1
|
Healy R, Truong C, Castellano M, Bonito G, Trappe J, Caiafa M, Mujic A, Nouhra E, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Smith M. Re-examination of the Southern Hemisphere truffle genus Amylascus ( Pezizaceae, Ascomycota) and characterization of the sister genus Nothoamylascus gen. nov. PERSOONIA 2023; 51:125-151. [PMID: 38665981 PMCID: PMC11041901 DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2023.51.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Amylascus is a genus of ectomycorrhizal truffles within Pezizaceae that is known from Australia and contains only two described species, A. herbertianus and A. tasmanicus. Species of Amylascus are closely related to truffles (Pachyphlodes, Luteoamylascus) and cup fungi (Plicariella) from the Northern Hemisphere. Here we reevaluate the species diversity of Amylascus and related taxa from southern South America and Australia based on new morphological and molecular data. We identify previously undocumented diversity and morphological variability in ascospore color, ascospore ornamentation, hymenial construction, epithecium structure and the amyloid reaction of the ascus in Melzer's reagent. We redescribe two Amylascus species from Australia and describe seven new Amylascus species, five from South America and two from Australia. This is the first report of Amylascus species from South America. We also describe the new South American genus Nothoamylascus as sister lineage to the Pachyphlodes-Amylascus-Luteoamylascus clade (including Amylascus, Luteoamylascus, Pachyphlodes, and Plicariella). We obtained ITS sequences of mitotic spore mats from Nothoamylascus erubescens gen. & sp. nov. and four of the seven newly described Amylascus species, providing the first evidence of mitotic spore mats in Amylascus. Additional ITS sequences from mitotic spore mats reveal the presence of nine additional undescribed Amylascus and one Nothoamylascus species that do not correspond to any sampled ascomata. We also identify three additional undescribed Amylascus species based on environmental sequences from the feces of two grounddwelling bird species from Chile, Scelorchilus rubecula and Pteroptochos tarnii. Our results indicate that ascomata from Amylascus and Nothoamylascus species are rarely collected, but molecular data from ectomycorrhizal roots and mitotic spore mats indicate that these species are probably common and widespread in southern South America. Finally, we present a time-calibrated phylogeny that is consistent with a late Gondwanan distribution. The time since the most recent common ancestor of: 1) the family Pezizaceae had a mean of 276 Ma (217-337 HPD); 2) the Amylascus-Pachyphlodes-Nothoamylascus-Luteoamylascus clade had a mean of 79 Ma (60-100 HPD); and 3) the Amylascus-Pachyphlodes clade had a mean of 50 Ma (38-62 HPD). The crown age of Pachyphlodes had a mean of 39 Ma (25-42 HPD) and Amylascus had a mean age of 28 Ma (20-37 HPD), falling near the Eocene-Oligocene boundary and the onset of the Antarctic glaciation (c. 35 Ma). Citation: Healy RA, Truong C, Castellano MA, et al. 2023. Re-examination of the Southern Hemisphere truffle genus Amylascus (Pezizaceae, Ascomycota) and characterization of the sister genus Nothoamylascus gen. nov. Persoonia 51: 125-151. doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2023.51.03.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R.A. Healy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - C. Truong
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | | | - G. Bonito
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - J. Trappe
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - M.V. Caiafa
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - A.B. Mujic
- Department of Biology, California State University at Fresno, Fresno, California 93740, USA
| | - E. Nouhra
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - S. Sánchez-Ramírez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - M.E. Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nguyen NH. Fungal Hyphosphere Microbiomes Are Distinct from Surrounding Substrates and Show Consistent Association Patterns. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0470822. [PMID: 36939352 PMCID: PMC10100729 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04708-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mat-forming fungi are common in forest and grassland soils across the world, where their activity contributes to important soil ecological processes. These fungi maintain dominance through aggressive and abundant hyphae that modify their internal physical and chemical environments and through these modifications select for what appears to be a suite of mycophilic bacteria. Here, the bacteria associated with the fungal mats of Leucopaxillus gentianeus and Leucopaxillus albissimus from western North America are compared to adjacent nonmat substrates. Within the mats, the bacterial richness and diversity were significantly reduced, and the community composition was significantly different. The bacterial community structure between the two fungal hosts was marginally significant and indicated a shared set of bacterial associates. The genera Burkholderia, Streptomyces, Bacillus, Paenibacillus, and Mycobacterium were significantly abundant within the fungal mats and represent core members of these hypha-rich environments. Comparison with the literature from fungal mat studies worldwide showed that these genera are common and often significantly found within fungal mats, further reinforcing the concept of a mycophilic bacterial guild. These genera are incorporated into a synthesis discussion in the context of our current understanding of the nature of fungal-bacterial interactions and the potential outcomes of these interactions in soil nutrient cycling, plant productivity, and human health. IMPORTANCE Fungi and bacteria are the most abundant and diverse organisms in soils (perhaps more so than any other habitat on earth), and together these microorganisms contribute to broad soil ecosystem processes. There is a suite of bacteria that appears consistently within the physical space called the hyphosphere, the area of influence surrounding fungal hyphae. How these bacteria are selected for, how they are maintained, and what broader ecological functions they perform are subjects of interest in this relatively new field-the cross-kingdom interactions between fungi and bacteria. Understanding their cooccurrence and their interactions can open new realms of understanding in soil ecological processes with global consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nhu H. Nguyen
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ultrastructure and Physiological Characterization of Morchella Mitospores and Their Relevance in the Understanding of the Morel Life Cycle. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020345. [PMID: 36838309 PMCID: PMC9960803 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Morels, which belong to the Ascomycete genus Morchella, are highly valued edible fungi treasured by gourmet chefs worldwide. Some species are saprotrophic and others are able to form facultative mycorrhizal-like associations with plant roots without establishing true ectomycorrhizal symbioses. In general, it is considered that the formation of asexual spores, or mitospores, is an important step in the life cycle of morels. However, ultrastructure characterization and physiological attributes of morel mitospores have received little attention. In this contribution, the mitospores of M. sextelata were successfully induced under laboratory conditions and their ultrastructure, occurrence, germination, physiological characteristics and mating type gene structure were studied. Mitospore production was closely related to aeration, nutrition and humidity conditions. The average germination rate of mitospores on different media and under various induction stimuli was very low, with an average of 1/100,000. Based on the ultrastructure characterization, low germination rate, growth rate decline, rapid aging and mating genotyping, it was concluded that the mitospores of M. sextelata had lost their conventional function as conidia and might act more as mate sperm-like (gamete) structures. Thus, this study contributed to a deeper understanding of the life cycle of the economically and ecologically important morel fungal group.
