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Anderson C, Zuckerwise A, Wallace RB, Ayala G, Viscarra M, Schmitz OJ. Small Felids Coexist in Mixed-Use Landscape in the Bolivian Amazon. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:697. [PMID: 38473081 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In the face of global species loss, it is paramount to understand the effects of human activity on vulnerable species, particularly in highly diverse, complex systems. The Greater Madidi Landscape in the Bolivian Amazon includes several biodiverse protected areas that were created with the goal of sustaining healthy and diverse ecosystems while not impeding the livelihoods of local indigenous peoples. In this study, we sought to use camera trap data and single-species occupancy analysis to assess the impacts of different forms of human activity on four species of small felids: ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), margays (Leopardus wiedii), jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi), and oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus). We modeled both human variables (proximity to indigenous communities, roads, and tourist camps) and non-human variables (terrain ruggedness, proximity to rivers, canopy height, prey availability, and large cat abundance). Margay occupancy was unaffected by any of these human variables and ocelots showed only weak evidence of being affected by tourism. Ocelots were particularly pervasive throughout the study area and were consistently estimated to have high occupancy probability. We did not obtain sufficient data on jaguarundi or oncilla to reliably model these effects. Our results indicate that small cats successfully coexist both with each other and with the surrounding human activity in this unique landscape, which serves as a model for global protected area management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Anderson
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Amelia Zuckerwise
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Guido Ayala
- Wildlife Conservation Society, La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | - Oswald J Schmitz
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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2
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Palomares F, de Paula TAR, Srbek-Araujo AC. First Capture of a Jaguar Using a Minimally Invasive Capture System for GPS Tracking in an Isolated Patch of Atlantic Forest in Southern Brazil. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3314. [PMID: 37958070 PMCID: PMC10647416 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents the first successful capture using GPS tagging of a jaguar (Panthera onca) using a minimally invasive capture system (MICS). We used snare-foot traps and a MICS during two capture campaigns in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. The specimen disarmed snares on different occasions, and capture was only possible with the MICS. The captured jaguar, an estimated 16-year-old adult male, was monitored using a GPS Vertex Plus Iridium collar with an optimal performance of 86% in expected locations. The jaguar's home range (659 km2 by MPC and 174 km2 by 95%K) was within the observed range for the species and the animal was primarily maintained in protected areas. The habitat types most frequently used were native grassland (27.2% of 4798 fixes), marsh (24.8%), and dense lowland forest (24.7%). The use of a MICS for trapping jaguars is a promising technique that shows advantages in terms of efficiency, selectivity, portability, reduced potential risk of injury to animals or trappers, and animal stress compared to other capture methods used for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Palomares
- Doñana Biological Station, CSIC, Department of Conservation Biology, Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Tarcízio Antônio Rego de Paula
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
| | - Ana Carolina Srbek-Araujo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ecossistemas e Programa de Pós-Graduação emCiência Animal, Universidade Vila Velha, Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha 29102-920, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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3
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Montalvo VH, Sáenz-Bolaños C, Carrillo E, Fuller TK. A review of environmental and anthropogenic variables used to model jaguar occurrence. NEOTROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION 2023. [DOI: 10.3897/neotropical.18.e98437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Jaguars (Panthera onca) are a landscape species of conservation importance and our understanding of environmental and anthropogenic drivers of jaguar occurrence is necessary to improve conservation strategies. We reviewed available literature to simply describe environmental and anthropogenic variables used and found to be significant in occurrence modeling. We reviewed 95 documents published from 1980 to 2021 that focused on jaguar occurrence and that used 39 variable types (21 anthropogenic, 18 environmental) among different techniques, scales, and approaches. In general, these variables included both anthropogenic (roads, land use, human activities, and population) and environmental (climate, vegetation, ecological interactions, topographic, water, and others) factors. Twelve variables were identified as affecting jaguar occurrence overall, eleven at local scale and seven at broad scales (regional and continental). Focusing more specifically on the variables that correlate with occurrence should help researchers to make better predictions in areas without quantitative jaguar data.
