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Lečić S, Wolfe T, Ghosh A, Satar S, Souza Beraldo C, Smith E, Dombroskie J, Jernigan E, Hood G, Schuler H, Stauffer C. Spatially Varying Wolbachia Frequencies Reveal the Invasion Origin of an Agricultural Pest Recently Introduced From Europe to North America. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e70016. [PMID: 39310793 PMCID: PMC11413411 DOI: 10.1111/eva.70016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The introduction of non-native species across the world represents a major global challenge. Retracing invasion origin is an important first step in understanding the invasion process, often requiring detailed sampling within the native range. Insect species frequently host Wolbachia, a widespread endosymbiotic bacterium that manipulates host reproduction to increase infected female fitness. Here, we draw on the spatial variation in infection frequencies of an actively spreading Wolbachia strain wCer2 to investigate the invasion origin of the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi. This pest of cherries was introduced from Europe to North America within the last decade. First, we screen the introduced fly population for the presence of Wolbachia. The introduced populations lack the wCer2 strain and the strongly associated mitochondrial haplotype, suggesting strain absence due to founder effects with invading individuals originating from wCer2-uninfected native population(s). To narrow down geographic regions of invasion origin, we perform spatial interpolation of the wCer2 infection frequency across the native range and predict the infection frequency in unsampled regions. For this, we use an extensive dataset of R. cerasi infection covering 238 populations across Europe over 25 years, complemented with 14 additional populations analyzed for this study. We find that R. cerasi was unlikely introduced from wCer2-infected populations in Central and Western Europe. We propose wCer2-uninfected populations from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean region as the most likely candidates for the invasion origin. This work utilizes Wolbachia as an indirect instrument to provide insights into the invasion source of R. cerasi in North America, revealing yet another application for this multifaceted heritable endosymbiont. Given the prevalence of biological invasions, rapidly uncovering invasion origins gives fundamental insights into how invasive species adapt to new environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Lečić
- Department of Forest and Soil SciencesBoku UniversityViennaAustria
| | - Thomas M. Wolfe
- Department of Forest and Soil SciencesBoku UniversityViennaAustria
| | - Animesh Ghosh
- Department of Forest and Soil SciencesBoku UniversityViennaAustria
| | - Serdar Satar
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of AgricultureÇukurova UniversityAdanaTurkey
| | - Camilla Souza Beraldo
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesThe University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Emily Smith
- Department of Biological SciencesWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
| | | | - Emily Jernigan
- Department of EntomologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Glen Ray Hood
- Department of Biological SciencesWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Competence Centre for Plant HealthFree University of Bozen‐BolzanoBozen‐BolzanoItaly
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food SciencesFree University of Bozen‐BolzanoBozen‐BolzanoItaly
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2
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Taprogge M, Grath S. Modelling suggests Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility in oak gall wasps with cyclical parthenogenesis. J Evol Biol 2024; 37:926-934. [PMID: 38869236 DOI: 10.1093/jeb/voae077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Oak gall wasps typically exhibit a life cycle with one sexual and one asexual generation each year. These wasps can carry various endosymbionts, one of which is the maternally inherited bacterium Wolbachia that can induce several reproductive manipulations on its host. Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) has been described as the most prominent of these manipulations. CI leads to embryonic mortality in the hosts' offspring when infected males mate with either uninfected females or with females that harbour different Wolbachia strains. It has been hypothesized that Wolbachia can induce CI in oak gall wasps. To address this hypothesis, we derived a mathematical model to investigate the spread of a bacterial infection in naive populations and to determine the plausibility of CI occurrence. To validate our model, we used published data from Wolbachia-infected Belonocnema kinseyi populations in two approaches. Our first approach uses measurements of infection frequencies and maternal transmission in the sexual generation. For the second approach, we extended the model to compare predictions to estimates of mtDNA-haplotypes, which, like Wolbachia, are maternally inherited, and can therefore be associated with the infection. Both approaches indicate that CI is present in these populations. Our model can be generalized to investigate the occurrence of CI not only for oak gall wasps but also for other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Taprogge
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sonja Grath
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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3
