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Birkhofer K, Baulechner D, Diekötter T, Zaitsev A, Wolters V. Fertilization Rapidly Alters the Feeding Activity of Grassland Soil Mesofauna Independent of Management History. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.864470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen fertilization of permanent grasslands affects soil fauna communities by modifying their taxonomic composition, population dynamics and feeding activity. However, it is not well understood if the edaphic fauna adapts to these external inputs so that the immediate response to fertilizer application depends on the long-term nutrient management strategy. We performed a field experiment in permanent grasslands under agricultural management in three regions across Germany. We used experimental fertilization with an organic plant-sourced fertilizer along a long-term nutrient management gradient to study the immediate and long-term effects of fertilization and their interdependence on the taxonomic composition and feeding activity of the soil mesofauna (Nematoda, Oribatida, and Collembola). Sampling season, soil properties, vegetation structure, and geographic location were considered as additional predictor variables to reflect heterogeneity in environmental conditions. The taxonomic composition, richness and total abundance of soil mesofauna communities were significantly affected by long-term nutrient management, but not by experimental fertilization. However, N pulses rapidly (within days) reduced the feeding activity estimated with bait-lamina strips independent of long-term nutrient management strategies. Experimental addition of organic plant-sourced fertilizer may have led to a rapid build-up of microbial biomass, providing alternative food sources for the soil mesofauna and causing a shift away from the bait-lamina substrate. Our study indicates that community changes associated with the long-term nutrient management regime in permanent grasslands do not alter the strong functional response of the soil mesofauna to N pulses. There is an urgent need to develop nutrient management strategies for permanent grasslands that take into account both the conservation of the edaphic faunal community and changes of ecosystem functions caused by rapid responses of the soil mesofauna to fertilizer inputs.
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Kheirodin A, Sayari M, Schmidt JM. Rapid PCR-based method for herbivore dietary evaluation using plant-specific primers. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260105. [PMID: 34807917 PMCID: PMC8608344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphagous pests cause significant economic loss worldwide through feeding damage on various cash crops. However, their diets in agricultural landscapes remain largely unexplored. Pest dietary evaluation in agricultural fields is a challenging task currently approached through visual observation of plant feeding and microscopic identification of semi-digested plant material in pest’s guts. While molecular gut content analysis using metabarcoding approaches using universal primers (e.g., rbcl and trnL) have been successful in evaluating polyphagous pest diet, this method is relatively costly and time-consuming. Hence, there is a need for a rapid, specific, sensitive, and cost-effective method to screen for crops in the gut of pests. This is the first study to develop plant-specific primers that target various regions of their genomes, designed using a whole plant genome sequence. We selected Verticillium wilt disease resistance protein (VE-1) and pathogenesis related protein-coding genes 1–5 (PR-1-5) as our targets and designed species-specific primers for 14 important crops in the agroecosystems. Using amplicon sizes ranging from 115 to 407 bp, we developed two multiplex primer mixes that can separate nine and five plant species per PCR reaction, respectively. These two designed primer mixes provide a rapid, sensitive and specific route for polyphagous pest dietary evaluation in agroecosystems. This work will enable future research to rapidly expand our knowledge on the diet preference and range of crops that pests consume in various agroecosystems, which will help in the redesign and development of new crop rotation regimes to minimize polyphagous pest pressure and damage on crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Kheirodin
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohammad Sayari
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jason M. Schmidt
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States of America
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Avanesyan A, Sutton H, Lamp WO. Choosing an Effective PCR-Based Approach for Diet Analysis of Insect Herbivores: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:1035-1046. [PMID: 33822094 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Identification of ingested plant species using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods is an increasingly useful yet challenging approach to accurately determine the diet composition of insect herbivores and thus their trophic interactions. A typical process of detection of DNA of ingested plants involves the choice of a DNA extraction method, a genomic target region, and/or the best approach for an accurate plant species identification. The wide range of available techniques makes the choice of the most appropriate method for an accurately and timely identification of ingested plants from insect guts difficult. In our study, we reviewed the commonly used PCR-based approaches in studies published from 1977 to 2019, to provide researchers with the information on the tools which have been shown to be effective for obtaining and identifying ingested plants. Our results showed that among five insect orders used in the retrieved studies Coleoptera and Hemiptera were prevalent (33 and 28% of all the records, respectively). In 79% of the studies a DNA barcoding approach was employed. In a substantial number of studies Qiagen DNA extraction kits and CTAB protocol were used (43 and 23%, respectively). Of all records, 65% used a single locus as a targeted plant DNA fragment; trnL, rbcL, and ITS regions were the most frequently used loci. Sequencing was the dominant type of among DNA verification approaches (70% of all records). This review provides important information on the availability of successfully used PCR-based approaches to identify ingested plant DNA in insect guts, and suggests potential directions for future studies on plant-insect trophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Avanesyan
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4291 Fieldhouse Drive, 4112 Plant Sciences, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Hannah Sutton
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4291 Fieldhouse Drive, 4112 Plant Sciences, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - William O Lamp
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4291 Fieldhouse Drive, 4112 Plant Sciences, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Abgrall C, Forey E, Chauvat M. Soil fauna responses to invasive alien plants are determined by trophic groups and habitat structure: a global meta‐analysis. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Estelle Forey
