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Qin X, Liu J. Nanoformulations for the diagnosis and treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Acta Biomater 2024; 184:37-53. [PMID: 38879104 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a progressive phase of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) that develops into irreversible liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, ultimately necessitating liver transplantation as the sole life-saving option. However, given the drawbacks of liver transplantation, including invasiveness, chronic immunosuppression, and a lack of donor livers, prompt diagnosis and effective treatment are indispensable. Due to the limitations of liver biopsy and conventional imaging modalities in diagnosing MASH, as well as the potential hazards associated with liver-protecting medicines, numerous nanoformulations have been created for MASH theranostics. Particularly, there has been significant study interest in artificial nanoparticles, natural biomaterials, and bionic nanoparticles that exhibit exceptional biocompatibility and bioavailability. In this review, we summarized extracellular vesicles (EVs)-based omics analysis and Fe3O4-based functional magnetic nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents for MASH diagnosis. Additionally, artificial nanoparticles such as organic and inorganic nanoparticles, as well as natural biomaterials such as cells and cell-derived EVs and bionic nanoparticles including cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, have also been reported for MASH treatment owing to their specific targeting and superior therapeutic effect. This review has the potential to stimulate advancements in nanoformulation fabrication techniques. By exploring their compatibility with cell biology, it could lead to the creation of innovative material systems for efficient theragnostic uses for MASH. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: People with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) will progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, or even liver cancer. It is imperative to establish effective theragnostic techniques to stop MASH from progressing into a lethal condition. In our review, we summarize the advancement of artificial, natural, and bionic nanoparticles applied in MASH theragnosis. Furthermore, the issues that need to be resolved for these cutting-edge techniques are summarized to realize a more significant clinical impact. We forecast the key fields that will advance further as nanotechnology and MASH research progress. Generally, our discovery has significant implications for the advancement of nanoformulation fabrication techniques, and their potential to be compatible with cell biology could lead to the creation of innovative materials systems for effective MASH theragnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Qin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China.
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Li Y, Dong L, Yin X, Wang X, Zhu X, Zheng P, Tang Y. CD47, a novel YAP target gene, contributes to hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis induced by high-fat diet. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31621. [PMID: 38831842 PMCID: PMC11145538 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have been widely recognized as a primary source of pathological myofibroblasts, leading to the accumulation of extracellular matrix and liver fibrosis. CD47, a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on the surface of various cell types, has been implicated in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the precise role of CD47 in HSC activation and the underlying regulatory mechanisms governing CD47 expression remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing analysis to investigate CD47 expression in HSCs from mice subjected to a high-fat diet. CD47 silencing in HSCs markedly inhibited the expression of fibrotic genes and promoted apoptosis. Mechanistically, we found that Yes-associated protein (YAP) collaborates with TEAD4 to augment the transcriptional activation of CD47 by binding to its promoter region. Notably, disruption of the interaction between YAP and TEAD4 caused a substantial decrease in CD47 expression in HSCs and reduced the development of high-fat diet-induced liver fibrosis. Our findings highlight CD47 as a critical transcriptional target of YAP in promoting HSC activation in response to a high-fat diet. Targeting the YAP/TEAD4/CD47 signaling axis may hold promise as a therapeutic strategy for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Henan Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chronic Liver Injury and Outstanding Foreign Scientists Studio for Chronic Liver Injury, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuecui Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengyuan Zheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori and Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall B. J. Medical Research Center of Zhengzhou University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Youcai Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Henan Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chronic Liver Injury and Outstanding Foreign Scientists Studio for Chronic Liver Injury, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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3
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Abstract
The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the United States is 38%, having increased by 50% within the past 3 decades. The estimated NAFLD prevalence among people with type 2 diabetes is 55-70%. The presence of type 2 diabetes is associated with a higher likelihood of progression of NAFLD to fibrosis development, liver transplant, and death. Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of mortality among people with NAFLD, and the risk of death is significantly higher in people with both NAFLD and type 2 diabetes. NAFLD carries high patient and economic burdens but low awareness among both the general public and health care providers. This article reviews the epidemiology of NAFLD and discusses the need for appropriate risk stratification, referral for specialty care, management of cardiometabolic risk factors, and treatment of the disease. The authors present a call to action to raise awareness of NAFLD and address its increasing burden in a systematic and efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zobair M. Younossi
- Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA; The Global NASH Council, Washington, DC, and the Center for Outcomes Research in Liver Diseases, Washington, DC
| | - Linda Henry
- Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA; The Global NASH Council, Washington, DC, and the Center for Outcomes Research in Liver Diseases, Washington, DC
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Yang F, Wu Y, Chen Y, Xi J, Chu Y, Jin J, Yan Y. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes ameliorate liver steatosis by promoting fatty acid oxidation and reducing fatty acid synthesis. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100746. [PMID: 37274776 PMCID: PMC10232730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects nearly a quarter of the population with no approved pharmacological therapy. Liver steatosis is a primary characteristic of NAFLD. Recent studies suggest that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-ex) may provide a promising strategy for treating liver injury; however, the role and underlying mechanisms of MSC-ex in steatosis are not fully understood. Methods Oleic-palmitic acid-treated hepatic cells and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD mice were established to observe the effect of MSC-ex. Using non-targeted lipidomics and transcriptome analyses, we analysed the gene pathways positively correlated with MSC-ex. Mass spectrometry and gene knockdown/overexpression analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 1 (CAMKK1) transferred by MSC-ex on lipid homoeostasis regulation. Results Here, we demonstrate that MSC-ex promote fatty acid oxidation and reduce lipogenesis in oleic-palmitic acid-treated hepatic cells and HFD-induced NAFLD mice. Non-targeted lipidomics and transcriptome analyses suggested that the effect of MSC-ex on lipid accumulation positively correlated with the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Furthermore, mass spectrometry and gene knockdown/overexpression analyses revealed that MSC-ex-transferred CAMKK1 is responsible for ameliorating lipid accumulation in an AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent manner, which subsequently inhibits SREBP-1C-mediated fatty acid synthesis and enhances peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-mediated fatty acid oxidation. Conclusions MSC-ex may prevent HFD-induced NAFLD via CAMKK1-mediated lipid homoeostasis regulation. Impact and Implications NAFLD includes many conditions, from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which can lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. So far, there is no approved drug for treating liver steatosis of NAFLD. Thus, better therapies are needed to regulate lipid metabolism and prevent the progression from liver steatosis to chronic liver disease. By using a combination of non-targeted lipidomic and transcriptome analyses, we revealed that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-ex) effectively reduced lipid deposition and improved liver function from HFD-induced liver steatosis. Our study highlights the importance of exosomal CAMKK1 from MSC-ex in mediating lipid metabolism regulation via AMPK-mediated PPARα/CPT-1A and SREBP-1C/fatty acid synthase signalling in hepatocytes. These findings are significant in elucidating novel mechanisms related to MSC-ex-based therapies for preventing NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuji Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yanshuang Wu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yifei Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jianbo Xi
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Cancer Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University (Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University), Changzhou, China
| | - Ying Chu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Cancer Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University (Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University), Changzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Jin
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Cancer Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University (Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University), Changzhou, China
| | - Yongmin Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Cancer Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University (Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University), Changzhou, China
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Stiglund N, Hagström H, Stål P, Cornillet M, Björkström NK. Dysregulated peripheral proteome reveals NASH-specific signatures identifying patient subgroups with distinct liver biology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1186097. [PMID: 37342340 PMCID: PMC10277514 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1186097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease. The prognosis may vary from simple steatosis to more severe outcomes such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The understanding of the biological processes leading to NASH is limited and non-invasive diagnostic tools are lacking. Methods The peripheral immunoproteome in biopsy-proven NAFL (n=35) and NASH patients (n=35) compared to matched, normal-weight healthy controls (n=15) was studied using a proximity extension assay, combined with spatial and single cell hepatic transcriptome analysis. Results We identified 13 inflammatory serum proteins that, independent of comorbidities and fibrosis stage, distinguished NASH from NAFL. Analysis of co-expression patterns and biological networks further revealed NASH-specific biological perturbations indicative of temporal dysregulation of IL-4/-13, -10, -18, and non-canonical NF-kβ signaling. Of the identified inflammatory serum proteins, IL-18 and EN-RAGE as well as ST1A1 mapped to hepatic macrophages and periportal hepatocytes, respectively, at the single cell level. The signature of inflammatory serum proteins further permitted identification of biologically distinct subgroups of NASH patients. Conclusion NASH patients have a distinct inflammatory serum protein signature, which can be mapped to the liver parenchyma, disease pathogenesis, and identifies subgroups of NASH patients with altered liver biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Stiglund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannes Hagström
- Department of Upper GI, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Stål
- Department of Upper GI, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Cornillet
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas K. Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Yan BF, Wang Y, Wang WB, Ding XJ, Wei B, Liu SJ, Fu TM, Chen L, Zhang JZ, Liu J, Zheng X. Huangqin decoction mitigates hepatic inflammation in high-fat diet-challenged rats by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 303:115999. [PMID: 36509260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic hepatopathy worldwide, in which ectopic steatosis (5%) and inflammatory infiltration in the liver are the principal clinical characteristics. Huangqin decoction (HQD), a Chinese medicine formula used in the clinic for thousands of years, presents appreciable anti-inflammatory effects. Nevertheless, the role and mechanism of HQD against inflammation in NAFLD are still undefined. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of this study was to evaluate the curative efficacy and unravel the involved mechanism of HQD on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, HPLC was utilized to analyze the main chemical components of HQD. Then, NAFLD model was introduced by subjecting the rats to HFD for 16 weeks, and HQD (400 and 800 mg/kg) or polyene lecithin choline (PLC, 8 mg/kg) was given orally from week 8-16. Pharmacodynamic indicators including body weight, liver weight, liver index, as well as biochemical and histological parameters were assessed. As to mechanism exploration, the expressions of TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway and molecular docking between major phytochemicals of HQD and key targets of TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway were investigated. RESULTS Seven main monomeric constituents of HQD were revealed by HPLC analysis. Of note, HQD could effectively attenuate the body weight, liver weight, and liver index, rescue disorders in serum transaminases and lipid profile, correct hepatic histological abnormalities, and reduce phagocytes infiltration into the liver and pro-inflammatory cytokines release in NAFLD rats. Mechanism investigation discovered that HQD harbored inhibitory effects on TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway-regulated liver inflammation. Further exploration found that seven phytochemicals in HQD exhibited better binding modes with TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, in which baicalein, baicalin and liquiritin presented the highest affinity and docking score for protein TLR4, NF-κB, and NLRP3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirmed that HQD ameliorated hepatic inflammation in NAFLD rats by blocking the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, with multi-components and multi-targets action pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Fei Yan
- Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, 211800, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, the Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, 223002, PR China
| | - Wen-Bo Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, 215300, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jun Ding
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, 215300, PR China
| | - Bin Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, 215300, PR China
| | - Sheng-Jin Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Ting-Ming Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Ling Chen
- Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, 211800, PR China
| | | | - Jia Liu
- Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, 211800, PR China.