Collapse
|
4
|
Phylogenetic Analyses of Hydnobolites and New Species from China. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121302. [PMID: 36547635 PMCID: PMC9784535 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydnobolites is an ectomycorrhizal fungal genus with hypogeous ascomata in the family Pezizaceae (Pezizales). Molecular analyses of Hydnobolites using both single (ITS) and concatenated gene datasets (ITS-nLSU) showed a total of 223 sequences, including 92 newly gained sequences from Chinese specimens. Phylogenetic results based on these two datasets revealed seven distinct phylogenetic clades. Among them, the ITS phylogenetic tree confirmed the presence of at least 42 phylogenetic species in Hydnobolites. Combined the morphological observations with molecular analyses, five new species of Hydnobolites translucidus sp. nov., H. subrufus sp. nov., H. lini sp. nov., H. sichuanensis sp. nov. and H. tenuiperidius sp. nov., and one new record species of H. cerebriformis Tul., were illustrated from Southwest China. Macro- and micro-morphological analyses of ascomata revealed a few, but diagnostic differences between the H. cerebriformis complex, while the similarities of the ITS sequences ranged from 94.4 to 97.2% resulting in well-supported clades.
Collapse
|
5
|
Nakano S, Obase K, Nakamura N, Kinoshita A, Kuroda K, Yamanaka T. Mitospore formation on pure cultures of Tuber japonicum (Tuberaceae, Pezizales) in vitro. MYCORRHIZA 2022; 32:353-360. [PMID: 35641704 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-022-01082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The members of the genus Tuber are Ascomycota that form ectomycorrhizal associations with various coniferous and broadleaf tree species. In the teleomorphic stage, the species of the genus produce fruit bodies known as true truffles. Recent studies have discovered mitosporic structures, including spore mats, of several Tuber species on forest soils, indicating the presence of a cryptic anamorphic stage or an unknown reproductive strategy. Here, we report in vitro mitospore formation on the mycelium of T. japonicum, which belongs to the Japonicum clade, collected in several regions in Japan. Twenty of the 25 strains formed mitospores on modified Melin-Norkrans agar medium, indicating that mitospore formation is likely a common trait among strains of T. japonicum. The fungus forms repeatedly branched conidiophores on aerial hyphae on colonies and generates holoblastic mitospores sympodially on the terminal and near apical parts and/or occasionally on the middle and basal parts of the conidiogenous cells. Mitospores are hyaline and elliptical, obovate, oblong, or occasionally bacilliform, with a vacuole and often distinct hilar appendices. Formation of mitospores by T. japonicum in vitro is useful in understanding the functions of mitospores in the genus Tuber under controlled environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Nakano
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
- Mushroom Research Laboratory, Hokuto Corporation, 800-8 Shimokomazawa, Nagano, 381-0008, Japan
| | - Keisuke Obase
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan.