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, IRSTEA, ECODIV FR‐76000 Rouen France
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Hervé MR, Erb M. Distinct defense strategies allow different grassland species to cope with root herbivore attack. Oecologia 2019; 191:127-139. [PMID: 31367912 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04479-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Root-feeding insect herbivores are of substantial evolutionary, ecological and economical importance. Plants defend themselves against insect herbivores through a variety of tolerance and resistance strategies. To date, few studies have systematically assessed the prevalence and importance of these strategies for root-herbivore interactions across different plant species. Here, we characterize the defense strategies used by three different grassland species to cope with a generalist root herbivore, the larvae of the European cockchafer Melolontha melolontha. Our results reveal that the different plant species rely on distinct sets of defense strategies. The spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) resists attack by dissuading the larvae through the release of repellent chemicals. White clover (Trifolium repens) does not repel the herbivore, but reduces feeding, most likely through structural defenses and low nutritional quality. Finally, the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) allows M. melolontha to feed abundantly but compensates for tissue loss through induced regrowth. Thus, three co-occurring plant species have evolved different solutions to defend themselves against attack by a generalist root herbivore. The different root defense strategies may reflect distinct defense syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime R Hervé
- University of Rennes, Inra, Agrocampus Ouest, IGEPP, UMR-A 1349, Campus Beaulieu, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35000, Rennes, France.
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, Switzerland
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Guerrero‐Ramírez NR, Reich PB, Wagg C, Ciobanu M, Eisenhauer N. Diversity‐dependent plant–soil feedbacks underlie long‐term plant diversity effects on primary productivity. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly R. Guerrero‐Ramírez
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Richmond New South Wales 2753 Australia
| | - Cameron Wagg
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zürich Winterthurerstrasse 190 Zurich CH‐8047 Switzerland
| | - Marcel Ciobanu
- Institute of Biological Research Branch of the National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences Cluj‐Napoca Romania
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
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7
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Eitzinger B, Rall BC, Traugott M, Scheu S. Testing the validity of functional response models using molecular gut content analysis for prey choice in soil predators. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Eitzinger
- J. F. Blumenbach Inst. of Zoology and Anthropology; Univ. of Göttingen; Untere Karspüle 2 DE-37073 Göttingen Germany
- Dept of Agricultural Sciences; Univ. of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Björn C. Rall
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Inst. of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller Univ. Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Michael Traugott
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit; Inst. of Ecology, Univ. of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J. F. Blumenbach Inst. of Zoology and Anthropology; Univ. of Göttingen; Untere Karspüle 2 DE-37073 Göttingen Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use; Univ. of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
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Guerrero-Ramírez NR, Eisenhauer N. Trophic and non-trophic interactions influence the mechanisms underlying biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships under different abiotic conditions. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly R. Guerrero-Ramírez
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e; DE-04103 Leipzig Germany
- Inst. of Biology, Leipzig Univ.; Leipzig Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e; DE-04103 Leipzig Germany
- Inst. of Biology, Leipzig Univ.; Leipzig Germany
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Wang Q, Bao WF, Yang F, Xu B, Yang YZ. The specific host plant DNA detection suggests a potential migration of Apolygus lucorum from cotton to mungbean fields. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177789. [PMID: 28586352 PMCID: PMC5460846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyphagous mirid bug Apolygus lucorum (Heteroptera: Miridae) has more than 200 species of host plants and is an insect pest of important agricultural crops, including cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and mungbean (Vigna radiata). Previous field trials have shown that A. lucorum adults prefer mungbean to cotton plants, indicating the considerable potential of mungbean as a trap crop in cotton fields. However, direct evidence supporting the migration of A. lucorum adults from cotton to mungbean is lacking. We developed a DNA-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach to reveal the movement of A. lucorum between neighboring mungbean and cotton fields. Two pairs of PCR primers specific to cotton or mungbean were designed to target the trnL-trnF region of chloroplast DNA. Significant differences in the detectability half-life (DS50) were observed between these two host plants, and the mean for cotton (8.26 h) was approximately two times longer than that of mungbean (4.38 h), requiring weighted mean calculations to compare the detectability of plant DNA in the guts of field-collected bugs. In field trials, cotton DNA was detected in the guts of the adult A. lucorum individuals collected in mungbean plots, and the cotton DNA detection rate decreased successively from 5 to 15 m away from the mungbean-cotton midline. In addition to the specific detection of cotton- and mungbean-fed bugs, both cotton and mungbean DNA were simultaneously detected within the guts of single individuals caught from mungbean fields. This study successfully established a tool for molecular gut-content analyses and clearly demonstrated the movement of A. lucorum adults from cotton to neighboring mungbean fields, providing new insights into understanding the feeding characteristics and landscape-level ecology of A. lucorum under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Fang Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Zhong Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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11
