may retain biliary bile salts in their polar, deprotonated, and membrane-impermeant state to avoid uncontrolled invasion of apolar toxic bile acids, which initiate apoptosis, autophagy and senescence. In primary biliary cholangitis, defects of the biliary HCO3- umbrella, leading to impaired biliary HCO3- secretion have been identified. Current medical therapies stabilize the putatively defective biliary HCO3- umbrella and improve long-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorrit van Niekerk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Kersten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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An impaired biliary bicarbonate umbrella may be involved in dysregulated autophagy in primary biliary cholangitis. J Transl Med 2018; 98:745-754. [PMID: 29540861 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated autophagy may be a central player in trehe pathogenesis of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) by inducing autoimmune processes via abnormal expression of mitochondrial antigens such as pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, E2 component (PDC-E2) and also by inducing cellular senescence in biliary epithelial cells (BECs) in bile duct lesions in PBC. We examined the association of an impaired "biliary bicarbonate umbrella" due to dysfunction of anion exchanger 2 (AE2) with dysregulated autophagy and cellular senescence in PBC. The expression of AE2 was examined in cultured BECs treated with bile acids such as glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC) and tauro-ursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), various cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, IFNγ, TNFα, TGFβ), and serum deprivation. The effect of AE2 knockdown using siRNA on autophagy, cell surface expression of PDC-E2, and cellular senescence was also examined. The expression of AE2 and its association with autophagy-related markers and senescent markers p16INK4a and p21WAF1/Cip1 were immunohistochemically determined in livers taken from the patients with PBC (n = 50) and 69 control diseased and normal livers. The expression of AE2 was significantly induced in the cultured BECs shortly treated with GCDC and other stresses, whereas it was significantly decreased in senescent BECs induced by GCDC and other stresses (p < 0.05). Dysregulated autophagy, cell surface expression of PDC-E2, and cellular senescence were significantly increased by knockdown of AE2 (p < 0.05). The expression of AE2 was significantly decreased in cholangitis in PBC, compared to control livers (p < 0.05). The decreased expression of AE2 was correlated with dysregulated autophagy, abnormal expression of PDC-E2, and cellular senescence in bile duct lesions in PBC. In conclusion, an impaired biliary bicarbonate umbrella may be involved in the pathogenesis of PBC by inducing dysregulated autophagy.
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Multifaceted Roles of GSK-3 in Cancer and Autophagy-Related Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4629495. [PMID: 29379583 PMCID: PMC5742885 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4629495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
GSK-3 is a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinase existing as GSK-3α and GSK-3β isoforms, both active under basal conditions and inactivated upon phosphorylation by different upstream kinases. Initially discovered as a regulator of glycogen synthesis, GSK-3 is also involved in several signaling pathways controlling many different key functions. Here, we discuss recent advances regarding (i) GSK-3 structure, function, regulation, and involvement in several cancers, including hepatocarcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, leukemia, and melanoma (active GSK-3 has been shown to induce apoptosis in some cases or inhibit apoptosis in other cases and to induce cancer progression or inhibit tumor cell proliferation, suggesting that different GSK-3 modulators may address different specific targets); (ii) GSK-3 involvement in autophagy modulation, reviewing signaling pathways involved in neurodegenerative and liver diseases; (iii) GSK-3 role in oxidative stress and autophagic cell death, focusing on liver injury; (iv) GSK-3 as a possible therapeutic target of natural substances and synthetic inhibitors in many diseases; and (v) GSK-3 role as modulator of mammalian aging, related to metabolic alterations characterizing senescent cells and age-related diseases. Studies summarized here underline the GSK-3 multifaceted role and indicate such kinase as a molecular target in different pathologies, including diseases associated with autophagy dysregulation.