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DeMatteo KE, Escalante OM, Ibañez Alegre DM, Rinas MA, Sotorres D, Argüelles CF. A multispecies corridor in a fragmented landscape: Evaluating effectiveness and identifying high-priority target areas. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283258. [PMID: 37053238 PMCID: PMC10101518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
While Misiones, Argentina contains one of the largest remnants of Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest ecoregion, one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, only ~50% of this native forest is protected. Each protected area is at risk of becoming an island of native forest surrounded by a matrix of altered habitats due to ongoing land conversion. In an effort to maximize long-term connectivity between existing protected areas, DeMatteo [1] used a multifaceted cost analysis to determine the optimal location for the region's first multispecies corridor using noninvasive data on jaguars (Panthera onca), pumas (Puma concolor), ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), southern tiger cats (Leopardus guttulus), and bush dogs (Speothos venaticus). This work builds on this framework by integrating new field data that broadens the scope of species-specific data across the region's heterogeneous landscape, which varies in vegetation, disturbance, human proximity, and protective status. In addition, two different land use layers are compared across the distributions of the five carnivores, the overlap in their independent distributions, and their relationship to the multispecies corridor. Interpretation of these land use data to species-specific habitat suitability goes beyond DeMatteo [1], with a subdivision of suitability into marginal and optimal areas. This refined scale allows a reanalysis of key areas in the multispecies corridor, where connectivity was previously defined as at highly-at-risk, allowing for a more directed development of management strategies. These analyses and their interpretation extend beyond northern-central Misiones, as the threats are not unique to this region. The need to develop management strategies that balance human-wildlife needs will continue to grow as humans expand their footprint. The techniques applied in this analysis provide a way to identify key areas that require specific management strategies, either through restoration, protection, or a combination of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E DeMatteo
- Department of Biology & Environmental Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- WildCare Institute at the Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Orlando M Escalante
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética Aplicada (GIGA), IBS-Nodo Posadas, Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM)-CONICET, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Genética, Químicas y Naturales, UNaM, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Daiana M Ibañez Alegre
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética Aplicada (GIGA), IBS-Nodo Posadas, Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM)-CONICET, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Miguel A Rinas
- Ministerio de Ecología y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Delfina Sotorres
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética Aplicada (GIGA), IBS-Nodo Posadas, Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM)-CONICET, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Genética, Químicas y Naturales, UNaM, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Carina F Argüelles
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética Aplicada (GIGA), IBS-Nodo Posadas, Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM)-CONICET, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Genética, Químicas y Naturales, UNaM, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
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5
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Magalhães LM, Srbek-Araujo AC. Ocelot, Leopardus pardalis (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae), home range in the Lowland Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil. NEOTROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/neotropical.17.e93828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocelot is an important Neotropical mesopredator and information on its spatial ecology remains scarce. Here we estimated the ocelot home range in a remnant of Lowland Atlantic Forest in Southeastern Brazil. The data were collected by camera traps installed at eight known ocelot latrines. We estimated the home range both based on the Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) and the 95% adaptive Kernel density estimator (95%K) to compare with other published studies. We identified 22 ocelots (adult males = 8; adult females = 12; cubs = 2). Six males were recorded at more than one latrine, while all females were recorded at only one sampling point. In addition to male ocelots being recorded at a large number of points, they showed greater intrasexual spatial overlap as they used the same latrines, suggesting larger home ranges than females. The mean home range size for males was 12.1 ± SE 4.4 km2 (range = 6.2 to 20.8 km2) using MCP, and 19.9 ± SE 9.5 km2 (range = 10.1 to 38.9 km2) applying 95%K. Despite our estimates representing an approximation of the total area used by males, both values are consistent with those reported from other locations. Our data complemented the gradient of vegetation type sampled for ocelots in Atlantic Forest and support the suggestion that this environmental variable and, consequently, its effect on prey availability, influence the home range size of ocelot. Information on population ecology and other spatial ecology data are also presented.