| | - Noritaka Nakamura
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kinoshita
- Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 4-11-16 Kurokami, Chuo, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 860-0862, Japan
| | - Katsushi Kuroda
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 92-25 Nabeyashiki, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate, 020-0123, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lemmond BR, Healy RA, Bonito G, Smith ME. Tuber eburneum and Tuber mujicii: New pine-associated Tuber species from eastern North America. Mycologia 2022; 114:575-586. [PMID: 35482507 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2022.2037338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The ectomycorrhizal truffle genus Tuber is widespread and diverse. Recent sampling of ascomata, ectomycorrhizal root tips, and environmental sequences has resulted in the identification of many Tuber species that cannot be assigned to described species and require formal description. Using morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis, we describe two North American Tuber species associated with pines (Pinus spp.). Tuber eburneum, sp. nov., is an early-diverging taxon in the Melanosporum clade that differs substantially from all other taxa in that clade due to its light-colored peridium and gleba, lack of peridial warts, and peridial hairs that are ornamented with small, irregular protrusions. Tuber mujicii, sp. nov., is a whitish truffle species in the Puberulum clade. Although T. mujicii is morphologically similar to many related taxa, it can be distinguished by a combination of characters, including peridium color, spore size, number of ascospores per ascus, and number of reticulations across the spore surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Lemmond
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Rd., Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Rosanne A Healy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Rd., Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Gregory Bonito
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Matthew E Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Rd., Gainesville, Florida 32611
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nahberger TU, Benucci GMN, Kraigher H, Grebenc T. Effect of earthworms on mycorrhization, root morphology and biomass of silver fir seedlings inoculated with black summer truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.). Sci Rep 2021; 11:6167. [PMID: 33731841 PMCID: PMC7971050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Tuber have gained a lot of attention in recent decades due to their aromatic hypogenous fruitbodies, which can bring high prices on the market. The tendency in truffle production is to infect oak, hazel, beech, etc. in greenhouse conditions. We aimed to show whether silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) can be an appropriate host partner for commercial mycorrhization with truffles, and how earthworms in the inoculation substrate would affect the mycorrhization dynamics. Silver fir seedlings inoculated with Tuber. aestivum were analyzed for root system parameters and mycorrhization, how earthworms affect the bare root system, and if mycorrhization parameters change when earthworms are added to the inoculation substrate. Seedlings were analyzed 6 and 12 months after spore inoculation. Mycorrhization with or without earthworms revealed contrasting effects on fine root biomass and morphology of silver fir seedlings. Only a few of the assessed fine root parameters showed statistically significant response, namely higher fine root biomass and fine root tip density in inoculated seedlings without earthworms 6 months after inoculation, lower fine root tip density when earthworms were added, the specific root tip density increased in inoculated seedlings without earthworms 12 months after inoculation, and general negative effect of earthworm on branching density. Silver fir was confirmed as a suitable host partner for commercial mycorrhization with truffles, with 6% and 35% mycorrhization 6 months after inoculation and between 36% and 55% mycorrhization 12 months after inoculation. The effect of earthworms on mycorrhization of silver fir with Tuber aestivum was positive only after 6 months of mycorrhization, while this effect disappeared and turned insignificantly negative after 12 months due to the secondary effect of grazing on ectomycorrhizal root tips.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gian Maria Niccolò Benucci
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 426 Auditorium Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Hojka Kraigher
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tine Grebenc
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Truffles: Biodiversity, Ecological Significances, and Biotechnological Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
9
|
Genotypic diversity of the Asiatic black truffle, Tuber himalayense, collected in spontaneous and highly productive truffle grounds. Mycol Prog 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-020-01642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
10
|
Wang XC, Liu TZ, Chen SL, Li Y, Zhuang WY. A four-locus phylogeny of rib-stiped cupulate species of Helvella (Helvellaceae, Pezizales) with discovery of three new species. MycoKeys 2019; 60:45-67. [PMID: 31723337 PMCID: PMC6838221 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.60.38186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helvella species are ascomycetous macrofungi with saddle-shaped or cupulate apothecia. They are distributed worldwide and play an important ecological role as ectomycorrhizal symbionts. A recent multi-locus phylogenetic study of the genus suggested that the cupulate group of Helvella was in need of comprehensive revision. In this study, all the specimens of cupulate Helvella sensu lato with ribbed stipes deposited in HMAS were examined morphologically and molecularly. A four-locus phylogeny was reconstructed using partial sequences of the heat shock protein 90, nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer region 2, nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA and translation elongation factor 1-α genes. Three clades were revealed in Helvella sensu stricto. Twenty species were included in the analysis, of which 13 are distributed in China. Three new species, H.acetabuloides, H.sichuanensis and H.tianshanensis, are described and illustrated in detail. A neotype was designated for H.taiyuanensis. Helvellacalycina is a new record for China, while Dissingialeucomelaena should be excluded from Chinese mycota. Hsp90 and ITS2 are recommended as useful supplementary barcodes for species identifications of the genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Cun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Tie-Zhi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, China Chifeng University Chifeng China
