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Bhanot A, Sethi V, Murira Z, Singh KD, Ghosh S, Forissier T. Right message, right medium, right time: powering counseling to improve maternal, infant, and young child nutrition in South Asia. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1205620. [PMID: 37743925 PMCID: PMC10512175 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1205620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Quality counseling can positively impact maternal, infant and young child nutrition (MIYCN) behaviors linked to poor nutrition outcomes. Global guidance includes 93 recommendations on MIYCN counseling. Methods A desk review and key informant interviews sought to assess compliance to the recommendations, reach and quality, systemic gaps and opportunities for MIYCN counseling in seven South Asian countries. Ninety-three (93) policies and guidelines, 180 counseling materials and over 50 documents were reviewed; 115 key informant interviews were conducted. Information synthesis captured eight domains. Data from national surveys were analyzed to determine MIYCN counseling reach, quality and association with nutrition behaviors. Results Results showed that national guidelines were inconsistent with global recommendations for seven thematic areas. Coverage of contacts points like antenatal and postnatal care (ANC, PNC) with potential to deliver MIYCN counseling was highly variable. Having at least four ANC contacts was significantly associated with consumption of 100+ iron folic acid tablets in all countries. Rates of early initiation of breastfeeding (18% Pakistan to 90% Sri Lanka) were lower than institutional delivery rates, except for Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. PNC contact within 48 h of birth was positively correlated with exclusive breastfeeding in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka (OR 1.4, 3.1, 3.2). Health worker contacts and wealth status equally influenced child's dietary diversity in India. MIYCN services were add-on roles for community-based workers, except in India. Supervision mechanisms exist but were not focused on quality of MIYCN services. Counseling resources were predominantly paper based (>70%), had rural-focused messaging on diets and mainly targeted women. Platforms to engage men were largely missing. Health management information systems included indicators on maternal contact points in all countries but not for children. Assessing funding for MIYCN counseling was challenging as costs were subsumed across several budget line-items. Discussion The research findings can be used to (1) align country guidance with global recommendations, (2) review workforce responsibilities and capacity building with supervision, (3) assess the need for new counseling materials based on coverage of content, service providers and audience, (4) integrate MIYCN counseling indicators in information systems and (5) include MIYCN counseling services with activities and budget in country plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Bhanot
- Alive & Thrive, FHI360/FHI Solutions, New Delhi, India
| | - Vani Sethi
- UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Zivai Murira
- UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Sebanti Ghosh
- Alive & Thrive, FHI360/FHI Solutions, New Delhi, India
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Rahman M, Haque SE, Islam MJ, Chau NH, Adam IF, Haque MN. The double burden of maternal overweight and short stature and the likelihood of cesarean deliveries in South Asia: An analysis of national datasets from Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, and Pakistan. Birth 2022; 49:661-674. [PMID: 35352380 DOI: 10.1111/birt.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to investigate: (a) whether there is an association between the maternal double burden of overweight and short stature and the risk of cesarean delivery and (b) whether socioeconomic status (SES) acts as a moderator in the association between the maternal double burden of overweight and short stature and the risk of cesarean birth (CB). MATERIALS AND METHODS The data for this study were obtained from the nationally representative Demographic and Health Survey databases of five South Asian countries. The analyses were based on responses from married women between 15 and 49 years of age. The risk of CB was the primary outcome, while the maternal double burden of overweight and short stature (coexistence of overweight and short stature) was the exposure of interest. RESULTS Maternal double burden of overweight and short stature was significantly associated with 179% higher likelihood of undergoing CB in South Asia (SA), with 304%, 200%, 167%, 155%, and 125% higher likelihood of undergoing CB in Nepal, Pakistan, India, Maldives, and Bangladesh, respectively. Findings also demonstrated that mothers belonging to low SES groups with a double overweight and short stature burden were not uniquely disadvantaged. CONCLUSIONS A significant marker in SA of higher risk of CB is the maternal double burden of overweight and short stature. The negative effect of the maternal double burden of overweight and short stature extends across all economic backgrounds in relation to the risk of CB. It is not limited to poor mothers who suffer from the double burden of overweight and short stature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosiur Rahman
- Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Syed Emdadul Haque
- Department of Research and Training, UChicago Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Jahirul Islam
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia.,Skills for Employment Investment Program, Ministry of Finance, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nguyen Huu Chau
- Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | | | - Md Nuruzzaman Haque
- Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