| | - Xian Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, 215300, PR China.
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Shi H, Wang X, Li F, Gerlach BD, Yurdagul A, Moore MP, Zeldin S, Zhang H, Cai B, Zheng Z, Valenti L, Tabas I. CD47-SIRPα axis blockade in NASH promotes necroptotic hepatocyte clearance by liver macrophages and decreases hepatic fibrosis. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabp8309. [PMID: 36417485 PMCID: PMC10199725 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abp8309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis contributes to hepatocyte death in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but the fate and roles of necroptotic hepatocytes (necHCs) in NASH remain unknown. We show here that the accumulation of necHCs in human and mouse NASH liver is associated with an up-regulation of the "don't-eat-me" ligand CD47 on necHCs, but not on apoptotic hepatocytes, and an increase in the CD47 receptor SIRPα on liver macrophages, consistent with impaired macrophage-mediated clearance of necHCs. In vitro, necHC clearance by primary liver macrophages was enhanced by treatment with either anti-CD47 or anti-SIRPα. In a proof-of-concept mouse model of inducible hepatocyte necroptosis, anti-CD47 antibody treatment increased necHC uptake by liver macrophages and inhibited markers of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, which is responsible for liver fibrogenesis. Treatment of two mouse models of diet-induced NASH with anti-CD47, anti-SIRPα, or AAV8-H1-shCD47 to silence CD47 in hepatocytes increased the uptake of necHC by liver macrophages and decreased markers of HSC activation and liver fibrosis. Anti-SIRPα treatment avoided the adverse effect of anemia found in anti-CD47-treated mice. These findings provide evidence that impaired clearance of necHCs by liver macrophages due to CD47-SIRPα up-regulation contributes to fibrotic NASH, and suggest therapeutic blockade of the CD47-SIRPα axis as a strategy to decrease the accumulation of necHCs in NASH liver and dampen the progression of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxue Shi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Brennan D. Gerlach
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mary P. Moore
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sharon Zeldin
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hanrui Zhang
- Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bishuang Cai
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ze Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Luca Valenti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Milano 20122, Italy
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Shedding light on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathogenesis, molecular mechanisms, models, and emerging therapeutics. Life Sci 2022; 312:121185. [PMID: 36375569 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disorder globally impacting an estimated 25% of the population associated with severe consequences such as cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and overall mortality. Fatty liver disease is triggered through multiple pathways, but the most prominent cause is either diabetes or obesity, or a combination of both. Therefore, hepatic glucose, insulin and fatty acid signaling becomes a dire need to understand which is well elaborated in this review. This review summarizes the popular two-hit pathogenesis of NAFLD, the molecular mechanisms underlying hepatic insulin resistance. As fatty liver disease gets advanced, it requires in-vitro as well as in-vivo models closer to disease progression in humans for better understanding the pathological state and identifying a novel therapeutic target. This review summarizes in-vitro (2D cell-culture/co-culture, 3D spheroid/organoid/liver-on-a-chip) models as well as in-vivo (genetically/dietary/chemically induced fatty liver disease) research models. Fatty liver disease research has gathered lots of attention recently since there is no FDA approved therapy available so far. However, there have been numerous promising targets to treat fatty liver disease including potential therapeutic targets under clinical trials are listed in this review.