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Murillo-Sandoval PJ, Clerici N, Correa-Ayram C. Rapid loss in landscape connectivity after the peace agreement in the Andes-Amazon region. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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7
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Review of puma density estimates reveals sources of bias and variation, and the need for standardization. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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8
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González–Gallina A, Equihua M, Pérez-Garduza F, Iglesias-Henández JA, Oliveras de Ita A, Chacón-Hernández A, Vázquez-Zúñiga O, Hidalgo-Mihart MG. Jaguar (Panthera onca) spatial ecology outside protected areas in the Selva Maya. ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.32800/abc.2022.45.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Jaguars (Panthera onca) are endangered in several countries and a priority species for conservation action. Despite extensive research efforts in Mexico most studies have been associated with natural protected areas far from human habitation. Because protected areas are too few to conserve the jaguar population over the long–term, a landscape approach that includes both protected and unprotected lands is needed. This is the case in Quintana Roo State where an ecological corridor linking two protected areas (Yum Balam and Sian Ka'an) is at risk of disappearing due to tourism–driven activities. Between 2013 and 2015, four male jaguars were captured and monitored using satellite telemetry inside the corridor. The mean home range size (± SD) was 101.5 km2 (± 75.9 km2) for the dry season and 172 km2 (± 107.29 km2) for the rainy season. The mean core area size (± SD) was 17.54 km2 (± 16.21 km2) for the dry season and 29.07 km2 (± 16.19 km2) for the rainy season. No significant seasonal differences were found for home ranges or for core areas. As expected, we observed that jaguars preferred forest or young secondary growth over profusely disturbed areas, using whatever vegetation was available in their home ranges. Although it is not protected, a biological corridor linking Yum Balam and Sian Ka'an still holds its own jaguar population, a population that has learned to coexist with human presence. Conservation actions are recommended at landscape level to maintain what remains of tropical mature forest and to promote the development of long–term secondary growth into close tree canopy
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Equihua
- Instituto de Ecología A.C., Veracruz, Mexico
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9
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A continental approach to jaguar extirpation: A tradeoff between anthropic and intrinsic causes. J Nat Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2022.126145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Zárrate Charry DA, González-Maya JF, Arias-Alzate A, Jiménez-Alvarado JS, Reyes Arias JD, Armenteras D, Betts MG. Connectivity conservation at the crossroads: protected areas versus payments for ecosystem services in conserving connectivity for Colombian carnivores. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:201154. [PMID: 35242340 PMCID: PMC8753149 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Protected areas (PAs) constitute one of the main tools for global landscape conservation. Recently, payments for environmental services (PES) have attracted interest from national and regional governments and are becoming one of the leading conservation policy instruments in tropical countries. However, the degree to which areas designated for PES overlap with areas that are critical for maintaining species' landscape connectivity is rarely evaluated. We estimated habitat distributions and connectivity for 16 of the 22 mammalian carnivores occurring in the Caribbean region of Colombia, and identified the overlap between existing PAs and areas identified as being important for connectivity for these species. We also evaluated the potential impact of creation of new PAs versus new PES areas on conserving connectivity for carnivores. Our results show that PAs cover only a minor percentage of the total area that is important for maintaining connectivity ( x = 26.8 % ± 20.2 s . d . ). On the other hand, PES, if implemented extensively, could contribute substantially to mammalian carnivores' connectivity ( x = 45.4 % ± 12.8 s . d . ). However, in a more realistic scenario with limited conservation investment in which fewer areas are set aside, a strategy based on implementing new PAs seems superior to PES. We argue that prioritizing designation of new PAs will be the most efficient means through which to maintain connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Zárrate Charry
- Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Department of Forest Ecosystems and society, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Proyecto de Conservación de Aguas y Tierras, ProCAT Colombia/Internacional, Calle 97ª #10-67, Of. 202, Bogotá, Colombia
- Fondo Mundial para la Naturaleza WWF Colombia. Cra. 10a #69 A-44, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - José F. González-Maya
- Proyecto de Conservación de Aguas y Tierras, ProCAT Colombia/Internacional, Calle 97ª #10-67, Of. 202, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés Arias-Alzate
- Facultad de Ciencias y Biotecnología, Universidad CES. Cl. 10a #22-04, Medellín, Colombia
| | - J. Sebastián Jiménez-Alvarado
- Proyecto de Conservación de Aguas y Tierras, ProCAT Colombia/Internacional, Calle 97ª #10-67, Of. 202, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jessica Dayanh Reyes Arias
- Proyecto de Conservación de Aguas y Tierras, ProCAT Colombia/Internacional, Calle 97ª #10-67, Of. 202, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Dolors Armenteras
- Grupo de Ecología del Paisaje y Modelación de Ecosistemas ECOLMOD, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Matthew G. Betts
- Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Department of Forest Ecosystems and society, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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11