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Srivastava U, Pandey A, Singh P, Singh KK. A study on initiation of postpartum family planning in India based on NFHS-4: does urban poor differ significantly from rural? BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:472. [PMID: 36434590 PMCID: PMC9701066 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-02042-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the differentials of postpartum contraceptive adoption between rural and urban poor after adjusting for utilization of MCH services and other selected socioeconomic and demographic covariates. METHODS The data for this study is taken from the 4th round of NFHS survey conducted in India during 2015-16. The analysis is limited to 125,340 currently married women whose menses had returned at the time of survey. Discrete time complementary log-log multilevel model was applied. RESULTS: The results clearly indicate that women from rural areas had a lower chance of early initiation of modern spacing methods after having recent birth as compare to that of Urban Poor and Urban non-poor areas. The contributions of several socioeconomic and demographic characteristics that were important for family planning practice were also highlighted in this study. CONCLUSION There is an urgent need of designing an intervention that will result in effective delivery of services to achieve the greatest impact. Policy planners must focus on targeted interventions for family planning use in the postpartum period than simply focusing on family planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjaval Srivastava
- grid.454780.a0000 0001 0683 2228Indian Statistical Service, Government of India, Mumbai, India
| | - Arvind Pandey
- grid.496666.d0000 0000 9698 7401National Institute of Medical Statistics, ICMR, New Delhi, Ansari Nagar India
| | - Pragya Singh
- grid.411507.60000 0001 2287 8816Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Kumar S, Jacob SR, Mir RR, Vikas VK, Kulwal P, Chandra T, Kaur S, Kumar U, Kumar S, Sharma S, Singh R, Prasad S, Singh AM, Singh AK, Kumari J, Saharan MS, Bhardwaj SC, Prasad M, Kalia S, Singh K. Indian Wheat Genomics Initiative for Harnessing the Potential of Wheat Germplasm Resources for Breeding Disease-Resistant, Nutrient-Dense, and Climate-Resilient Cultivars. Front Genet 2022; 13:834366. [PMID: 35846116 PMCID: PMC9277310 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.834366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat is one of the major staple cereal food crops in India. However, most of the wheat-growing areas experience several biotic and abiotic stresses, resulting in poor quality grains and reduced yield. To ensure food security for the growing population in India, there is a compelling need to explore the untapped genetic diversity available in gene banks for the development of stress-resistant/tolerant cultivars. The improvement of any crop lies in exploring and harnessing the genetic diversity available in its genetic resources in the form of cultivated varieties, landraces, wild relatives, and related genera. A huge collection of wheat genetic resources is conserved in various gene banks across the globe. Molecular and phenotypic characterization followed by documentation of conserved genetic resources is a prerequisite for germplasm utilization in crop improvement. The National Genebank of India has an extensive and diverse collection of wheat germplasm, comprising Indian wheat landraces, primitive cultivars, breeding lines, and collection from other countries. The conserved germplasm can contribute immensely to the development of wheat cultivars with high levels of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Breeding wheat varieties that can give high yields under different stress environments has not made much headway due to high genotypes and environmental interaction, non-availability of truly resistant/tolerant germplasm, and non-availability of reliable markers linked with the QTL having a significant impact on resistance/tolerance. The development of new breeding technologies like genomic selection (GS), which takes into account the G × E interaction, will facilitate crop improvement through enhanced climate resilience, by combining biotic and abiotic stress resistance/tolerance and maximizing yield potential. In this review article, we have summarized different constraints being faced by Indian wheat-breeding programs, challenges in addressing biotic and abiotic stresses, and improving quality and nutrition. Efforts have been made to highlight the wealth of Indian wheat genetic resources available in our National Genebank and their evaluation for the identification of trait-specific germplasm. Promising genotypes to develop varieties of important targeted traits and the development of different genomics resources have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Sundeep Kumar,
| | - Sherry R. Jacob
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Reyazul Rouf Mir
- Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-Kashmir), Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - V. K. Vikas
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Pawan Kulwal
- State Level Biotechnology Centre, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, India
| | - Tilak Chandra
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Satinder Kaur
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Uttam Kumar
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia, Ludhiana, India
| | - Suneel Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Shailendra Sharma
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh
| | - Ravinder Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (SKUAST-Jammu), Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sai Prasad
- Indian Agriculture Research Institute Regional Research Station, Indore, India
| | - Anju Mahendru Singh