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Shin J, Rahman MM, Kim J, Marcombe S, Jung J. Genetic Diversity of Dengue Vector Aedes albopictus Collected from South Korea, Japan, and Laos. INSECTS 2023; 14:297. [PMID: 36975982 PMCID: PMC10051289 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aedes albopictus is native to Southeast Asia and has emerged as a major vector for vector-borne diseases that are spreading rapidly worldwide. Recent studies have shown that Ae. albopictus populations have different genetic groups dependent on their thermal adaptations; however, studies on Korean populations are limited. In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity and structure of two mitochondrial genes (COI and ND5) and sixteen microsatellites in mosquitoes inhabiting Korea, Japan, and Laos. The results indicate that the Korean population has low genetic diversity, with an independent cluster distinct from the Laos population. Mixed clusters have also been observed in the Korean population. On the basis of these findings, two hypotheses are proposed. First, certain Korean populations are native. Second, some subpopulations that descended from the metapopulation (East Asian countries) were introduced to Japan before migrating to Korea. Furthermore, we previously demonstrated that Ae. albopictus appears to have been imported to Korea. In conclusion, the dengue-virus-carrying mosquitoes could migrate to Korea from Southeast Asian epidemic regions, where they can survive during the severe winter months. The key findings can be used to establish an integrated pest management strategy based on population genetics for the Korean Ae. albopictus population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeong Shin
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- The Division of EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Md-Mafizur Rahman
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Juil Kim
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Program of Applied Biology, Division of Bio-resource Sciences, CALS, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sébastien Marcombe
- Vector Control Consulting—South East Asia (VCC-SEA), Vientian 01000, Laos
| | - Jongwoo Jung
- The Division of EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science Education, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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4
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Štarhová Serbina L, Gajski D, Pafčo B, Zurek L, Malenovský I, Nováková E, Schuler H, Dittmer J. Microbiome of pear psyllids: A tale about closely related species sharing their endosymbionts. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:5788-5808. [PMID: 36054322 PMCID: PMC10086859 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Psyllids are phloem-feeding insects that can transmit plant pathogens such as phytoplasmas, intracellular bacteria causing numerous plant diseases worldwide. Their microbiomes are essential for insect physiology and may also influence the capacity of vectors to transmit pathogens. Using 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding, we compared the microbiomes of three sympatric psyllid species associated with pear trees in Central Europe. All three species are able to transmit 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri', albeit with different efficiencies. Our results revealed potential relationships between insect biology and microbiome composition that varied during psyllid ontogeny and between generations in Cacopsylla pyri and C. pyricola, as well as between localities in C. pyri. In contrast, no variations related to psyllid life cycle and geography were detected in C. pyrisuga. In addition to the primary endosymbiont Carsonella ruddii, we detected another highly abundant endosymbiont (unclassified Enterobacteriaceae). C. pyri and C. pyricola shared the same taxon of Enterobacteriaceae which is related to endosymbionts harboured by other psyllid species from various families. In contrast, C. pyrisuga carried a different Enterobacteriaceae taxon related to the genus Sodalis. Our study provides new insights into host-symbiont interactions in psyllids and highlights the importance of host biology and geography in shaping microbiome structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya Štarhová Serbina
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Domagoj Gajski
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Zurek
- Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics/CINeZ, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Malenovský
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Nováková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.,Competence Centre for Plant Health, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Jessica Dittmer
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.,Université d'Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR Quasav, Angers, France
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5
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Multiple invasions, Wolbachia and human-aided transport drive the genetic variability of Aedes albopictus in the Iberian Peninsula. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20682. [PMID: 36450768 PMCID: PMC9712423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24963-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is one of the most invasive species in the world. Native to the tropical forests of Southeast Asia, over the past 30 years it has rapidly spread throughout tropical and temperate regions of the world. Its dramatic expansion has resulted in public health concerns as a consequence of its vector competence for at least 16 viruses. Previous studies showed that Ae. albopictus spread has been facilitated by human-mediated transportation, but much remains unknown about how this has affected its genetic attributes. Here we examined the factors that contributed to shaping the current genetic constitution of Ae. albopictus in the Iberian Peninsula, where the species was first found in 2004, by combining population genetics and Bayesian modelling. We found that both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers showed a lack of genetic structure and the presence of worldwide dominant haplotypes, suggesting regular introductions from abroad. Mitochondrial DNA showed little genetic diversity compared to nuclear DNA, likely explained by infection with maternally transmitted bacteria of the genus Wolbachia. Multilevel models revealed that greater mosquito fluxes (estimated from commuting patterns and tiger mosquito population distribution) and spatial proximity between sampling sites were associated with lower nuclear genetic distance, suggesting that rapid short- and medium-distance dispersal is facilitated by humans through vehicular traffic. This study highlights the significant role of human transportation in shaping the genetic attributes of Ae. albopictus and promoting regional gene flow, and underscores the need for a territorially integrated surveillance across scales of this disease-carrying mosquito.