| | - Shuang-Lin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Wen-Ying Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Leonardi P, Murat C, Puliga F, Iotti M, Zambonelli A. Ascoma genotyping and mating type analyses of mycorrhizas and soil mycelia of Tuber borchii in a truffle orchard established by mycelial inoculated plants. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:964-975. [PMID: 31393668 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tuber borchii (the Bianchetto truffle) is a heterothallic Ascomycete living in symbiotic association with trees and shrubs. Maternal and paternal genotype dynamics have already been studied for the black truffles Tuber melanosporum and Tuber aestivum but not yet for T. borchii. In this study, we analysed maternal and paternal genotypes in the first truffle orchard realized with plants inoculated with five different T. borchii mycelia. Our aims were to test the persistence of the inoculated mycelia, if maternal and/or paternal genotypes correspond to inoculated mycelia and to assess the hermaphroditism of T. borchii. The mating type of each isolate as well as those of mycorrhizas, ascomata and extraradical soil mycelia was determined. Moreover, simple sequence repeat (SSR) profiles of maternal and paternal genotypes were assessed in 18 fruiting bodies to investigate the sexual behaviour of this truffle. The maternal genotypes of the fruiting bodies corresponded to those of the inoculated mycelia with only two exceptions. This confirmed that the inoculated mycelia persisted 9 years after plantation. As regards paternal partner, only two had the same genotype as those of the inoculated mycelia, suggesting hermaphroditism. Most of the new paternal genotypes originated from a recombination of those of inoculated mycelia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Leonardi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claude Murat
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR IAM, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Federico Puliga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, 67100, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zambonelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Leonardi M, Paz-Conde A, Guevara G, Salvi D, Pacioni G. Two new species of Tuber previously reported as Tuber malacodermum. Mycologia 2019; 111:676-689. [PMID: 31107638 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1603777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent collections of Tuber malacodermum from Spain, Corsica, and Mexico were compared in an integrative morphological and molecular phylogenetic framework, including study of type material. Phylogenetic analyses of nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS) and nuc 28S rDNA (28S) regions showed that specimens from Spain and Corsica form a monophyletic group closely related to T. melosporum and T. rufum, whereas Mexican specimens form a clade within the T. lyonii species complex. Peridium and ascospore morphology contribute clear morphological distinctions among specimens from Spain and Corsica, Mexico, and the type specimen of T. malacodermum. Based on results of the morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, we assigned the specimens from Spain and Corsica to Tuber pustulatum, sp. nov., and the Mexican specimens to Tuber theleascum, sp. nov. We restrict T. malacodermum to the sole type material. Formal descriptions and illustrations of these taxa are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Leonardi
- a Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Aurelia Paz-Conde
- b Carrer Vall-Ter 791, apdo. correos 6, Caldes de Malavella , 17455, Girona , Spain
| | - Gonzalo Guevara
- c Instituto Tecnológico de Cd. Victoria, Bldv. Emilio, Portel Gil No. 1301 Pte., C.P. 87010, Cd. Victoria , Tamaulipas , México
| | - Daniele Salvi
- a Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.,d CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto , Campus de Vairão , Vairão , Portugal
| | - Giovanni Pacioni
- a Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kraisitudomsook N, Healy RA, Mujic AB, Pfister DH, Nouhra ER, Smith ME. Systematic study of truffles in the genus Ruhlandiella, with the description of two new species from Patagonia. Mycologia 2019; 111:477-492. [PMID: 30933659 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1574490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ruhlandiella is a genus of exothecial, ectomycorrhizal fungi in the order Pezizales. Ascomata of exothecial fungi typically lack a peridium and are covered with a hymenial layer instead. Ruhlandiella species have nonoperculate asci and highly ornamented ascospores. The genus was first described by Hennings in 1903 to include the single species, R. berolinensis. Since then, mycologists have uncovered Ruhlandiella species in many locations around the globe, including Australia, Spain, Italy, and the USA. Currently, there are four recognized species: R. berolinensis, R. peregrina, R. reticulata, and R. truncata. All were found near Eucalyptus or Melaleuca trees of Australasian origin. Recently, we discovered two new species of Ruhlandiella in Nothofagaceae forests in South America. They regularly form mitotic spore mats directly on soil in the forests of Patagonia. Here, we formally describe these new species and construct the phylogeny of Ruhlandiella and related genera using a multilocus phylogenetic analysis. We also revise the taxonomy of Ruhlandiella and provide an identification key to accepted species of Ruhlandiella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosanne A Healy
- a Department of Plant Pathology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611
| | - Alija B Mujic
- a Department of Plant Pathology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611
| | - Donald H Pfister
- b Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138
| | - Eduardo R Nouhra
- c Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cordoba , Cordoba 5000 , CC 495 , Argentina
| | - Matthew E Smith
- a Department of Plant Pathology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Four new species of Hydnobolites (sequestrate Pezizaceae, Ascomycota) from China. Mycol Prog 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-018-01465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
15
|
Grupe AC, Sulzbacher MA, Grebenc T, Healy R, Bonito G, Smith ME. Tuber brennemanii and Tuber floridanum: Two new Tuber species are among the most commonly detected ectomycorrhizal taxa within commercial pecan (Carya illinoinensis) orchards. Mycologia 2018; 110:780-790. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2018.1490121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur C. Grupe
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Marcelo A. Sulzbacher
- Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, 971050-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tine Grebenc
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rosanne Healy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Gregory Bonito
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Matthew E. Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