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Kumari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - M. S. Saharan
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Manoj Prasad
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Kalia
- Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
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Chattopadhyay B, Paul B, Bandyopadhyay L, Bhattacharyya M. Nutritional Status and Intra-household Food Distribution Among Reproductive-Age-Group Women in a Slum Area of Hooghly District, West Bengal: A Mixed-Methods Approach. Cureus 2022; 14:e24225. [PMID: 35602827 PMCID: PMC9117825 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Malnutrition among women of reproductive age (WRA), especially those living in slum areas, is one of the most concerning nutritional issues because of the extreme nutritional stress they face in the form of inequitable intra-household food distribution (IHFD). This study aimed to assess the nutritional status (NS) and its association with IHFD among reproductive-age-group women along with exploring the perspectives of the stakeholders regarding inequitable food distribution. Materials and methods The quantitative part of the convergent parallel mixed-methods design study was conducted among 150 WRA, selected by cluster random sampling from 15 slum areas of Hooghly District, between December 2020 and May 2021. Data were collected using a predesigned pretested schedule with anthropometric measurements. IHFD was quantified by the relative dietary energy adequacy ratio (RDEAR). Ordinal logistic regression was performed to obtain adjusted-proportional odds ratios (aPOR) for higher categories of NS (underweight: reference category). Stratified subgroup analysis was done to assess the influencers of IHFD. For the qualitative part, in-depth interviews were conducted with eight purposively selected in-laws of study participants, and the data were interpreted by thematic analysis. Results The mean age of the study participants was 28.6±6.3 years. The proportion of malnutrition and inequitable IHFD (RDEAR<1) among them was 50% and 46%, respectively. Higher categories of NS were found to be significantly associated with an increase in RDEAR (aPOR=22.6, 95% CI: 2.75-185.45, p-value=0.004). Among underweight and normal NS women, those who were earning members and directly involved in food preparation/production had a greater allocation of food within their households. Physiological intolerance, incapacity of earning, and traditional customs were the most recurring themes transcribed as the barriers to equitable food distribution. Conclusion A high magnitude of malnutrition and its association with inequitable IHFD among WRA warrant policy-level support to increase women's employment opportunities and address gender-based inequities through comprehensive information education communication (IEC) techniques as well.
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Choedon T, Dinachandra K, Sethi V, Kumar P. Screening and Management of Maternal Malnutrition in Nutritional Rehabilitation Centers as a Routine Service: A Feasibility Study in Kalawati Saran Children Hospital, New Delhi. Indian J Community Med 2021; 46:241-246. [PMID: 34321734 PMCID: PMC8281876 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_491_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In India, Nutrition Rehabilitation Centers (NRCs) established at public health facilities provide residential medical nutrition therapy for severe acute malnutrition (SAM) children with complications. A large proportion of their mothers are also malnourished. NRCs do not provide services to such mothers as part of routine practice. However, technical algorithm for delivering Maternal Nutrition (MN) services in facility settings is available. Objectives: To test the practical feasibility of layering the MN services in NRC as a routine service. Methods: The MN services were delivered by a nutrition counselor using a triage approach (assess, classify, supplement/counsel/treat). All mothers received diet, micronutrients, and group counseling, those at nutritional risk received individual counseling and SAM mothers also received catch-up diet during their stay. Program data were collected from mothers during January 1 to August 31, 2019 at the NRC in Kalawati Saran Children Hospital. To gain operational insights, a structured interview with nutrition counselor was conducted. Results: Out of 168 mothers, 8% were found to be pregnant and 89% were at nutrition or medical risk. The prevalence of short stature was 18%, severe/thin 21%, overweight/obese 34%, and anemic 72%. Feedback from the nutrition counselor indicated no operational challenges, however, further efforts to ensure that mothers keep coming back for follow-up visits is needed. Conclusion: The findings indicated that existing staffs were able to deliver the MN services within the time, cost, and regime of the routine NRC. This paper provides four recommendations for layering the MN services in NRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tashi Choedon
- National Centre of Excellence and Advanced Research on Diets, Lady Irwin College, New Delhi, India
| | - Konsam Dinachandra
- National Centre of Excellence and Advanced Research on Diets, Lady Irwin College, New Delhi, India
| | - Vani Sethi
- Nutrition Division, Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, Associated Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, Associated Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