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Abbadie C, Pluquet O, Pourtier A. Epithelial cell senescence: an adaptive response to pre-carcinogenic stresses? Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4471-4509. [PMID: 28707011 PMCID: PMC11107641 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a cell state occurring in vitro and in vivo after successive replication cycles and/or upon exposition to various stressors. It is characterized by a strong cell cycle arrest associated with several molecular, metabolic and morphologic changes. The accumulation of senescent cells in tissues and organs with time plays a role in organismal aging and in several age-associated disorders and pathologies. Moreover, several therapeutic interventions are able to prematurely induce senescence. It is, therefore, tremendously important to characterize in-depth, the mechanisms by which senescence is induced, as well as the precise properties of senescent cells. For historical reasons, senescence is often studied with fibroblast models. Other cell types, however, much more relevant regarding the structure and function of vital organs and/or regarding pathologies, are regrettably often neglected. In this article, we will clarify what is known on senescence of epithelial cells and highlight what distinguishes it from, and what makes it like, replicative senescence of fibroblasts taken as a standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Abbadie
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Olivier Pluquet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Albin Pourtier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, 59000, Lille, France
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Ronca V, Carbone M, Bernuzzi F, Malinverno F, Mousa HS, Gershwin ME, Invernizzi P. From pathogenesis to novel therapies in the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 13:1121-1131. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1391093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Ronca
- Department of Medicine, S. Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Carbone
- Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Bernuzzi
- Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Malinverno
- Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Hani S. Mousa
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Simonian M, Loo RRO, Rannulu N, Loo JA, Molloy MP, Stoodley MA. Identification of protein targets in cerebral endothelial cells for brain arteriovenous malformation (AVMs) molecular therapies. Clin Proteomics 2017; 14:17. [PMID: 28522939 PMCID: PMC5434588 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-017-9151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To develop a new molecular targeted treatment for brain (AVMs), identification of membrane proteins that are localised on the AVM endothelium is crucial. Current treatment methods are surgery and radiosurgery. However, complete occlusion post radiosurgery are achieved within 3 years, while patient remain at risk of haemorrhage. This study aims to identify potential protein targets in AVM endothelial cells that discriminate these vessels from normal vessels; these proteins targets will be investigated for the molecular therapy of brain AVMs to promote rapid thrombosis after radiosurgery. Methods We employed in vitro biotinylation that we developed, and mass spectrometry to detect cell surface-exposed proteins in cultures of murine cerebral endothelial cells (bEnd.3). Two forms of mass spectrometry were applied (iTRAQ-MS and MSE) to identify and quantify membrane protein expression at various time-points following irradiation which simulates a radiosurgical treatment approach. Immunocytochemistry was used to confirm the expression of selected membrane proteins. ProteinPilot V4.0 software was used to analyse the iTRAQ-MS data and the MSE data was analysed using ProteinLynx Global Server version 2.5 software. Results The proteomics data revealed several differentially expressed membrane proteins between irradiated and non-irradiated cells at specific time points, e.g. PECAM-1, cadherin-5, PDI, EPCR and integrins. Immunocytochemistry data confirmed the expression of these proteins. Conclusion Cell surface protein biotinylation and proteomics analysis successfully identified membrane proteins from murine brain endothelial cells in response to irradiation. This work suggests potential target protein molecules for evaluation in animal models of brain-AVM. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12014-017-9151-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Simonian
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109 Australia.,David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Rachel R Ogorzalek Loo
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Nalaka Rannulu
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Joseph A Loo
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Mark P Molloy
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility (APAF), Department of Chemistry and Bimolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Marcus A Stoodley
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109 Australia
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Protection against oxidative stress mediated by the Nrf2/Keap1 axis is impaired in Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44769. [PMID: 28333129 PMCID: PMC5363061 DOI: 10.1038/srep44769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to oxidative stress, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like2 (Nrf2) induces expression of cytoprotective genes. The Nrf2 pathway is controlled by microRNAs and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein1 (Keap1). Nrf2 is stabilized when Keap1 is degraded through the autophagy pathway in a p62-dependent manner. The inhibition of autophagy causes protein accumulation, and Keap1 is inactivated by binding to p62. We investigated the role of the Nrf2/Keap1 axis in the amelioration of oxidative stress in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Liver specimens from patients with PBC, with (n = 24) or without cirrhosis (n = 14), and from controls (n = 16) were used for molecular analyses. We found that Nrf2 protein levels were elevated in PBC compared to controls, but Nrf2 gene expression was significantly reduced in cirrhotic PBC. Nrf2 target gene products, HO-1 and GCLC proteins, were reduced compared to controls and reduction of Nrf2 gene expression was associated with elevated levels of microRNA-132 and microRNA-34a. Both Keap1 and p62 protein levels were substantially increased in PBC compared to controls. PBC was associated with reduced Nrf2 expression and autophagy deterioration and these impairments were more advanced in patients with cirrhosis. Aberrant Nrf2/Keap1 system integrity may affect self-defence mechanisms against oxidative stress in PBC.