DNA analysis reveals rich diversity of Hydnotrya with emphasis on the species found in China. Mycol Prog 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-018-1425-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
17
|
Guevara-Guerrero G, Bonito G, Smith ME, Healy R, Grupe AC, Cázares E, Castellano MA, Trappe JM. Tuber aztecorum sp. nov., a truffle species from Mexico belonging to the Maculatum clade (Tuberaceae, Pezizales). MycoKeys 2018:61-72. [PMID: 29681733 PMCID: PMC5904530 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.30.22887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of truffle, T. aztecorum, is described from central Mexico. Tuber aztecorum can be distinguished from other related Tuber species synoptically by a combination of morphological features including ascospore size, pellis cells with irregular thickness, cystidia, ascoma colour and associated host (Abies religiosa an endemic Abies species from central Mexico); sequence variation on the ITS rDNA also distinguishes T. aztecorum from related species. A phylogenetic analysis of the ITS rDNA demonstrates that T. aztecorum belongs to the Maculatum clade and is unique from other similar small, white-cream coloured Tuber species distributed in north-eastern Mexico such as T. castilloi and T. guevarai.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Guevara-Guerrero
- Instituto Tecnológico de Cd. Victoria, Av. Portes Gil 1301 Pte. C.P. 87010, Cd. Victoria Tam. México
| | - Gregory Bonito
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48825, USA
| | - Matthew E Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Rosanne Healy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Arthur C Grupe
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Efrén Cázares
- US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Michael A Castellano
- US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - James M Trappe
- US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
She W, Bai Y, Zhang Y, Qin S, Feng W, Sun Y, Zheng J, Wu B. Resource Availability Drives Responses of Soil Microbial Communities to Short-term Precipitation and Nitrogen Addition in a Desert Shrubland. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:186. [PMID: 29479346 PMCID: PMC5811472 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Desert microbes are expected to be substantially sensitive to global environmental changes, such as precipitation changes and elevated nitrogen deposition. However, the effects of precipitation changes and nitrogen enrichment on their diversity and community composition remain poorly understood. We conducted a field experiment over 2 years with multi-level precipitation and nitrogen addition in a desert shrubland of northern China, to examine the responses of soil bacteria and fungi in terms of diversity and community composition and to explore the roles of plant and soil factors in structuring microbial communities. Water addition significantly increased soil bacterial diversity and altered the community composition by increasing the relative abundances of stress-tolerant (dormant) taxa (e.g., Acidobacteria and Planctomycetes); however, nitrogen addition had no substantial effects. Increased precipitation and nitrogen did not impact soil fungal diversity, but significantly shifted the fungal community composition. Specifically, water addition reduced the relative abundances of drought-tolerant taxa (e.g., the orders Pezizales, Verrucariales, and Agaricales), whereas nitrogen enrichment decreased those of oligotrophic taxa (e.g., the orders Agaricales and Sordariales). Shifts in microbial community composition under water and nitrogen addition occurred primarily through changing resource availability rather than plant community. Our results suggest that water and nitrogen addition affected desert microbes in different ways, with watering shifting stress-tolerant traits and fertilization altering copiotrophic/oligotrophic traits of the microbial communities. These findings highlight the importance of resource availability in driving the desert microbial responses to short-term environmental changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei She
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxuan Bai
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shugao Qin
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Engineering Research Center of Forestry Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Sun
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
An ultrastructural study of spore wall development and septal pores in species of the Pachyphlodes (Pezizaceae, Pezizales) lineage, with a description of the new species Pachyphlodes annagardnerae. Mycol Prog 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-017-1348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
20
|
|
21
|
Ronnås C, Werth S, Ovaskainen O, Várkonyi G, Scheidegger C, Snäll T. Discovery of long-distance gamete dispersal in a lichen-forming ascomycete. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:216-226. [PMID: 28782804 PMCID: PMC5655791 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Accurate estimates of gamete and offspring dispersal range are required for the understanding and prediction of spatial population dynamics and species persistence. Little is known about gamete dispersal in fungi, especially in lichen-forming ascomycetes. Here, we estimate the dispersal functions of clonal propagules, gametes and ascospores of the epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria. We use hierarchical Bayesian parentage analysis, which integrates genetic and ecological information from multiannual colonization and dispersal source data collected in a large, old-growth forest landscape. The effective dispersal range of gametes is several hundred metres to kilometres from potential paternal individuals. By contrast, clonal propagules disperse only tens of metres, and ascospores disperse over several thousand metres. Our study reveals the dispersal distances of individual reproductive units; clonal propagules, gametes and ascospores, which is of great importance for a thorough understanding of the spatial dynamics of ascomycetes. Sexual reproduction occurs between distant individuals. However, whereas gametes and ascospores disperse over long distances, the overall rate of colonization of trees is low. Hence, establishment is the limiting factor for the colonization of new host trees by the lichen in old-growth landscapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ronnås
- Swedish Species Information CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesBox 7007UppsalaS‐75007Sweden
| | - Silke Werth
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of GrazHolteigasse 6Graz8010Austria
| | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of HelsinkiPO Box 65HelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
- Centre for Biodiversity DynamicsDepartment of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimN‐7491Norway
| | - Gergely Várkonyi