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Cardoso AC, Tovo CV, Leite NC, El Bacha IA, Calçado FL, Coral GP, Sammarco GN, Cravo C, Carvalho Filho RJ, de Mello Perez R, Luiz RR, Parise ER, Villela-Nogueira CA. Validation and Performance of FibroScan®-AST (FAST) Score on a Brazilian Population with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:5272-5279. [PMID: 35091842 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM FAST score has a good performance for diagnosing the composite of NASH + NAS ≥ 4 + F ≥ 2. However, it has not been evaluated in Latin American individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to analyze the performance of the FAST score in a Brazilian NAFLD population. METHODS Cross-sectional study was held in ≥ 18 years NAFLD patients diagnosed by ultrasonography and submitted to liver biopsy (LB). Liver stiffness (LSM) and CAP measurements were performed with FibroScan®, using M (BMI < 32 kg/m2) or XL probes. Area under receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves were calculated as well as sensitivity (S), specificity (Spe), positive predictive value (VPP) and negative predictive value (NPV) for the previously established FAST score cut-offs. RESULTS Among 287 patients included (75% female; mean age 55 ± 10 years), NASH + NAS ≥ 4 + F ≥ 2 was reported in 30% of LB. For the FAST cut-off of 0.35, the S and NPV to rule out NASH + NAS ≥ 4 + F ≥ 2 were 78.8% and 87.8%, respectively. Regarding the cut-off of 0.67, the Spe and PPV to rule-in NASH + NAS ≥ 4 + F ≥ 2 were 89.1%, 61.8%, respectively. The AUROC of FAST for all included patients was 0.78 (95% CI 0.72-0.84) and for those with ≥ 32 kg/m2 was 0.81 (95% CI 0.74-0.88). CONCLUSION FAST score has a good performance in a Brazilian NAFLD population, even in patients with higher BMI when the XL probe is adopted. Therefore, FAST can be used as a noninvasive screening tool mainly for excluding the diagnosis of progressive NASH, reducing the number of unnecessary liver biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Cardoso
- Hepatology Unit - Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital - School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255 - Room 9E16, Rio de Janeiro, 29913-941, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Valle Tovo
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Carvalho Leite
- Hepatology Unit - Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital - School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255 - Room 9E16, Rio de Janeiro, 29913-941, Brazil
| | - Ibrahim A El Bacha
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology Section, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Luiza Calçado
- Hepatology Unit - Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital - School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255 - Room 9E16, Rio de Janeiro, 29913-941, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Perdomo Coral
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Glauco Navas Sammarco
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology Section, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Cravo
- Hepatology Unit - Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital - School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255 - Room 9E16, Rio de Janeiro, 29913-941, Brazil
| | | | - Renata de Mello Perez
- Hepatology Unit - Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital - School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255 - Room 9E16, Rio de Janeiro, 29913-941, Brazil
| | - Ronir Raggio Luiz
- Institute of Public Health Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edison Roberto Parise
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology Section, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane A Villela-Nogueira
- Hepatology Unit - Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital - School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255 - Room 9E16, Rio de Janeiro, 29913-941, Brazil.
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Antioxidative Self-Assembling Nanoparticles Attenuate the Development of Steatohepatitis and Inhibit Hepatocarcinogenesis in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101939. [PMID: 36290662 PMCID: PMC9598142 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) contributes to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocarcinogenesis. We investigated whether antioxidative self-assembling nanoparticles (SMAPoTN) could reduce the development of NASH and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in p62/Sqstm1 and Nrf2 double knockout (DKO) mice and studied protective mechanisms. We measured disease development in male DKO mice fed a normal chow (NASH model) or a 60% high-fat diet (HFD; HCC model) with or without SMAPoTN administration for 26 weeks. SMAPoTN inhibited liver fibrosis in both groups and prevented HCC development (0% vs. 33%, p < 0.05) in the HFD group. SMAPoTN reduced OS, inflammatory cytokine signaling, and liver fibrosis. RNA-sequencing revealed that SMAPoTN decreased endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling genes in both groups, HCC driver genes, and cancer pathway genes, especially PI3K-AKT in the HFD groups. In the SMAPoTN treatment HFD group, serum lipopolysaccharide levels and liver lipopolysaccharide-binding protein expression were significantly lower compared with those in the nontreatment group. SMAPoTN improved the α-diversity of gut microbiota, and changed the microbiota composition. Oral SMAPoTN administration attenuated NASH development and suppressed hepatocarcinogenesis in DKO mice by improving endoplasmic reticulum stress in the liver and intestinal microbiota. SMAPoTN may be a new therapeutic option for NASH subjects and those with a high HCC risk.