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Sasaki M, Nakanuma Y. Stress-induced cellular responses and cell death mechanisms during inflammatory cholangiopathies. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2017; 41:129-138. [PMID: 27618480 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Various cellular responses including apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy and cellular senescence are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory cholangiopathies, such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and biliary atresia (BA). For example, dysregulated autophagy may play a role in abnormal expression of mitochondrial antigens and following autoimmune pathogenesis in bile duct lesions in PBC. Recently, new types of regulated cell death including necroptosis, parthanatos, pyroptosis, immunogenic cell death are the subject of numerous reports and they may play roles in pathogenesis of liver diseases, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Although there have been few studies on these new types of regulated cell death in inflammatory cholangiopathies, so far, they may play important roles in the pathophysiology of inflammatory cholangiopathies. Further studies on new types of regulated cell death are mandatory, since they could be targets of new therapeutic approaches for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Sasaki
- Department of human pathology, Kanazawa university graduate school of medicine, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Yasuni Nakanuma
- Department of human pathology, Kanazawa university graduate school of medicine, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan; Division of pathology, Shizuoka cancer center, Shizuoka, Japan
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McRobb LS, Lee VS, Simonian M, Zhao Z, Thomas SG, Wiedmann M, Raj JVA, Grace M, Moutrie V, McKay MJ, Molloy MP, Stoodley MA. Radiosurgery Alters the Endothelial Surface Proteome: Externalized Intracellular Molecules as Potential Vascular Targets in Irradiated Brain Arteriovenous Malformations. Radiat Res 2017; 187:66-78. [PMID: 28054837 DOI: 10.1667/rr14518.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an established treatment for brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) that drives blood vessel closure through cellular proliferation, thrombosis and fibrosis, but is limited by a delay to occlusion of 2-3 years and a maximum treatable size of 3 cm. In this current study we used SRS as a priming tool to elicit novel protein expression on the endothelium of irradiated AVM vessels, and these proteins were then targeted with prothrombotic conjugates to induce rapid thrombosis and vessel closure. SRS-induced protein changes on the endothelium in an animal model of AVM were examined using in vivo biotin labeling of surface-accessible proteins and comparative proteomics. LC-MS/MS using SWATH acquisition label-free mass spectrometry identified 280 proteins in biotin-enriched fractions. The abundance of 56 proteins increased after irradiation of the rat arteriovenous fistula (20 Gy, ≥1.5-fold). A large proportion of intracellular proteins were present in this subset: 29 mitochondrial and 9 cytoskeletal. Three of these proteins were chosen for further validation based on previously published evidence for surface localization and a role in autoimmune stimulation: cardiac troponin I (TNNI3); manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2); and the E2 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDCE2). Immunostaining of AVM vessels confirmed an increase in abundance of PDCE2 across the vessel wall, but not a measurable increase in TNNI3 or SOD2. All three proteins co-localized with the endothelium after irradiation, however, more detailed subcellular distribution could not be accurately established. In vitro, radiation-stimulated surface translocation of all three proteins was confirmed in nonpermeabilized brain endothelial cells using immunocytochemistry. Total protein abundance increased modestly after irradiation for PDCE2 and SOD2 but decreased for TNNI3, suggesting that radiation primarily affects subcellular distribution rather than protein levels. The novel identification of these proteins as surface exposed in response to radiation raises important questions about their potential role in radiation-induced inflammation, fibrosis and autoimmunity, but may also provide unique candidates for vascular targeting in brain AVMs and other vascular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda S McRobb
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vivienne S Lee
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margaret Simonian
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,c Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhenjun Zhao
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Santhosh George Thomas
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Markus Wiedmann
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jude V Amal Raj
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Grace
- d Genesis Cancer Care, Macquarie University Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vaughan Moutrie
- d Genesis Cancer Care, Macquarie University Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew J McKay
- b Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark P Molloy
- b Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marcus A Stoodley