- Friendship Park Research CentreFinnish Environment Institute SYKELentiirantie 342BKuhmoFI‐88900Finland
| | - Christoph Scheidegger
- Swiss Federal Institute for ForestSnow and Landscape ResearchWSLZürcherstr. 111BirmensdorfCH‐8903Switzerland
| | - Tord Snäll
- Swedish Species Information CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesBox 7007UppsalaS‐75007Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ekanayaka AH, Ariyawansa HA, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Daranagama DA, Phillips AJL, Hongsanan S, Jayasiri SC, Zhao Q. DISCOMYCETES: the apothecial representatives of the phylum Ascomycota. FUNGAL DIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-017-0389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
23
|
De la Varga H, Le Tacon F, Lagoguet M, Todesco F, Varga T, Miquel I, Barry-Etienne D, Robin C, Halkett F, Martin F, Murat C. Five years investigation of female and male genotypes in périgord black truffle (Tuber melanosporum
Vittad.) revealed contrasted reproduction strategies. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:2604-2615. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herminia De la Varga
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE; INRA, Université de Lorraine; Champenoux F-54280 France
| | - François Le Tacon
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE; INRA, Université de Lorraine; Champenoux F-54280 France
| | - Mélanie Lagoguet
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE; INRA, Université de Lorraine; Champenoux F-54280 France
| | - Flora Todesco
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE; INRA, Université de Lorraine; Champenoux F-54280 France
| | - Torda Varga
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE; INRA, Université de Lorraine; Champenoux F-54280 France
| | - Igor Miquel
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE; INRA, Université de Lorraine; Champenoux F-54280 France
| | | | - Christophe Robin
- UMR 1121 Laboratoire Agronomie-Environnement, Nancy-Colmar; INRA, Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy 54518 France
| | - Fabien Halkett
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE; INRA, Université de Lorraine; Champenoux F-54280 France
| | - Francis Martin
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE; INRA, Université de Lorraine; Champenoux F-54280 France
| | - Claude Murat
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE; INRA, Université de Lorraine; Champenoux F-54280 France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kumar LM, Smith ME, Nouhra ER, Orihara T, Sandoval Leiva P, Pfister DH, McLaughlin DJ, Trappe JM, Healy RA. A molecular and morphological re-examination of the generic limits of truffles in the tarzetta-geopyxis lineage – Densocarpa, Hydnocystis, and Paurocotylis. Fungal Biol 2017; 121:264-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
25
|
New Insights into the Complex Relationship between Weight and Maturity of Burgundy Truffles (Tuber aestivum). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170375. [PMID: 28125633 PMCID: PMC5268403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an increasing demand for Burgundy truffles (Tuber aestivum), gaps remain in our understanding of the fungus’ overall lifecycle and ecology. Here, we compile evidence from three independent surveys in Hungary and Switzerland. First, we measured the weight and maturity of 2,656 T. aestivum fruit bodies from a three-day harvest in August 2014 in a highly productive orchard in Hungary. All specimens ranging between 2 and 755 g were almost evenly distributed through five maturation classes. Then, we measured the weight and maturity of another 4,795 T. aestivum fruit bodies harvested on four occasions between June and October 2015 in the same truffière. Again, different maturation stages occurred at varying fruit body size and during the entire fruiting season. Finally, the predominantly unrelated weight and maturity of 81 T. aestivum fruit bodies from four fruiting seasons between 2010 and 2013 in Switzerland confirmed the Hungarian results. The spatiotemporal coexistence of 7,532 small-ripe and large-unripe T. aestivum, which accumulate to ~182 kg, differs from species-specific associations between the size and ripeness that have been reported for other mushrooms. Although size-independent truffle maturation stages may possibly relate to the perpetual belowground environment, the role of mycelial connectivity, soil property, microclimatology, as well as other abiotic factors and a combination thereof, is still unclear. Despite its massive sample size and proof of concept, this study, together with existing literature, suggests consideration of a wider ecological and biogeographical range, as well as the complex symbiotic fungus-host interaction, to further illuminate the hidden development of belowground truffle fruit bodies.
Collapse
|
26
|
Carris LM, Peever TL, McCotter SW. Mitospore stages of Disciotis, Gyromitra and Morchella in the inland Pacific Northwest USA. Mycologia 2017; 107:729-44. [DOI: 10.3852/14-207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sean W. McCotter
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Molinier V, Murat C, Baltensweiler A, Büntgen U, Martin F, Meier B, Moser B, Sproll L, Stobbe U, Tegel W, Egli S, Peter M. Fine-scale genetic structure of natural Tuber aestivum sites in southern Germany. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:895-907. [PMID: 27460217 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although the Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum) is an ectomycorrhizal fungus of important economic value, its subterranean life cycle and population biology are still poorly understood. Here, we determine mating type and simple sequence repeat (SSR) maternal genotypes of mapped fruiting bodies to assess their genetic structure within two naturally colonized forest sites in southern Germany. Forty-one genotypes were identified from 112 fruiting bodies. According to their mating types, the maternal genotypes were aggregated only in one population. Genotypic diversity of individuals that mostly were small and occurred in 1 out of 2 years of sampling was high. Although these results suggested a ruderal colonization strategy, some genets spread several hundred meters. This result indicates that, besides sexual spore dispersal, vegetative growth or spreading by mycelial propagules contributes to dissemination. In one site, fewer individuals with a tendency to expand genets belonging to only one genetic group were observed. In the second site, numerous small individuals were found and were grouped into two clearly differentiated genetic groups that were spatially intermingled. Forest characteristics and disturbances are possible reasons for the observed genetic patterns. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the biology of one of the most widespread and commercially important truffle species. This knowledge is critical for establishing and maintaining sustainable long-term truffle cultivations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland.