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Gustafson KD, Gagne RB, Buchalski MR, Vickers TW, Riley SP, Sikich JA, Rudd JL, Dellinger JA, LaCava ME, Ernest HB. Multi‐population puma connectivity could restore genomic diversity to at‐risk coastal populations in California. Evol Appl 2021; 15:286-299. [PMID: 35233248 PMCID: PMC8867711 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is decreasing wildlife habitat and connectivity worldwide, including for apex predators, such as the puma (Puma concolor). Puma populations along California's central and southern coastal habitats have experienced rapid fragmentation from development, leading to calls for demographic and genetic management. To address urgent conservation genomic concerns, we used double‐digest restriction‐site associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing to analyze 16,285 genome‐wide single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 401 pumas sampled broadly across the state. Our analyses indicated support for 4–10 geographically nested, broad‐ to fine‐scale genetic clusters. At the broadest scale, the four genetic clusters had high genetic diversity and exhibited low linkage disequilibrium, indicating that pumas have retained genomic diversity statewide. However, multiple lines of evidence indicated substructure, including 10 finer‐scale genetic clusters, some of which exhibited fixed alleles and linkage disequilibrium. Fragmented populations along the Southern Coast and Central Coast had particularly low genetic diversity and strong linkage disequilibrium, indicating genetic drift and close inbreeding. Our results demonstrate that genetically at risk populations are typically nested within a broader‐scale group of interconnected populations that collectively retain high genetic diversity and heterogenous fixations. Thus, extant variation at the broader scale has potential to restore diversity to local populations if management actions can enhance vital gene flow and recombine locally sequestered genetic diversity. These state‐ and genome‐wide results are critically important for science‐based conservation and management practices. Our nested population genomic analysis highlights the information that can be gained from population genomic studies aiming to provide guidance for the conservation of fragmented populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Gustafson
- Arkansas State University Department of Biological Sciences Jonesboro 72401
| | - Roderick B. Gagne
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine Department of Pathobiology Kennett Square Wildlife Futures Program PA USA
| | | | - T. Winston Vickers
- University of California ‐ Davis School of Veterinary Medicine Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center Davis 95616
| | - Seth P.D. Riley
- National Park Service Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area 401 W. Hillcrest Dr Thousand Oaks 91360
| | - Jeff A. Sikich
- National Park Service Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area 401 W. Hillcrest Dr Thousand Oaks 91360
| | - Jaime L. Rudd
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife Rancho Cordova 95670
| | | | - Melanie E.F. LaCava
- Wildlife Genomics and Disease Ecology Laboratory Department of Veterinary Sciences University of Wyoming Laramie 82071
| | - Holly B. Ernest
- Wildlife Genomics and Disease Ecology Laboratory Department of Veterinary Sciences University of Wyoming Laramie 82071
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12
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Salom-Pérez R, Wultsch C, Adams JR, Soto-Fournier S, Gutiérrez-Espeleta GA, Waits LP. Genetic diversity and population structure for ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) in Costa Rica. J Mammal 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) are a wide-ranging felid species, occurring from southern United States to northern Argentina. They occupy various habitats and are usually considered the most abundant wild cat species in the Neotropics. However, genetic studies that include free-ranging Mesoamerican ocelots are rare and generally based on small sample sizes. This is the first conservation genetics study on ocelots in Costa Rica and the second one in Mesoamerica that has conducted a genetic assessment of the species at a countrywide scale. We evaluated genetic diversity and population structure of ocelots using 15 microsatellite loci in 28 successfully genotyped individuals from throughout the country. We also compared genetic diversity of Costa Rican ocelots with that of jaguars (Panthera onca) and pumas (Puma concolor) in the country, and with ocelots in Belize. Genetic diversity of ocelots in Costa Rica was relatively high as measured by rarified allelic richness (AR = 5.50 ± 1.36) and expected heterozygosities (HE = 0.79 ± 0.08). We did not detect patterns of genetic substructure, suggesting high levels of gene flow throughout the country and no strong barriers to movement. As expected, genetic diversity of Costa Rican ocelots was higher than co-occurring jaguars and pumas. Additionally, levels of genetic diversity were slightly higher in Costa Rican ocelots when compared with their counterparts in Belize, confirming the south to north decrease in genetic diversity reported in other studies. Our study provides critical baseline information to understand the status of wild ocelot populations in Costa Rica. Future studies on ocelots and other threatened or keystone species should also integrate genetic monitoring and conservation genetics analysis to properly inform management decisions, guarantee their long-term survival, and improve the resilience of ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Salom-Pérez
- Panthera, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- CATIE-Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, CATIE 7170, 31501, Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - Claudia Wultsch
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics Laboratory, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer R Adams
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Sofía Soto-Fournier
- School of Biology, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sede Rodrigo Facio 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | - Lisette P Waits
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
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13