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Tiede J, Wemheuer B, Traugott M, Daniel R, Tscharntke T, Ebeling A, Scherber C. Trophic and Non-Trophic Interactions in a Biodiversity Experiment Assessed by Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148781. [PMID: 26859146 PMCID: PMC4747541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant diversity affects species richness and abundance of taxa at higher trophic levels. However, plant diversity effects on omnivores (feeding on multiple trophic levels) and their trophic and non-trophic interactions are not yet studied because appropriate methods were lacking. A promising approach is the DNA-based analysis of gut contents using next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. Here, we integrate NGS-based analysis into the framework of a biodiversity experiment where plant taxonomic and functional diversity were manipulated to directly assess environmental interactions involving the omnivorous ground beetle Pterostichus melanarius. Beetle regurgitates were used for NGS-based analysis with universal 18S rDNA primers for eukaryotes. We detected a wide range of taxa with the NGS approach in regurgitates, including organisms representing trophic, phoretic, parasitic, and neutral interactions with P. melanarius. Our findings suggest that the frequency of (i) trophic interactions increased with plant diversity and vegetation cover; (ii) intraguild predation increased with vegetation cover, and (iii) neutral interactions with organisms such as fungi and protists increased with vegetation cover. Experimentally manipulated plant diversity likely affects multitrophic interactions involving omnivorous consumers. Our study therefore shows that trophic and non-trophic interactions can be assessed via NGS to address fundamental questions in biodiversity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tiede
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August University Goettingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Muenster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Bernd Wemheuer
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Georg-August University Goettingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Traugott
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Georg-August University Goettingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August University Goettingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anne Ebeling
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Scherber
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August University Goettingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Muenster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149, Muenster, Germany
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Wallinger C, Sint D, Baier F, Schmid C, Mayer R, Traugott M. Detection of seed DNA in regurgitates of granivorous carabid beetles. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 105:728-735. [PMID: 26271284 DOI: 10.1017/s000748531500067x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Granivory can play a pivotal role in influencing regeneration, colonization as well as abundance and distribution of plants. Due to their high abundance, nutrient content and longevity, seeds are an important food source for many animals. Among insects, carabid beetles consume substantial numbers of seeds and are thought to be responsible for a significant amount of seed loss. However, the processes that govern which seeds are eaten and are therefore prevented from entering the seedbank are poorly understood. Here, we assess if DNA-based diet analysis allows tracking the consumption of seeds by carabids. Adult individuals of Harpalus rufipes were fed with seeds of Taraxacum officinale and Lolium perenne allowing them to digest for up to 3 days. Regurgitates were tested for the DNA of ingested seeds at eight different time points post-feeding using general and species-specific plant primers. The detection of seed DNA decreased with digestion time for both seed species, albeit in a species-specific manner. Significant differences in overall DNA detection rates were found with the general plant primers but not with the species-specific primers. This can have implications for the interpretation of trophic data derived from next-generation sequencing, which is based on the application of general primers. Our findings demonstrate that seed predation by carabids can be tracked, molecularly, on a species-specific level, providing a new way to unravel the mechanisms underlying in-field diet choice in granivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wallinger
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit,Institute of Ecology,University of Innsbruck,Technikerstraße 25,6020 Innsbruck,Austria
| | - D Sint
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit,Institute of Ecology,University of Innsbruck,Technikerstraße 25,6020 Innsbruck,Austria
| | - F Baier
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit,Institute of Ecology,University of Innsbruck,Technikerstraße 25,6020 Innsbruck,Austria
| | - C Schmid
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit,Institute of Ecology,University of Innsbruck,Technikerstraße 25,6020 Innsbruck,Austria
| | - R Mayer
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit,Institute of Ecology,University of Innsbruck,Technikerstraße 25,6020 Innsbruck,Austria
| | - M Traugott
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit,Institute of Ecology,University of Innsbruck,Technikerstraße 25,6020 Innsbruck,Austria
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Traugott M, Benefer CM, Blackshaw RP, van Herk WG, Vernon RS. Biology, ecology, and control of elaterid beetles in agricultural land. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 60:313-334. [PMID: 25341096 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-021035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Wireworms, the larvae of click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae), have had a centuries-long role as major soil insect pests worldwide. With insecticidal control options dwindling, research on click beetle biology and ecology is of increasing importance in the development of new control tactics. Methodological improvements have deepened our understanding of how larvae and adults spatially and temporarily utilize agricultural habitats and interact with their environment. This progress, however, rests with a few pest species, and efforts to obtain comparable knowledge on other economically important elaterids are crucial. There are still considerable gaps in our understanding of female and larval ecology; movement of elaterids within landscapes; and the impact of natural enemies, cultivation practices, and environmental change on elaterid population dynamics. This knowledge will allow generation of multifaceted control strategies, including cultural, physical, and chemical measures, tailored toward species complexes and crops across a range of appropriate spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Traugott
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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14
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Rieseberg L, Vines T, Gow J, Geraldes A. Editorial 2015. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:1-17. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Symondson WOC, Harwood JD. Special issue on molecular detection of trophic interactions: unpicking the tangled bank. Introduction. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:3601-4. [PMID: 25051891 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William O C Symondson
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
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