| | - Claude Murat
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, F-54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Andri Baltensweiler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Bern, Switzerland
- Global Change Research Centre AS CR, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Francis Martin
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, F-54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Barbara Meier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Moser
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Willy Tegel
- Institute of Forest Sciences IWW, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Taschen E, Rousset F, Sauve M, Benoit L, Dubois MP, Richard F, Selosse MA. How the truffle got its mate: insights from genetic structure in spontaneous and planted Mediterranean populations ofTuber melanosporum. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:5611-5627. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Taschen
- CEFE UMR 5175; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE; 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution; Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE); Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Sorbonne Universités; 57 rue Cuvier (CP50) Paris 75005 France
| | - F. Rousset
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; Université de Montpellier; CNRS, IRD, EPHE CC 065; Place Eugène Bataillon Montpellier 34095 France
| | - M. Sauve
- CEFE UMR 5175; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE; 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
| | - L. Benoit
- CEFE UMR 5175; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE; 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
| | - M.-P. Dubois
- CEFE UMR 5175; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE; 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
| | - F. Richard
- CEFE UMR 5175; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE; 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
| | - M.-A. Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution; Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE); Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Sorbonne Universités; 57 rue Cuvier (CP50) Paris 75005 France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation; University of Gdansk; Wita Stwosza 59 Gdansk 80-308 Poland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Iotti M, Piattoni F, Leonardi P, Hall IR, Zambonelli A. First evidence for truffle production from plants inoculated with mycelial pure cultures. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:793-798. [PMID: 27103310 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0703-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Truffle (Tuber spp.) cultivation is based on raising mycorrhizal trees in greenhouses that have been inoculated with suspensions of ascospores. The problem with this is that pests, pathogens, and other mycorrhizal fungi can contaminate the trees. Furthermore, because ascospores are produced sexually, each plant potentially has a different genetic mycorrhizal makeup from each other so tailoring the mycorrhizal component of plants to suit a particular set of soil and climatic conditions is out of the question. Here, we report on the production of Tuber borchii-mycorrhized plants using pure cultures, establishing a truffière with these and subsequent production of its fruiting bodies. This study opens up the possibility of producing commercial numbers of Tuber-mycorrhized trees for truffle cultivation using mycelial inoculation techniques. It also poses questions about the mechanism of fertilization between the different strains which were located in different parts of the experimental truffière.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 1, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Federica Piattoni
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Bologna University, Viale Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pamela Leonardi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Bologna University, Viale Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ian R Hall
- Truffles and Mushrooms (Consulting) Ltd, P.O. Box 268, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Alessandra Zambonelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Bologna University, Viale Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Luteoamylascus aculeatus (Pezizomycetes, Pezizaceae): a new genus and species near the Pachyphlodes–Amylascus lineage. Mycol Prog 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-016-1177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
31
|
Bonito GM, Smith ME. General Systematic Position of the Truffles: Evolutionary Theories. SOIL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31436-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
|
32
|
Benucci GMN, Raggi L, Albertini E, Csorbai AG, Donnini D. Assessment of ectomycorrhizal biodiversity in Tuber macrosporum productive sites. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24:281-292. [PMID: 24232503 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tuber macrosporum Vittad. is a truffle with superb organoleptic properties, whose cultivation is still in its infancy. For the first time we have aimed to provide information on ectomycorrhizal communities in natural and cultivated T. macrosporum sites. Ectomycorrhizal morphotypes were identified using ITS nrDNA sequencing and sorted into molecular operational taxonomic unit (MOTU). We detected 16 MOTUs in the T. macrosporum cultivated plantation. Ascomycota were the most abundant (86.4%) with Helvellaceae, Pyronemataceae and Pezizaceae the most common. Twenty-two MOTUs were collected in the natural T. macrosporum site. Basidiomycota morphotypes were plentiful (70.6%) and Thelephoraceae dominated. Each site had different taxa belowground with only T. macrosporum in common, being more abundant in the natural (18.2%) than in the cultivated (14.4%) site. Species richness, Simpson and Shannon diversity indices, taxonomic diversity, distinctness and variation of taxonomic distinctness were lower in the cultivated than in the natural site.
Collapse
|
33
|
Sánchez S, Gómez E, Martín M, De Miguel A, Urban A, Barriuso J. Experiments on the life cycle and factors affecting reproduction of Sphaerosporella brunnea provide evidence for rapid asexual propagation by conidiospores and for homothallism in an ectomycorrhizal competitor of cultivated truffle species. FUNGAL ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
34
|
Le Tacon F, Marçais B, Courvoisier M, Murat C, Montpied P, Becker M. Climatic variations explain annual fluctuations in French Périgord black truffle wholesale markets but do not explain the decrease in black truffle production over the last 48 years. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24 Suppl 1:S115-S125. [PMID: 24563212 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-014-0568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Production of the black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vittad.) has experienced a decline in France over the last century. Different sociological factors as well as climate change have been suggested as possible explanations for this decline. The aims of this study were to assess the effects of annual climatic variations on black truffle sales by analysing reliable data. Over the past 25 years, almost 90% of French truffle sales occurred in the southeastern region of France and, despite a decrease in southwestern France, for the last 25 years, sales were stable for France as a whole. An analysis of the two main southeastern wholesale markets (Richerenches and Carpentras) revealed that the main factor explaining the huge annual variations was the cumulative hydric balance from May to August of the year n. For the first time, frost days were also identified as an important factor in Richerenches. Using the model established for the past 25 years and the climatic data for the Richerenches and Carpentras basins, the truffle sales would have been stable from 1965 to nowadays. This simulation suggested that the production decline observed since 48 years could be attributed more to the change of rural world than to the climatic changes. The stability of production or the slight increase observed during the last 25 years could reflect the input of truffle orchards recently planted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Le Tacon