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Song Q, Liu H, Zhang Y, Qiao C, Ge S. Lipidomics Revealed Alteration of the Sphingolipid Metabolism in the Liver of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Mice Treated with Scoparone. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:14121-14127. [PMID: 35559132 PMCID: PMC9089391 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Perturbation in sphingolipid metabolism has been regarded as a risk factor for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) development, predisposing to inflammation, insulin resistance, and weight gain. Scoparone can regulate the level of ceramide in primary hepatocytes and effectively ameliorate hepatic inflammation, apoptosis, steatosis, and fibrogenesis in a mice model of NASH. Nevertheless, the potential effects of scoparone in sphingolipid metabolism, which is dysregulated in NASH, have not been explored so far. To uncover the impact of scoparone on sphingolipid metabolism in NASH and potential therapeutic targets for treating NASH, the liver tissue samples were collected and lipidomics analysis based on UPLC-QTRAP-MRM/MS was carried out. The collected raw data was handled with multivariate data treatment to discover the potential biomarkers in sphingolipid metabolism. Compared to the control group, 22 potential sphingolipid biomarkers were discovered in the NASH group, of which 10 were downregulated and 12 were upregulated. Orally administrated scoparone contributed to the reversal of the levels of these potential biomarkers. Ten differential metabolites showed a tendency of recovery compared to the control group and may be potential targets for scoparone to treat NASH. This study indicated that lipidomics can detect the perturbed sphingolipids to unravel the therapeutic effects of scoparone on NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Song
- College
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P.R. China
| | - Hu Liu
- College
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P.R. China
| | - Yunqi Zhang
- College
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P.R. China
| | - Chuanqi Qiao
- College
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P.R. China
| | - Shaoqin Ge
- College
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P.R. China
- College
of Basic Medical Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P.R. China
- (S.G.). Phone: +86-312-5075644. Fax: +86-312-5075644
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Liu N, Yang J, Ma W, Li C, An L, Zhang X, Zou Q. Xiaoyao Powder in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 288:114999. [PMID: 35051605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.114999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver disease worldwide with alarming prevalence. Due to its complex pathogeneses and considerable individual heterogeneity in disease, there is no specific medication to NAFLD safely and effectively. Therefore, there is a great need to explore complementary and alternative therapies. Xiaoyao Powder (XYP), a classic Chinese formula, has been tremendously applied to gastrointestinal diseases, especially non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the efficacy and safety of XYP have not been fully assessed. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the effectiveness and safety of XYP for NAFLD. MATERIALS AND METHODS The assigned registration number on the PROSPERO platform of this meta-analysis is CRD42020192154, and we strictly followed the protocol. We searched eight primary databases from their inception to June 2020. Two authors independently identified random controlled trials (RCTs) of XYP for NAFLD and evaluated the quality of the retrieved articles by Cochrane accessing risk bias tool. At least one of the following indices was thoroughly documented for outcome measurement: total effective rate, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), body mass index (BMI), and adiponectin. We calculated risk ratio (RR) and mean difference (MD) for dichotomous data and continuous variables with a 95% confidence interval (CI). R 4.0.5 software was employed for data synthesis. RESULTS Consequently, we identified 12 studies with 1012 participants. XYP, whether individually or combined with essential treatment, ameliorated NAFLD regardless of the course of the disease or curative duration. This benefit was mainly driven by regulating levels of serum markers, involving TC, TG, ALT, AST, GGT, and adiponectin. Three studies where statins were concerned about drug safety reported several adverse events with clinical symptoms, varying from flatulence, constipation, and diarrhea to rash, whereas others did not. CONCLUSION Our findings provided evidence that XYP is a therapeutic option to treat NAFLD effectively and safely. Notwithstanding, a precise and comprehensive conclusion calls for RCTs on a larger scale with more rigorous designs considering the inferior methodological quality and limited retrieved articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Liu
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Jiayao Yang
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China; Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Wei Ma
- Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chenyu Li
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Liu An
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Qi Zou
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
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Puengel T, Liu H, Guillot A, Heymann F, Tacke F, Peiseler M. Nuclear Receptors Linking Metabolism, Inflammation, and Fibrosis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052668. [PMID: 35269812 PMCID: PMC8910763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive form nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) comprise a spectrum of chronic liver diseases in the global population that can lead to end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD is closely linked to the metabolic syndrome, and comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, obesity and insulin resistance aggravate liver disease, while NAFLD promotes cardiovascular risk in affected patients. The pathomechanisms of NAFLD are multifaceted, combining hepatic factors including lipotoxicity, mechanisms of cell death and liver inflammation with extrahepatic factors including metabolic disturbance and dysbiosis. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of ligand-controlled transcription factors that regulate glucose, fat and cholesterol homeostasis and modulate innate immune cell functions, including liver macrophages. In parallel with metabolic derangement in NAFLD, altered NR signaling is frequently observed and might be involved in the pathogenesis. Therapeutically, clinical data indicate that single drug targets thus far have been insufficient for reaching patient-relevant endpoints. Therefore, combinatorial treatment strategies with multiple drug targets or drugs with multiple mechanisms of actions could possibly bring advantages, by providing a more holistic therapeutic approach. In this context, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and other NRs are of great interest as they are involved in wide-ranging and multi-organ activities associated with NASH progression or regression. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of NAFLD, focusing on mechanisms of cell death, immunometabolism and the role of NRs. We outline novel therapeutic strategies and discuss remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Puengel
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (H.L.); (A.G.); (F.H.)
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanyang Liu
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (H.L.); (A.G.); (F.H.)
| | - Adrien Guillot
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (H.L.); (A.G.); (F.H.)
| | - Felix Heymann
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (H.L.); (A.G.); (F.H.)