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Structure and inter-specific relationships of a felid community of the upper Amazonian basin under different scenarios of human impact. Mamm Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-021-00149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Can mammals thrive near urban areas in the Neotropics? Characterizing the community of a reclaimed tropical forest. Trop Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42965-020-00134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Azevedo FC, Lemos FG, Freitas‐Junior MC, Arrais RC, Morato RG, Azevedo FCC. The importance of forests for an apex predator: spatial ecology and habitat selection by pumas in an agroecosystem. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. C. Azevedo
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado Goiás Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia Universidade Federal de Viçosa Minas Gerais Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Unidade Acadêmica Especial de Biotecnologia Universidade Federal de Catalão Goiás Brazil
| | - F. G. Lemos
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado Goiás Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Unidade Acadêmica Especial de Biotecnologia Universidade Federal de Catalão Goiás Brazil
| | - M. C. Freitas‐Junior
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado Goiás Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Unidade Acadêmica Especial de Biotecnologia Universidade Federal de Catalão Goiás Brazil
| | - R. C. Arrais
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado Goiás Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Manejo da Vida Silvestre Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - R. G. Morato
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade São Paulo Brazil
| | - F. C. C. Azevedo
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei Minas Gerais Brazil
- Instituto Pró‐Carnívoros Atibaia SP Brazil
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16
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Zanin M, Gonzalez-Borrajo N, ChÁvez C, Rubio Y, Harmsen B, Keller C, Villalva P, Srbek-Araujo AC, Costa LP, Palomares F. The differential genetic signatures related to climatic landscapes for jaguars and pumas on a continental scale. Integr Zool 2020; 16:2-18. [PMID: 32929877 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Modern and paleoclimate changes may have altered species dynamics by shifting species' niche suitability over space and time. We analyze whether the current genetic structure and isolation of the two large American felids, jaguar (Panthera onca) and puma (Puma concolor), are mediated by changes in climatic suitability and connection routes over modern and paleoclimatic landscapes. We estimate species distribution under 5 climatic landscapes (modern, Holocene, last maximum glaciations [LMG], average suitability, and climatic instability) and correlate them with individuals' genetic isolation through causal modeling on a resemblance matrix. Both species exhibit genetic isolation patterns correlated with LMG climatic suitability, suggesting that these areas may have worked as "allele refuges." However, the jaguar showed higher vulnerability to climate changes, responding to modern climatic suitability and connection routes, whereas the puma showed a continuous and gradual transition of genetic variation. Despite differential responsiveness to climate change, both species are subjected to the climatic effects on genetic configuration, which may make them susceptible to future climatic changes, since these are progressing faster and with higher intensity than changes in the paleoclimate. Thus, the effects of climatic changes should be considered in the design of conservation strategies to ensure evolutionary and demographic processes mediated by gene flow for both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Zanin
- Biology Department, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Noa Gonzalez-Borrajo
- Departamento de Biologia de la Conservación, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cuauhtémoc ChÁvez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yamel Rubio
- Escuela de Biologia, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | | | - Claudia Keller
- Biodiversity Coordination, Amazon Research Institute, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Pablo Villalva
- Departamento de Biologia de la Conservación, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Leonora Pires Costa
- Biological Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Francisco Palomares
- Departamento de Biologia de la Conservación, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Sevilla, Spain
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Connectivity of Protected Areas: Effect of Human Pressure and Subnational Contributions in the Ecoregions of Tropical Andean Countries. LAND 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/land9080239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Conservationists recognize the value of protected area (PA) systems, with adequate coverage, ecological representation, connection, and management to deliver conservation benefits. Yet, governments primarily focus on coverage, disregarding quantification of the other criteria. While recent studies have assessed global representation and connectivity, they present limitations due to: (1) limited accuracy of the World Database of Protected Areas used, as governments may report areas that do not meet the IUCN or CBD PA definitions or omit subnational PAs, and (2) failure to include human impacts on the landscape in connectivity assessments. We constructed a validated PA database for Tropical Andean Countries (TAC; Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, and Venezuela) and used the existing Protected-Connected-Land (ProtConn) indicator—incorporating the Global Human Footprint as a spatial proxy for human pressure—to evaluate TAC ecoregions’ representation and connectivity. We found that just 27% of ecoregions in the TAC are both protected and connected on more than 17% of their lands. As we included human pressure, we conclude that previous global ProtConn studies overestimate PA connectivity. Subnational PAs are promising for strengthening the representation of PA systems. If nations seek to meet Aichi target 11, or an upcoming post-2020 30% target, further efforts are needed to implement and report subnational conservation areas and appropriately evaluate PA systems.