- UMR 1136, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes (IAM), Labex ARBRE INRA, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rubini A, Riccioni C, Belfiori B, Paolocci F. Impact of the competition between mating types on the cultivation of Tuber melanosporum: Romeo and Juliet and the matter of space and time. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24 Suppl 1:S19-S27. [PMID: 24384788 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Major breakthroughs in our understanding of the life cycles of the symbiotic ascomycetes belonging to the genus Tuber have occurred over the last several years. A number of Tuber species produce edible fruiting bodies, known as truffles, that are marketed worldwide. A better understanding of the basic biological characteristics of Tuber spp. is likely to have tremendous practical relevance for their cultivation. Tuber melanosporum produces the most valuable black truffles and its genome has been recently sequenced. This species is now serving as a model for studying the biology of truffles. Here, we review recent progress in the understanding of sexual reproduction modalities in T. melanosporum. The practical relevance of these findings is outlined. In particular, the discoveries that T. melanosporum is heterothallic and that strains of different mating types compete to persist on the roots of host plants suggest that the spatial and temporal distributional patterns of strains of different mating types are key determinants of truffle fructification. The spatial segregation of the two mating types in areas where T. melanosporum occurs likely limits truffle production. Thus, host plant inoculation techniques and agronomic practices that might be pursued to manage T. melanosporum orchards with a balanced presence of the two mating partners are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rubini
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources-Perugia Division, National Research Council, Via della Madonna Alta 130, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Tedersoo L, Smith ME. Lineages of ectomycorrhizal fungi revisited: Foraging strategies and novel lineages revealed by sequences from belowground. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
38
|
Tedersoo L, Arnold AE, Hansen K. Novel aspects in the life cycle and biotrophic interactions in Pezizomycetes (Ascomycota, Fungi). Mol Ecol 2013; 22:1488-93. [PMID: 23599958 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The ascomycete class Pezizomycetes (single order Pezizales)is known for its cup-shaped fruit bodies and the evolution of edible truffles and morels, but little is known about the ontogeny and ecology of this large and ecologically diverse fungal group. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Healy et al. (2013) make a great leap forward by describing and identifying asexual, anamorphic structures that produce mitotic spores in many ectomycorrhiza-forming truffle and nontruffle species on soil surfaces worldwide(Fig. 1). Although such anamorphic forms have been reported sporadically from certain ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic Pezizomycetes (e.g. Warcup 1990), Healy et al. (2013) demonstrate that these terricolous asexual forms are both taxonomically and geographically more widespread and, in fact, much more common than previously understood. We anticipate that deeper insight into other substrates, provided by molecular analyses of materials such as dead wood and seeds, is likely to reveal numerous anamorphs of saprotrophic and pathogenic Pezizomycetes as well (see Marek et al. 2009).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leho Tedersoo
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum of Tartu University, 14A Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Murat C, Rubini A, Riccioni C, De la Varga H, Akroume E, Belfiori B, Guaragno M, Le Tacon F, Robin C, Halkett F, Martin F, Paolocci F. Fine-scale spatial genetic structure of the black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) investigated with neutral microsatellites and functional mating type genes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:176-187. [PMID: 23574460 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The genetic structure of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal populations results from both vegetative and sexual propagation. In this study, we have analysed the spatial genetic structure of Tuber melanosporum populations, a heterothallic ascomycete that produces edible fruit bodies. Ectomycorrhizas from oaks and hazels from two orchards were mapped and genotyped using simple sequence repeat markers and the mating type locus. The distribution of the two T. melanosporum mating types was also monitored in the soil. In one orchard, the genetic profiles of the ascocarps were compared with those of the underlying mycorrhizas. A pronounced spatial genetic structure was found. The maximum genet sizes were 2.35 and 4.70 m in the two orchards, with most manifesting a size < 1 m. Few genets persisted throughout two seasons. A nonrandom distribution pattern of the T. melanosporum was observed, resulting in field patches colonized by genets that shared the same mating types. Our findings suggest that competition occurs between genets and provide basic information on T. melanosporum propagation patterns that are relevant for the management of productive truffle orchards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Murat
- INRA, UMR 1136 INRA Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes', Labex ARBRE, FR EFABA, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Andrea Rubini
- Plant Genetics Institute - Perugia Division, National Research Council, Via della Madonna Alta 130, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Riccioni
- Plant Genetics Institute - Perugia Division, National Research Council, Via della Madonna Alta 130, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Herminia De la Varga
- INRA, UMR 1136 INRA Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes', Labex ARBRE, FR EFABA, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Emila Akroume
- INRA, UMR 1136 INRA Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes', Labex ARBRE, FR EFABA, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Beatrice Belfiori
- Plant Genetics Institute - Perugia Division, National Research Council, Via della Madonna Alta 130, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Guaragno
- Plant Genetics Institute - Perugia Division, National Research Council, Via della Madonna Alta 130, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - François Le Tacon
- INRA, UMR 1136 INRA Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes', Labex ARBRE, FR EFABA, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Christophe Robin
- Université de Lorraine - INRA, UMR 1121 'Agronomie et Environnement Nancy-Colmar', BP 172, 54505, Vandoeuvre les Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Fabien Halkett
- INRA, UMR 1136 INRA Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes', Labex ARBRE, FR EFABA, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Francis Martin
- INRA, UMR 1136 INRA Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes', Labex ARBRE, FR EFABA, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Francesco Paolocci
- Plant Genetics Institute - Perugia Division, National Research Council, Via della Madonna Alta 130, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Selosse MA, Taschen E, Giraud T. Do black truffles avoid sexual harassment by linking mating type and vegetative incompatibility? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:10-13. [PMID: 23713552 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Selosse
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (UMR 7205 OSEB), CP 50, 45 rue Buffon, F-75005, Paris, France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Elisa Taschen
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405, Orsay Cedex, France
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, F-91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|