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (H.L.); (A.G.); (F.H.)
- Correspondence: (F.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Moritz Peiseler
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (H.L.); (A.G.); (F.H.)
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (F.T.); (M.P.)
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Hepatic macrophage targeted siRNA lipid nanoparticles treat non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Control Release 2022; 343:175-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a result of inflammation and hepatocyte injury in the presence of hepatic steatosis which can progress to cirrhosis. NASH is the most rapidly growing aetiology for liver failure and indication for liver transplantation in the United States. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia and metabolic syndrome. Because of the absence of approved pharmacotherapy, weight loss and lifestyle modifications remain the safest and most effective first-line treatment. However, this may not be effective in patients with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis and long-term adherence is difficult to achieve. Therefore, effective drugs are urgently needed for the treatment of NASH. Drug development targeting pathological pathways in NASH have exploded in the past decade, with numerous new drugs under investigation. This review summarizes the results of pivotal finalized phase 2 studies and provides an outline of key active studies with trial data of drugs under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaya A M Albhaisi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Departments of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Toppo E, Al-Dhabi NA, Sankar C, Kumar SN, Buvanesvaragurunathan K, Darvin SS, Stalin A, Balakrishna K, Ceasar SA, Pandikumar P, Ignacimuthu S, Sivasankaran K, Agastian P. Hepatoprotective effect of selected isoandrographolide derivatives on steatotic HepG2 cells and High Fat Diet fed rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 899:174056. [PMID: 33753108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is one of the growing epidemics of the globe. This study was aimed to evaluate the anti-NAFLD effect of selected IAN derivatives using in silico, in vitro and in vivo models. In silico tools viz., DataWarrior, SwissADME and Gaussian 09 were used to predict the pharmacokinetic properties and electronic distribution patterns of the derivatives; docking analysis was done with Autodock against PPARα. Toxicities of the derivatives were assessed in HepG2 cells using MTT assay. Anti-NAFLD efficacies of the derivatives were assessed in free fatty acid induced steatotic HepG2 cells. In vivo anti-NAFLD effect of active isoandrographolide (IAN) derivative, 19-propionyl isoandrographolide (IAN-19P) was assessed in High Fat Diet fed rats. In silico and in vitro studies indicated that IAN-19P showed improved drug-likeness and drug score. The toxicity of IAN-19P to HepG2 cells was comparatively less than IAN and other derivatives. In free fatty acid induced steatotic HepG2 cells, treatment with IAN-19P significantly lowered intracellular triglyceride content and leakage of LDH and transaminases. Treating High Fat Diet fed animals with IAN-19P significantly lowered plasma lipids, transaminases, LDH and GGT levels. The treatment with IAN-19P upregulated the expressions of PPARα and CPT-1. IAN-19P did not produce any noticeable adverse effect till 2 g/kg concentration in acute and 250 mg/kg concentration in subacute toxicity studies. This study indicated the beneficial effect of IAN-19P for the treatment of NAFLD; however robust investigations are needed to establish the potential of IAN-19P to treat NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erenius Toppo
- Xavier Research Foundation, St Xavier's College, Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, 627002, India; St Xavier's College, Tejpur, Sonabheel Solabsti, Bokajan, Assam, 784105, India
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chinnakulandai Sankar
- Xavier Research Foundation, St Xavier's College, Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, 627002, India
| | | | | | | | - Antony Stalin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Kedeke Balakrishna
- Xavier Research Foundation, St Xavier's College, Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, 627002, India
| | - Stanislaus Antony Ceasar
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Biosciences Department, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Cochin, Kerala, 683104, India
| | - Perumal Pandikumar
- Xavier Research Foundation, St Xavier's College, Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, 627002, India.
| | - Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu
- Xavier Research Foundation, St Xavier's College, Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, 627002, India; Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Selaiyur, Tambaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600073, India.