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18
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Density of wild felids in Sonora, Mexico: a comparison of spatially explicit capture-recapture methods. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-020-01401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Montalvo VH, Fuller TK, Saénz‐Bolaños C, Cruz-Díaz JC, Hagnauer I, Herrera H, Carrillo E. Influence of sea turtle nesting on hunting behavior and movements of jaguars in the dry forest of northwest Costa Rica. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor H. Montalvo
- Instituto Internacional en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
| | - Todd K. Fuller
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
| | - Carolina Saénz‐Bolaños
- Instituto Internacional en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
| | - Juan Carlos Cruz-Díaz
- Instituto Internacional en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
| | - Isabel Hagnauer
- Instituto Internacional en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica
- ZooAve Fundación Restauración de la Naturaleza Alajuela Costa Rica
| | - Hansell Herrera
- Instituto Internacional en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica
| | - Eduardo Carrillo
- Instituto Internacional en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
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21
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Premier J, Fickel J, Heurich M, Kramer-Schadt S. The boon and bane of boldness: movement syndrome as saviour and sink for population genetic diversity. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2020; 8:16. [PMID: 32337047 PMCID: PMC7175569 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-020-00204-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many felid species are of high conservation concern, and with increasing human disturbance the situation is worsening. Small isolated populations are at risk of genetic impoverishment decreasing within-species biodiversity. Movement is known to be a key behavioural trait that shapes both demographic and genetic dynamics and affects population survival. However, we have limited knowledge on how different manifestations of movement behaviour translate to population processes. In this study, we aimed to 1) understand the potential effects of movement behaviour on the genetic diversity of small felid populations in heterogeneous landscapes, while 2) presenting a simulation tool that can help inform conservation practitioners following, or considering, population management actions targeting the risk of genetic impoverishment. METHODS We developed a spatially explicit individual-based population model including neutral genetic markers for felids and applied this to the example of Eurasian lynx. Using a neutral landscape approach, we simulated reintroductions into a three-patch system, comprising two breeding patches separated by a larger patch of differing landscape heterogeneity, and tested for the effects of various behavioural movement syndromes and founder population sizes. We explored a range of movement syndromes by simulating populations with various movement model parametrisations that range from 'shy' to 'bold' movement behaviour. RESULTS We find that movement syndromes can lead to a higher loss of genetic diversity and an increase in between population genetic structure for both "bold" and "shy" movement behaviours, depending on landscape conditions, with larger decreases in genetic diversity and larger increases in genetic differentiation associated with bold movement syndromes, where the first colonisers quickly reproduce and subsequently dominate the gene pool. In addition, we underline the fact that a larger founder population can offset the genetic losses associated with subpopulation isolation and gene pool dominance. CONCLUSIONS We identified a movement syndrome trade-off for population genetic variation, whereby bold-explorers could be saviours - by connecting populations and promoting panmixia, or sinks - by increasing genetic losses via a 'founder takes all' effect, whereas shy-stayers maintain a more gradual genetic drift due to their more cautious behaviour. Simulations should incorporate movement behaviour to provide better projections of long-term population viability and within-species biodiversity, which includes genetic diversity. Simulations incorporating demographics and genetics have great potential for informing conservation management actions, such as population reintroductions or reinforcements. Here, we present such a simulation tool for solitary felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Premier
- Chair of wildlife ecology and wildlife management, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Straße 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring, Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Jörns Fickel
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Marco Heurich