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Leung PSC, Choi J, Yang G, Woo E, Kenny TP, Gershwin ME. A contemporary perspective on the molecular characteristics of mitochondrial autoantigens and diagnosis in primary biliary cholangitis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:697-705. [PMID: 26953925 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2016.1164038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune hepatobiliary disease characterized by immune mediated destruction of the intrahepatic small bile ducts and the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs). The mitochondrial autoantigens have been identified as the E2 subunits of the 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase complex, including the E2 subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase, branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex, oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, E3 binding protein and PDC E1 alpha subunit. The AMA epitope is mapped within the E2 lipoic acid binding domain, which is particularly important for oxidative phosphorylation. In addition, lipoic acid, which serves as a swinging arm to capture electrons, is particularly susceptible to an electrophilic attack and may provide clues to the etiology of PBC. This review emphasizes the molecular characteristics of AMAs, including detection, immunochemistry and the putative role in disease. These data have significance not only specifically for PBC, but generically for autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S C Leung
- a Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of California at Davis School of Medicine , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Jinjung Choi
- a Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of California at Davis School of Medicine , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Guoxiang Yang
- a Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of California at Davis School of Medicine , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Elena Woo
- a Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of California at Davis School of Medicine , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Thomas P Kenny
- a Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of California at Davis School of Medicine , Davis , CA , USA
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- a Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of California at Davis School of Medicine , Davis , CA , USA
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Beuers U, Gershwin ME, Gish RG, Invernizzi P, Jones DEJ, Lindor K, Ma X, Mackay IR, Parés A, Tanaka A, Vierling JM, Poupon R. Changing nomenclature for PBC: From 'cirrhosis' to 'cholangitis'. Hepatology 2015; 62:1620-2. [PMID: 26372460 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert G Gish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - David E J Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Keith Lindor
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian R Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, 3800, Australia
| | - Albert Parés
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John M Vierling
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raoul Poupon
- Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases, Service d'Hépatologie, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
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34
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Beuers U, Gershwin ME, Gish RG, Invernizzi P, Jones DEJ, Lindor K, Ma X, Mackay IR, Parés A, Tanaka A, Vierling JM, Poupon R. Changing nomenclature for PBC: from 'cirrhosis' to 'cholangitis'. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1627-9. [PMID: 26385706 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert G Gish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - David E J Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Keith Lindor
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian R Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Albert Parés
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John M Vierling
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raoul Poupon
- Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases, Service d'Hépatologie, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
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36
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Beuers U, Gershwin ME, Gish RG, Invernizzi P, Jones DEJ, Lindor K, Ma X, Mackay IR, Parés A, Tanaka A, Vierling JM, Poupon R. Changing Nomenclature for PBC: From 'Cirrhosis' to 'Cholangitis'. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13:1867-9. [PMID: 26386643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert G Gish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - David E J Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Keith Lindor
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian R Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Albert Parés
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John M Vierling
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raoul Poupon
- Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases, Service d'Hépatologie, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
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Beuers U, Gershwin ME, Gish RG, Invernizzi P, Jones DEJ, Lindor K, Ma X, Mackay IR, Parés A, Tanaka A, Vierling JM, Poupon R. Changing nomenclature for PBC: From 'cirrhosis' to 'cholangitis'. J Hepatol 2015; 63:1285-7. [PMID: 26385765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert G Gish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - David E J Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Keith Lindor
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian R Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Albert Parés