| | - Kuppusamy Sivasankaran
- Xavier Research Foundation, St Xavier's College, Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, 627002, India
| | - Paul Agastian
- Department of Plant Biology & Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600034, India
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Gao F, Zheng KI, Chen SD, Lee DH, Wu XX, Wang XD, Targher G, Byrne CD, Chen YP, Kim W, Zheng MH. Individualized Polygenic Risk Score Identifies NASH in the Eastern Asia Region: A Derivation and Validation Study. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2021; 12:e00321. [PMID: 33704100 PMCID: PMC7954375 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Strong evidence indicates that multiple genetic and environmental risk factors play a role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We aimed to develop and validate a novel nomogram, incorporating both genetic and clinical factors, for predicting NASH. METHODS A total of 1,070 Asian individuals with biopsy-confirmed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) from 2 countries (China and South Korea) were recruited. The histological spectrum of NAFLD was classified according to the NASH clinical research network scoring system. The nomogram was developed in the Chinese training set (n = 402), and then, it was validated in both the Chinese internal validation set (n = 136) and the external Korean validation cohort (n = 532), respectively. RESULTS Sex, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, serum aspartate aminotransferase levels, and PNPLA3 (rs738409) and HSD17B13 (rs72613567) genetic variants were strongly associated with NASH. Based on their regression coefficients, we developed a nomogram with good discriminatory ability (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.77-0.85) and good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test, P = 0.794) for identifying NASH. In the 2 validation cohorts, the nomogram showed high area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (internal validation set: 0.80, 95% CI 0.72-0.88; external validation cohort: 0.76, 95% CI 0.72-0.80) and good calibration. DISCUSSION Our newly developed and externally validated nomogram, incorporating both genetic and clinical risk factors, may be conveniently used to predict NASH. Further validation studies in other ethnic groups are warranted to confirm its diagnostic utility to identify NASH, among patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kenneth I. Zheng
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sui-Dan Chen
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dong Hyeon Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Xi-Xi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Christopher D. Byrne
- Southampton National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Yong-Ping Chen
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for The Development of Chronic Liver Disease in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Won Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ming-Hua Zheng
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for The Development of Chronic Liver Disease in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
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Raza S, Rajak S, Upadhyay A, Tewari A, Anthony Sinha R. Current treatment paradigms and emerging therapies for NAFLD/NASH. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2021; 26:206-237. [PMID: 33049668 DOI: 10.2741/4892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one the fastest emerging manifestations of the metabolic syndrome worldwide. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the progressive form of NAFLD, may culminate into cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer (HCC) and is presently a leading cause of liver transplant. Although a steady progress is seen in understanding of the disease epidemiology, pathogenesis and identifying therapeutic targets, the slowest advancement is seen in the therapeutic field. Currently, there is no FDA approved therapy for this disease and appropriate therapeutic targets are urgently warranted. In this review we discuss the role of lifestyle intervention, pharmacological agents, surgical approaches, and gut microbiome, with regard to therapy for NASH. In particular, we focus the role of insulin sensitizers, thyroid hormone mimetics, antioxidants, cholesterol lowering drugs, incretins and cytokines as therapeutic targets for NASH. We highlight these targets aiming to optimize the future for NASH therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Raza
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Sangam Rajak
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Aditya Upadhyay
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Archana Tewari
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India,
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Targher G. What's Past Is Prologue: History of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10100397. [PMID: 33049948 PMCID: PMC7600667 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the initial descriptions in the early 1980s by Dr. Ludwig et al. and Drs. Schaffner and Thaler, who firstly coined the terms nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), this liver disease has become a global health problem worldwide, causing considerable liver-related and extra-hepatic morbidity and mortality. Based on pathophysiological insights gained from the past decades, it has been clearly established that NAFLD is a metabolic liver disease whose etiology and pathogenesis extends beyond the liver and that NAFLD has important clinical implications, especially in terms of an increased risk of developing both cardiovascular disease (which represents the leading cause of death in this patient population) and other extra-hepatic manifestations, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and some extra-hepatic cancers. The aim of this brief commentary is to discuss a recent review article written by Dr. Lonardo and colleagues, who raised awareness of the history of NAFLD. Since “What’s past is prologue”, I believe that this review article focusing on the history of NAFLD may contribute to better understanding the disease itself, as well as to anticipating the lines of the future clinical and pharmacological research of this common and burdensome liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Targher
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
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Diaz Soto MP, Lim JK. Evaluating the Therapeutic Potential of Cenicriviroc in the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis with Fibrosis: A Brief Report on Emerging Data. Hepat Med 2020; 12:115-123. [PMID: 32884369 PMCID: PMC7434517 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s230613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and represents a leading indication for liver transplantation in the United States (U.S.). A growing spectrum of novel therapies are currently in clinical development and target several mechanisms of action which address hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis, and hepatic fibrosis. Cenicriviroc (Allergan, Dublin, Ireland) is a novel oral antagonist of CC-motif chemokine receptors 2 and 5 (CCR2/5) which have demonstrated expression on circulating monocytes and Kupffer cells. Preclinical models have confirmed that CCR2/5 antagonism may block fat accumulation and Kupffer cell activation and disrupt monocyte/macrophage recruitment and hepatic stellate cell activation responsible for fibrogenesis. Herein we review results from the phase 2b CENTAUR trial and study designs for the phase 2b TANDEM and phase 3 AURORA trials and discuss the potential role of cenicriviroc in future pharmacotherapy for NASH fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph K Lim