- Chair of wildlife ecology and wildlife management, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Straße 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring, Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kramer-Schadt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Ecology, Technical University Berlin, Rothenburg Str. 12, 12165 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Wang B, Rocha DG, Abrahams MI, Antunes AP, Costa HCM, Gonçalves ALS, Spironello WR, de Paula MJ, Peres CA, Pezzuti J, Ramalho E, Reis ML, Carvalho Jr E, Rohe F, Macdonald DW, Tan CKW. Habitat use of the ocelot ( Leopardus pardalis) in Brazilian Amazon. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5049-5062. [PMID: 31110661 PMCID: PMC6509378 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amazonia forest plays a major role in providing ecosystem services for human and sanctuaries for wildlife. However, ongoing deforestation and habitat fragmentation in the Brazilian Amazon has threatened both. The ocelot is an ecologically important mesopredator and a potential conservation ambassador species, yet there are no previous studies on its habitat preference and spatial patterns in this biome. From 2010 to 2017, twelve sites were surveyed, totaling 899 camera trap stations, the largest known dataset for this species. Using occupancy modeling incorporating spatial autocorrelation, we assessed habitat use for ocelot populations across the Brazilian Amazon. Our results revealed a positive sigmoidal correlation between remote-sensing derived metrics of forest cover, disjunct core area density, elevation, distance to roads, distance to settlements and habitat use, and that habitat use by ocelots was negatively associated with slope and distance to river/lake. These findings shed light on the regional scale habitat use of ocelots and indicate important species-habitat relationships, thus providing valuable information for conservation management and land-use planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Wang
- Wildlife Conservation Research UnitDepartment of ZoologyThe Recanati‐Kaplan CentreUniversity of OxfordTubney, OxonUK
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental ChangeInstitute of BotanyThe Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Daniel G. Rocha
- Graduate Group in EcologyDepartment of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation BiologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCalifornia
- Grupo de Ecologia e Conservação de Felinos na AmazôniaInstituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável MamirauáTeféBrazil
| | - Mark I. Abrahams
- Field Conservation and Science DepartmentBristol Zoological SocietyBristolUK
| | - André P. Antunes
- Redefauna - Rede de Pesquisa em BiodiversidadeConservação e Uso da Fauna da AmazôniaManausBrazil
| | - Hugo C. M. Costa
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da BiodiversidadeUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrazil
| | | | | | - Milton José de Paula
- Centre for Advanced Amazon StudiesUniversity of ParaAltamiraBrazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em EcologiaUniversidade Federal do Pará e EMBRAPA Amazônia OrientalBelémBrazil
| | - Carlos A. Peres
- School of Environmental ScienceCetre for Ecology, Evolution and ConservationUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Juarez Pezzuti
- Centre for Advanced Amazon StudiesUniversity of ParaAltamiraBrazil
| | | | | | - Elildo Carvalho Jr
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos CarnívorosInstituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da BiodiversidadeAtibaiaBrazil
- Faculty of Ecology and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Fabio Rohe
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva – GCBEvInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPAManausBrazil
- Wildlife Conservation Society Brazil – Amazon ProgramManausBrazil
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research UnitDepartment of ZoologyThe Recanati‐Kaplan CentreUniversity of OxfordTubney, OxonUK
| | - Cedric Kai Wei Tan
- Wildlife Conservation Research UnitDepartment of ZoologyThe Recanati‐Kaplan CentreUniversity of OxfordTubney, OxonUK
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Murphy SM, Wilckens DT, Augustine BC, Peyton MA, Harper GC. Improving estimation of puma (Puma concolor) population density: clustered camera-trapping, telemetry data, and generalized spatial mark-resight models. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4590. [PMID: 30872785 PMCID: PMC6418282 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40926-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining reliable population density estimates for pumas (Puma concolor) and other cryptic, wide-ranging large carnivores is challenging. Recent advancements in spatially explicit capture-recapture models have facilitated development of novel survey approaches, such as clustered sampling designs, which can provide reliable density estimation for expansive areas with reduced effort. We applied clustered sampling to camera-traps to detect marked (collared) and unmarked pumas, and used generalized spatial mark-resight (SMR) models to estimate puma population density across 15,314 km2 in the southwestern USA. Generalized SMR models outperformed conventional SMR models. Integrating telemetry data from collars on marked pumas with detection data from camera-traps substantially improved density estimates by informing cryptic activity (home range) center transiency and improving estimation of the SMR home range parameter. Modeling sex of unmarked pumas as a partially identifying categorical covariate further improved estimates. Our density estimates (0.84–1.65 puma/100 km2) were generally more precise (CV = 0.24–0.31) than spatially explicit estimates produced from other puma sampling methods, including biopsy darting, scat detection dogs, and regular camera-trapping. This study provides an illustrative example of the effectiveness and flexibility of our combined sampling and analytical approach for reliably estimating density of pumas and other wildlife across geographically expansive areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Murphy
- Wildlife Management Division, New Mexico Department of Game & Fish, Santa Fe, 87507, USA. .,Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40546, USA.