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John M Vierling
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raoul Poupon
- Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases, Service d'Hépatologie, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
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38
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Beuers U, Gershwin ME, Gish RG, Invernizzi P, Jones DEJ, Lindor K, Ma X, Mackay IR, Parés A, Tanaka A, Vierling JM, Poupon R. Changing nomenclature for PBC: from 'cirrhosis' to 'cholangitis'. Gut 2015; 64:1671-2. [PMID: 26374822 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The University of California School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Robert G Gish
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - David E J Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Keith Lindor
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian R Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Albert Parés
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John M Vierling
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Raoul Poupon
- Service d'Hépatologie, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
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39
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Beuers U, Gershwin ME, Gish RG, Invernizzi P, Jones DEJ, Lindor K, Ma X, Mackay IR, Parés A, Tanaka A, Vierling JM, Poupon R. Changing nomenclature for PBC: From 'cirrhosis' to 'cholangitis'. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2015; 39:e57-9. [PMID: 26433440 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert G Gish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - David E J Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Keith Lindor
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian R Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Albert Parés
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John M Vierling
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raoul Poupon
- Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases, Service d'Hépatologie, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
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Sasaki M, Yoshimura-Miyakoshi M, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. A possible involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in biliary epithelial autophagy and senescence in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:984-95. [PMID: 25552342 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-014-1033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deregulated autophagy followed by cellular senescence in biliary epithelial cells (BECs) may be closely related to the abnormal expression of mitochondrial antigens and following autoimmune pathogenesis in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). We examined an involvement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the deregulated autophagy and cellular senescence in PBC. METHODS We examined the degree of ER stress using markers; glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and protein disulfide isomerases (PDI), autophagy and cellular senescence in cultured BECs treated with an ER stress inducer, tunicamycin (TM), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC), and palmitic acid (PA), and the effect of pretreatment with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). We examined the expression of PDI and GRP78 in livers taken from the patients with PBC (n = 43) and 75 control livers. RESULTS The expression of ER stress markers was significantly increased in cultured BECs treated with TM, GCDC or PA in BECs (p < 0.05), and pretreatment with TUDCA significantly suppressed the induced ER stress (p < 0.05). Autophagy, deregulated autophagy, and cellular senescence were induced in BECs treated with TM, GCDC, or PA. Pretreatment with TUDCA further increased autophagy in BECs treated with PA and suppressed cellular senescence caused by treatments with TM, GCDC, or PA (p < 0.05). A granular expression of PDI and GRP78 was significantly more extensive in small bile ducts in PBC, compared with control livers (p < 0.05). The expression of GRP78 was seen in senescent BECs in PBC. CONCLUSIONS ER stress may play a role in the pathogenesis of deregulated autophagy and cellular senescence in biliary epithelial lesions in PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Sasaki
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan,
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41
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Sasaki M, Hsu M, Yeh MM, Nakanuma Y. In recurrent primary biliary cirrhosis after liver transplantation, biliary epithelial cells show increased expression of mitochondrial proteins. Virchows Arch 2015; 467:417-25. [PMID: 26259963 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In biliary epithelial lesions in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), mitochondrial proteins associated with deregulated autophagy are abnormally expressed. We examined whether this could be used as a diagnostic marker for end-stage PBC and recurrent PBC after liver transplantation. We examined the expression of the mitochondrial protein pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-E2 component and cytochrome c oxidase, subunit I (CCO), the autophagy-related marker microtubule-associated protein-light chain 3 (LC3), and p62/sequestosome-1 and the senescence markers p16(Ink4a) and p21(WAF1/Cip1) in small bile ducts and bile ductules in explanted livers from patients with PBC (n = 20) in comparison with liver tissue from control patients (n = 21) and post-transplant samples including recurrent PBC and cellular rejection (n = 28). Intense granular expression of mitochondrial proteins was significantly more frequent in small bile ducts in explanted livers with PBC than in control livers (p < 0.05). Post-transplant samples comprised of three groups: group A (positive for mitochondrial proteins, n = 7), group B (positive for either autophagy-related or senescence markers but negative for mitochondrial proteins, n = 7), and group C (all negative, n = 14). All but one case of group A were clinically and histologically diagnosed as recurrent PBC. In contrast, all cases of group B were diagnosed as cellular rejection. This study suggests that the expression of mitochondrial proteins in small bile ducts may be a useful diagnostic marker for end-stage PBC and recurrent PBC after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Sasaki