- Yale Liver Center and Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Hansen HH, Ægidius HM, Oró D, Evers SS, Heebøll S, Eriksen PL, Thomsen KL, Bengtsson A, Veidal SS, Feigh M, Suppli MP, Knop FK, Grønbæk H, Miranda D, Trevaskis JL, Vrang N, Jelsing J, Rigbolt KTG. Human translatability of the GAN diet-induced obese mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:210. [PMID: 32631250 PMCID: PMC7336447 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal models of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are important tools in preclinical research and drug discovery. Gubra-Amylin NASH (GAN) diet-induced obese (DIO) mice represent a model of fibrosing NASH. The present study directly assessed the clinical translatability of the model by head-to-head comparison of liver biopsy histological and transcriptome changes in GAN DIO-NASH mouse and human NASH patients. Methods C57Bl/6 J mice were fed chow or the GAN diet rich in saturated fat (40%), fructose (22%) and cholesterol (2%) for ≥38 weeks. Metabolic parameters as well as plasma and liver biomarkers were assessed. Liver biopsy histology and transcriptome signatures were compared to samples from human lean individuals and patients diagnosed with NASH. Results Liver lesions in GAN DIO-NASH mice showed similar morphological characteristics compared to the NASH patient validation set, including macrosteatosis, lobular inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning degeneration and periportal/perisinusoidal fibrosis. Histomorphometric analysis indicated comparable increases in markers of hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation and collagen deposition in GAN DIO-NASH mice and NASH patient samples. Liver biopsies from GAN DIO-NASH mice and NASH patients showed comparable dynamics in several gene expression pathways involved in NASH pathogenesis. Consistent with the clinical features of NASH, GAN DIO-NASH mice demonstrated key components of the metabolic syndrome, including obesity and impaired glucose tolerance. Conclusions The GAN DIO-NASH mouse model demonstrates good clinical translatability with respect to the histopathological, transcriptional and metabolic aspects of the human disease, highlighting the suitability of the GAN DIO-NASH mouse model for identifying therapeutic targets and characterizing novel drug therapies for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sara Heebøll
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Lykke Eriksen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karen Louise Thomsen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Malte P Suppli
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Grønbæk
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Bile Acid Sequestrant, Sevelamer Ameliorates Hepatic Fibrosis with Reduced Overload of Endogenous Lipopolysaccharide in Experimental Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060925. [PMID: 32575352 PMCID: PMC7357162 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the use of various pharmacotherapeutic strategies, fibrosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remains an unsatisfied clinical issue. We investigated the effect of sevelamer, a hydrophilic bile acid sequestrant, on hepatic fibrosis in a murine NASH model. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat (CDHF) diet for 12 weeks with or without orally administered sevelamer hydrochloride (2% per diet weight). Histological and biochemical analyses revealed that sevelamer prevented hepatic steatosis, macrophage infiltration, and pericellular fibrosis in CDHF-fed mice. Sevelamer reduced the portal levels of total bile acid and inhibited both hepatic and intestinal farnesoid X receptor activation. Gut microbiome analysis demonstrated that sevelamer improved a lower α-diversity and prevented decreases in Lactobacillaceae and Clostridiaceae as well as increases in Desulfovibrionaceae and Enterobacteriaceae in the CDHF-fed mice. Additionally, sevelamer bound to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the intestinal lumen and promoted its fecal excretion. Consequently, the sevelamer treatment restored the tight intestinal junction proteins and reduced the portal LPS levels, leading to the suppression of hepatic toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway. Furthermore, sevelamer inhibited the LPS-mediated induction of fibrogenic activity in human hepatic stellate cells in vitro. Collectively, sevelamer inhibited the development of murine steatohepatitis by reducing hepatic LPS overload.
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Henriksson E, Andersen B. FGF19 and FGF21 for the Treatment of NASH-Two Sides of the Same Coin? Differential and Overlapping Effects of FGF19 and FGF21 From Mice to Human. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:601349. [PMID: 33414764 PMCID: PMC7783467 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.601349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF19 and FGF21 analogues are currently in clinical development for the potential treatment of NASH. In Phase 2 clinical trials analogues of FGF19 and FGF21 decrease hepatic steatosis with up to 70% (MRI-PDFF) after 12 weeks and as early as 12-16 weeks of treatment an improvement in NASH resolution and fibrosis has been observed. Therefore, this class of compounds is currently of great interest in the field of NASH. FGF19 and FGF21 belong to the endocrine FGF19 subfamily and both require the co-receptor beta-klotho for binding and signalling through the FGF receptors. FGF19 is expressed in the ileal enterocytes and is released into the enterohepatic circulation in response to bile acids stimuli and in the liver FGF19 inhibits hepatic bile acids synthesis by transcriptional regulation of Cyp7A1, which is the rate limiting enzyme. FGF21 is, on the other hand, highly expressed in the liver and is released in response to high glucose, high free-fatty acids and low amino-acid supply and regulates energy, glucose and lipid homeostasis by actions in the CNS and in the adipose tissue. FGF19 and FGF21 are differentially expressed, have distinct target tissues and separate physiological functions. It is therefore of peculiar interest to understand why treatment with both FGF19 and FGF21 analogues have strong beneficial effects on NASH parameters in mice and human and whether the mode of action is overlapping This review will highlight the physiological and pharmacological effects of FGF19 and FGF21. The potential mode of action behind the anti-steatotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of FGF19 and FGF21 will be discussed. Finally, development of drugs is always a risk benefit analysis and the human relevance of adverse effects observed in pre-clinical species as well as findings in humans will be discussed. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of this drug class for the potential treatment of NASH.
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