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Chopra M, Kaur N, Singh KD, Maria Jacob C, Divakar H, Babu GR, Hong Nguyen P, Bhanot A, Sabharwal M, Deb S, Baswal D, Louise Killeen S, McAuliffe FM, Hanson MA, Sethi V. Population estimates, consequences, and risk factors of obesity among pregnant and postpartum women in India: Results from a national survey and policy recommendations. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2020; 151 Suppl 1:57-67. [PMID: 32894592 PMCID: PMC7590096 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of maternal obesity; and provide evidence on current policies and programs to manage maternal obesity in India. METHODS This is a mixed-methods study. We analyzed the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4 data (2015-16) to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of obesity, followed by a desk review of literature and stakeholder mapping with interviews to develop policy guidance. RESULTS National prevalence of obesity (defined by WHO as body mass index ≥25) was comparable among pregnant (12%) and postpartum women (13%) ≥20 years of age. A high prevalence of obesity (>40%) was observed in over 30 districts in multiple states. Older maternal age, urban residence, increasing wealth quintile, and secondary education were associated with increased odds of obesity among pregnant and postpartum women; higher education increased odds among postpartum women only (OR 1.90; 95% CI, 1.44-2.52). Dietary variables were not associated with obesity. Several implementation challenges across healthcare system blocks were observed at policy level. CONCLUSION Overall prevalence of obesity in India during and after pregnancy is high, with huge variation across districts. Policy and programs must be state-specific focusing on prevention, screening, and management of obesity among pregnant and postpartum women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Chopra
- National Centre of Excellence and Advanced Research on Diets, Department of Food and Nutrition, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Naman Kaur
- National Centre of Excellence and Advanced Research on Diets, Department of Food and Nutrition, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Konsam Dinachandra Singh
- National Centre of Excellence and Advanced Research on Diets, Department of Food and Nutrition, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Chandni Maria Jacob
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Giridhara R Babu
- Department of Epidemiology, Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Arti Bhanot
- National Centre of Excellence and Advanced Research on Diets, Department of Food and Nutrition, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Manisha Sabharwal
- National Centre of Excellence and Advanced Research on Diets, Department of Food and Nutrition, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sila Deb
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinesh Baswal
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarah Louise Killeen
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, School of Medicine, National Maternity Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fionnuala M McAuliffe
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, School of Medicine, National Maternity Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark A Hanson
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Vani Sethi
- Nutrition Section, United Nations Children's Fund, New Delhi, India
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Sethi V, de Wagt A, Bhanot A, Singh KD, Agarwal P, Murira Z, Bhatia S, Baswal D, Unisa S, Subramanian SV. Levels and determinants of malnutrition among India's urban poor women: An analysis of Demographic Health Surveys 2006 and 2016. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2020; 16:e12978. [PMID: 32141172 PMCID: PMC7296805 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A quarter of 400 million urban Indian residents are poor. Urban poor women are as undernourished as or worse than rural women but urban averages mask this disparity. We present the spectrum of malnutrition and their determinants for more than 26,000 urban women who gave birth within 5 years from the last two rounds of Demographic Health Survey 2006 and 2016. Among urban mothers in the lowest quartile by wealth index (urban poor), 12.8% (95% CI [11.3%, 14.5%]) were short or with height < 145 cm; 20.6% (95% CI [19%, 22.3%]) were thin or with body mass index < 18.5 kg/m2 ; 57.4% (95% CI [55.5%, 59.3%]) had any anaemia (haemoglobin < 12 g/dL), whereas 32.4% (95% CI [30.5%, 34.3%]) had moderate to severe anaemia; and 21.1% (95% CI [19.3%, 23%]) were obese (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 ). Decadal gains were significant for thinness reduction (17p.p.) but obesity increased by 12 p.p. Belonging to a tribal household increased odds of thinness by 1.5 (95% CI [1.06, 2.18]) times among urban poor mothers compared with other socially vulnerable groups. Secondary education reduced odds of thinness (0.61; 95% CI [0.48, 0.77]) and higher education of short stature (0.41; 95% CI [0.18, 0.940]). Consuming milk/milk products, pulses/beans/eggs/meats, and dark green leafy vegetables daily reduced the odds of short stature (0.52; 95% CI [0.35, 0.78]) and thinness (0.72; 95% CI [0.54, 0.98]). Urban poor mothers should be screened for nutritional risks due to the high prevalence of all forms of malnutrition and counselled or treated as per risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani Sethi
- Nutrition Section, UNICEF India, Country Office, New Delhi, India
| | - Arjan de Wagt
- Nutrition Section, UNICEF India, Country Office, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Praween Agarwal
- Nutrition Section, UNICEF India, Country Office, New Delhi, India
| | - Zivai Murira
- Regional Office for South Asia, UNICEF, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Salima Bhatia
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, India
| | - Dinesh Baswal
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, India
| | - Sayeed Unisa
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - S V Subramanian
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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