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Maylee Hsu
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Matthew M Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Yasuni Nakanuma
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
- Division of Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
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42
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Maillette de Buy Wenniger LJ, Hohenester S, Maroni L, van Vliet SJ, Oude Elferink RP, Beuers U. The Cholangiocyte Glycocalyx Stabilizes the 'Biliary HCO3 Umbrella': An Integrated Line of Defense against Toxic Bile Acids. Dig Dis 2015; 33:397-407. [PMID: 26045275 DOI: 10.1159/000371864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Destruction of cholangiocytes is the hallmark of chronic cholangiopathies such as primary biliary cirrhosis. Under physiologic conditions, cholangiocytes display a striking resistance to the high, millimolar concentrations of toxic bile salts present in bile. We recently showed that a 'biliary HCO3(-) umbrella', i.e. apical cholangiocellular HCO3(-) secretion, prevents cholangiotoxicity of bile acids, and speculated on a role for extracellular membrane-bound glycans in the stabilization of this protective layer. This paper summarizes published and thus far unpublished evidence supporting the role of the glycocalyx in stabilizing the 'biliary HCO3(-) umbrella' and thus preventing cholangiotoxicity of bile acids. KEY MESSAGES The apical glycocalyx of a human cholangiocyte cell line and mouse liver sections were visualized by electron microscopy. FACS analysis was used to characterize the surface glycan profile of cultured human cholangiocytes. Using enzymatic digestion with neuraminidase the cholangiocyte glycocalyx was desialylated to test its protective function. Using lectin assays, we demonstrated that the main N-glycans in human and mouse cholangiocytes were sialylated biantennary structures, accompanied by high expression of the H-antigen (α1-2 fucose). Apical neuraminidase treatment induced desialylation without affecting cell viability, but lowered cholangiocellular resistance to bile acid-induced toxicity: both glycochenodeoxycholate and chenodeoxycholate (pKa ≥4), but not taurochenodeoxycholate (pKa <2), displayed cholangiotoxic effects after desialylation. A 24-hour reconstitution period allowed cholangiocytes to recover to a pretreatment bile salt susceptibility pattern. CONCLUSION Experimental evidence indicates that an apical cholangiocyte glycocalyx with glycosylated mucins and other glycan-bearing membrane glycoproteins stabilizes the 'biliary HCO3(-) umbrella', thus aiding in the protection of human cholangiocytes against bile acid toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Maillette de Buy Wenniger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Nakanuma Y, Sasaki M, Harada K. Autophagy and senescence in fibrosing cholangiopathies. J Hepatol 2015; 62:934-45. [PMID: 25435435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosing cholangiopathy such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and biliary atresia (BA) is characterized by biliary epithelial injuries and concentric fibrous obliteration of the biliary tree together with inflammatory cell infiltration. In these diseases, inappropriate innate immunity is reported to contribute more to bile duct pathology as compared with various aspects of "classical" autoimmune diseases. Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is characterized by chronic cholangitis with bile duct loss and classical autoimmune features. Cellular senescence of cholangiocytes and a senescence-associated secretory phenotype lead to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that may modify the milieu of the bile duct and then trigger fibroinflammatory responses in PSC and PBC. Furthermore, deregulated autophagy might be involved in cholangiocyte senescence and possibly in the autoimmune process in PBC, and the deregulated innate immunity against enteric microbes or their products that is associated with cholangiocyte senescence might result in the fibrosing cholangitis that develops in PBC and PSC. In BA, innate immunity against double-stranded RNA viruses might be involved in cholangiocyte apoptosis and also in the development of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cholangiocytes that results in fibrous obliteration of bile ducts. These recent advances in the understanding of immune-mediated biliary diseases represent a paradigm shift: the cholangiocyte is no longer viewed merely as a passive victim of injury; it is now also considered to function as a potential effector in bile duct pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuni Nakanuma
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan; Department of Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan.