| | - David T Wilckens
- Wildlife Management Division, New Mexico Department of Game & Fish, Santa Fe, 87507, USA
| | - Ben C Augustine
- Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Mark A Peyton
- Valles Caldera National Preserve, U.S. National Park Service, Jemez Springs, 87025, USA
| | - Glenn C Harper
- Department of Natural Resources, Pueblo of Santa Ana, Santa Ana Pueblo, 87004, USA
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Palomares F, González-Borrajo N, Chávez C, Rubio Y, Verdade LM, Monsa R, Harmsen B, Adrados B, Zanin M. Scraping marking behaviour of the largest Neotropical felids. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4983. [PMID: 29942681 PMCID: PMC6014318 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Details of how, why and in what conditions large felids make scrapes is unknown. Here, we examined the general hypothesis about the use of scrapes for marking proposals, as well as to communicate with other individuals to signalize particular points or areas of interest, by studying scrape-marking behaviour of jaguars and pumas. METHODS We surveyed by scrapes between five days and two months mainly during dry season in five study areas from Mexico (El Edén and San Ignacio), Belize (Cockscomb) and Brazil (Angatuba and Serra das Almas), which differed in presence and/or abundance of jaguars and pumas. Paths were slowly walked while searching for scrapes by teams normally composed of two people and tracks were stored in GPS, distinguishing the type of path surveyed (unpaved track roads, trails and cross-country). RESULTS We found a total of 269 felid scrapes along 467 km of paths surveyed, obtaining a finding rate of 0.576 scrapes per km. Most scrapes were found in car tracks (0.629 scrapes per km), followed by trails (0.581 scrapes per km), and rarely did we find scrapes in cross country (0.094 scrapes per km). In trails, scrapes were found in a similar frequency in the centre and edge, whereas in car tracks they were mainly found in the edge. There were also clear differences in the position of the scrapes between study areas that differed in presence and/or abundance of pumas and jaguars, with scrapes located mainly in the centre in areas only with pumas, in the centre and in the edge in areas with a similar number of jaguars and pumas, and in the edge in area mainly dominated by jaguars. The remarking rate tended to be higher in one of the areas with only pumas where natural vegetation was scarcer. Felids chose sites mainly covered by leaves and located in paths less wide, clean and rarely used. DISCUSSION Scraping was a frequent behaviour in the largest felids of America, although in some areas, scraping behaviour was rare. Scrapes seem to be signalizing some specific areas within territories and data suggest that they are made with the proposal of communication between individuals. It seems that a high scraping behaviour in pumas is not related to the presence of jaguars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Palomares
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Seville, Seville, España
| | - Noa González-Borrajo
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Seville, Seville, España
| | - Cuauhtémoc Chávez
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Lerma, Lerma, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Yamel Rubio
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Luciano M. Verdade
- Núcleo Laboratorial de Ecologia Evolutiva Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo, CENA, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rocio Monsa
- Núcleo Laboratorial de Ecologia Evolutiva Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo, CENA, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Begoña Adrados
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Seville, Seville, España
| | - Marina Zanin
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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Anile S, Devillard S. Camera-trapping provides insights into adult sex ratio variability in felids. Mamm Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Anile
- Via Fratelli Bandiera 79, Gravina di Catania (CT) 95030 Sicily Italy
| | - Sebastien Devillard
- University of Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; CNRS; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; Villeurbanne F-69100 France
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Multi-level, multi-scale resource selection functions and resistance surfaces for conservation planning: Pumas as a case study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179570. [PMID: 28609466 PMCID: PMC5469479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of examining multiple hierarchical levels when modeling resource use for wildlife has been acknowledged for decades. Multi-level resource selection functions have recently been promoted as a method to synthesize resource use across nested organizational levels into a single predictive surface. Analyzing multiple scales of selection within each hierarchical level further strengthens multi-level resource selection functions. We extend this multi-level, multi-scale framework to modeling resistance for wildlife by combining multi-scale resistance surfaces from two data types, genetic and movement. Resistance estimation has typically been conducted with one of these data types, or compared between the two. However, we contend it is not an either/or issue and that resistance may be better-modeled using a combination of resistance surfaces that represent processes at different hierarchical levels. Resistance surfaces estimated from genetic data characterize temporally broad-scale dispersal and successful breeding over generations, whereas resistance surfaces estimated from movement data represent fine-scale travel and contextualized movement decisions. We used telemetry and genetic data from a long-term study on pumas (Puma concolor) in a highly developed landscape in southern California to develop a multi-level, multi-scale resource selection function and a multi-level, multi-scale resistance surface. We used these multi-level, multi-scale surfaces to identify resource use patches and resistant kernel corridors. Across levels, we found puma avoided urban, agricultural areas, and roads and preferred riparian areas and more rugged terrain. For other landscape features, selection differed among levels, as did the scales of selection for each feature. With these results, we developed a conservation plan for one of the most isolated puma populations in the U.S. Our approach captured a wide spectrum of ecological relationships for a population, resulted in effective conservation planning, and can be readily applied to other wildlife species.
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