| | - Motoko Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Department of Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan
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Norman GL, Yang CY, Ostendorff HP, Shums Z, Lim MJ, Wang J, Awad A, Hirschfield GM, Milkiewicz P, Bloch DB, Rothschild KJ, Bowlus CL, Adamopoulos IE, Leung PS, Janssen HJ, Cheung AC, Coltescu C, Gershwin ME. Anti-kelch-like 12 and anti-hexokinase 1: novel autoantibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. Liver Int 2015; 35:642-51. [PMID: 25243383 PMCID: PMC4305042 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Using high-density human recombinant protein microarrays, we identified two potential biomarkers, kelch-like 12 (KLHL12) and hexokinase-1 (HK1), in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of anti-KLHL12/HK1 autoantibodies in PBC. Initial discovery used sera from 22 patients with PBC and 62 non-PBC controls. KLHL12 and HK1 proteins were then analysed for immunoglobulin reactivity by immunoblot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in two independent cohorts of PBC and disease/healthy control patients. METHODS Serum samples from 100 patients with PBC and 165 non-PBC disease controls were analysed by immunoblot and samples from 366 patients with PBC, 174 disease controls, and 80 healthy donors were tested by ELISA. RESULTS Anti-KLHL12 and anti-HK1 antibodies were each detected more frequently in PBC compared with non-PBC disease controls (P < 0.001). Not only are both markers highly specific for PBC (≥95%) but they also yielded higher sensitivity than anti-gp210 and anti-sp100 antibodies. Combining anti-HK1 and anti-KLHL12 with available markers (MIT3, gp210 and sp100), increased the diagnostic sensitivity for PBC. Most importantly, anti-KLHL12 and anti-HK1 antibodies were present in 10-35% of anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA)-negative PBC patients and adding these two biomarkers to conventional PBC assays dramatically improved the serological sensitivity in AMA-negative PBC from 55% to 75% in immunoblot and 48.3% to 68.5% in ELISA. CONCLUSIONS The addition of tests for highly specific anti-KLHL12 and anti-HK1 antibodies to AMA and ANA serological assays significantly improves efficacy in the clinical detection and diagnosis of PBC, especially for AMA-negative subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chen-Yen Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jinjun Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Gideon M. Hirschfield
- Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Warsaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Donald B. Bloch
- The Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology of the General Medical Services and the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard, MA, USA
| | | | - Christopher L. Bowlus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Iannis E. Adamopoulos
- Institute of Pediatric and Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Patrick S.C. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Harry J. Janssen
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Angela C. Cheung
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catalina Coltescu
- Toronto Center for Liver Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Meng L, Quezada M, Levine P, Han Y, McDaniel K, Zhou T, Lin E, Glaser S, Meng F, Francis H, Alpini G. Functional role of cellular senescence in biliary injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:602-9. [PMID: 25619959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest that has been involved in many gastrointestinal diseases, including human cholestatic liver disorders. Senescence may play a role in biliary atresia, primary sclerosing cholangitis, cellular rejection, and primary biliary cirrhosis, four liver diseases affecting cholangiocytes and the biliary system. In this review, we examine proposed mechanisms of senescence-related biliary diseases, including hypotheses associated with the senescence-associated phenotype, induction of senescence in nearby cells, and the depletion of stem cell subpopulations. Current evidence for the molecular mechanisms of senescence in the previously mentioned diseases is discussed in detail, with attention to recent advances on the role of pathways associated with senescence-associated phenotype, stress-induced senescence, telomere dysfunction, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Meng
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas; Doctor of Medicine Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Morgan Quezada
- Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Phillip Levine
- Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas; Academic Operations, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Yuyan Han
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Kelly McDaniel
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas; Academic Operations, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Emily Lin
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas; Academic Operations, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Heather Francis
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas; Academic Operations, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas.
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Gracia-Sancho J, Guixé-Muntet S, Hide D, Bosch J. Modulation of autophagy for the treatment of liver diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:965-77. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.912274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) – Hospital Clínic de Barcelona – CIBEREHD,
Barcelona, Spain ;
| | - Sergi Guixé-Muntet
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) – Hospital Clínic de Barcelona – CIBEREHD,
Barcelona, Spain ;
| | - Diana Hide
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) – Hospital Clínic de Barcelona – CIBEREHD,
Barcelona, Spain ;
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van de Graaf S, Beuers U. Autophagy - another piece of the puzzle towards understanding primary biliary cirrhosis? Liver Int 2014; 34:481-3. [PMID: 24612169 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stan van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Yamagiwa S, Kamimura H, Takamura M, Aoyagi Y. Autoantibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis: Recent progress in research on the pathogenetic and clinical significance. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:2606-2612. [PMID: 24627596 PMCID: PMC3949269 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i10.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic progressive cholestatic liver disease characterized by immune-mediated destruction of the small- and medium-sized intrahepatic bile ducts and the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) in the serum. AMA are detected in over 90% of patients with PBC, whereas their prevalence in the general population is extremely low, varying from 0.16% to 1%. Previous studies have shown that the unique characteristics of biliary epithelial cells undergoing apoptosis may result in a highly direct and very specific immune response to mitochondrial autoantigens. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that serum from AMA-positive PBC patients is reactive with a number of xenobiotic modified E2 subunits of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which is not observed in the serum of normal individuals. These findings indicate that chemicals originating from the environment may be associated with a breakdown in the tolerance to mitochondrial autoantigens. While it is currently generally accepted that AMA are the most specific serological markers of PBC, more than 60 autoantibodies have been investigated in patients with PBC, and some have previously been considered specific to other autoimmune diseases. This review covers the recent progress in research on the pathogenetic and clinical significance of important autoantibodies in PBC. Determining the pathogenic role of those autoantibodies in PBC remains a priority of basic and clinical research.
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Sasaki M, Kakuda Y, Miyakoshi M, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Infiltration of inflammatory cells expressing mitochondrial proteins around bile ducts and in biliary epithelial layer may be involved in the pathogenesis in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Clin Pathol 2014; 67:470-6. [PMID: 24407434 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2013-201917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Serum antimitochondrial antibodies are characteristic in most patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC); however, the significance of antimitochondrial antibodies in the pathogenesis of PBC remains unclear. We examined the extent and types of mitochondrial protein-expressing inflammatory cells and its association with deregulated autophagy of mitochondria in biliary epithelial lesions in PBC. METHODS We examined the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-E2 component and a mitochondrial protein cytochrome c oxidase, subunit I in inflammatory cells in livers taken from patients with PBC (n=35) and control livers (n=64) including primary sclerosing cholangitis. Mitochondrial protein-expressing inflammatory cells were characterised by double immunofluorescence with surface markers. RESULTS Infiltration of mitochondrial protein-expressing inflammatory cells was mainly observed in portal tracts and in the biliary epithelial layer and around the damaged small bile ducts in PBC. The extent of infiltration in portal tracts was significantly higher in PBC and early stage of chronic viral hepatitis than normal livers. The extent of infiltration around bile ducts and in biliary epithelial layer was significantly higher in early stage of PBC than control livers. Mitochondrial protein-expressing inflammatory cells included (1) CD68 and/or myeloperoxidase -positive monocytes/macrophages and (2) CD79a, CD38, CD138, IgM-positive and/or IgG-positive plasma cells. Colocalised expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-E2 component and autophagy marker light chain 3β was observed in the inflammatory cells. CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial protein-expressing inflammatory cells infiltrating around the damaged bile ducts and in biliary epithelial layers may be closely associated with the pathogenesis of bile duct lesion in PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Sasaki
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Kakuda
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masami Miyakoshi
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasuni Nakanuma
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
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