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Shastry V, Bell KL, Buerkle CA, Fordyce JA, Forister ML, Gompert Z, Lebeis SL, Lucas LK, Marion ZH, Nice CC. A continental-scale survey of Wolbachia infections in blue butterflies reveals evidence of interspecific transfer and invasion dynamics. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6670626. [PMID: 35976120 PMCID: PMC9526071 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Infections by maternally inherited bacterial endosymbionts, especially Wolbachia, are common in insects and other invertebrates but infection dynamics across species ranges are largely under studied. Specifically, we lack a broad understanding of the origin of Wolbachia infections in novel hosts, and the historical and geographical dynamics of infections that are critical for identifying the factors governing their spread. We used Genotype-by-Sequencing data from previous population genomics studies for range-wide surveys of Wolbachia presence and genetic diversity in North American butterflies of the genus Lycaeides. As few as one sequence read identified by assembly to a Wolbachia reference genome provided high accuracy in detecting infections in host butterflies as determined by confirmatory PCR tests, and maximum accuracy was achieved with a threshold of only 5 sequence reads per host individual. Using this threshold, we detected Wolbachia in all but 2 of the 107 sampling localities spanning the continent, with infection frequencies within populations ranging from 0% to 100% of individuals, but with most localities having high infection frequencies (mean = 91% infection rate). Three major lineages of Wolbachia were identified as separate strains that appear to represent 3 separate invasions of Lycaeides butterflies by Wolbachia. Overall, we found extensive evidence for acquisition of Wolbachia through interspecific transfer between host lineages. Strain wLycC was confined to a single butterfly taxon, hybrid lineages derived from it, and closely adjacent populations in other taxa. While the other 2 strains were detected throughout the rest of the continent, strain wLycB almost always co-occurred with wLycA. Our demographic modeling suggests wLycB is a recent invasion. Within strain wLycA, the 2 most frequent haplotypes are confined almost exclusively to separate butterfly taxa with haplotype A1 observed largely in Lycaeides melissa and haplotype A2 observed most often in Lycaeides idas localities, consistent with either cladogenic mode of infection acquisition from a common ancestor or by hybridization and accompanying mutation. More than 1 major Wolbachia strain was observed in 15 localities. These results demonstrate the utility of using resequencing data from hosts to quantify Wolbachia genetic variation and infection frequency and provide evidence of multiple colonizations of novel hosts through hybridization between butterfly lineages and complex dynamics between Wolbachia strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivaswat Shastry
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Katherine L Bell
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada , Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - C Alex Buerkle
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming , Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - James A Fordyce
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah L Lebeis
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Lauren K Lucas
- Department of Biology, Utah State University , Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Zach H Marion
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury , Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Chris C Nice
- Department of Biology, Population and Conservation Biology, Texas State University , San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
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Andrianto E, Kasai A. Wolbachia in Black Spiny Whiteflies and Their New Parasitoid Wasp in Japan: Evidence of the Distinct Infection Status on Aleurocanthus camelliae Cryptic Species Complex. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13090788. [PMID: 36135489 PMCID: PMC9502694 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Wolbachia, an alphaproteobacterial reproductive parasite, can cause profound mitochondrial divergence in insects, which might eventually be a part of cryptic speciation. Aleurocanthus camelliae is a cryptic species complex consisting of several morphospecies and/or haplotypes that are genetically different but morphologically indistinctive. However, little is known about the Wolbachia infection status in these tea and Citrus pests. Thus, this study aimed to profile the diversity and phenotypic characteristics of Wolbachia natural infections in the A. camelliae cryptic species complex. A monophyletic strain of Wolbachia that infected the A. camelliae cryptic species complex (wAlec) with different patterns was discovered. Whiteflies that are morphologically identical to Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Aleurocanthus cf. A. spiniferus in Eurya japonica and A. spiniferus in Citrus) were grouped into uninfected populations, whereas the fixed infection was detected in A. camelliae B1 from Theaceae. The rapid evolution of wAlec was also found to occur through a high recombination event, which produced subgroups A and B in wAlec. It may also be associated with the non-cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) phenotype of wAlec due to undetectable CI-related genes from phage WO (WOAlec). The current discovery of a novel cryptic species of A. camelliae led to a discussion about the oscillation hypothesis, which may provide insights on cryptic speciation, particularly on how specialization and host expansion have been recorded among these species. This study also identified a parasitoid wasp belonging to the genus Eretmocerus in A. camelliae, for the first time in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eko Andrianto
- Science of Biological Environment, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science (UGSAS), Gifu University, Gifu City 501-1193, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-054-238-4790
| | - Atsushi Kasai
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka City 422-8528, Japan
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8
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Formisano G, Iodice L, Cascone P, Sacco A, Quarto R, Cavalieri V, Bosco D, Guerrieri E, Giorgini M. Wolbachia infection and genetic diversity of Italian populations of Philaenus spumarius, the main vector of Xylella fastidiosa in Europe. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272028. [PMID: 36037217 PMCID: PMC9423658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Philaenus spumarius is a cosmopolitan species that has become a major threat to European agriculture being recognized as the main vector of the introduced plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa, the agent of the “olive quick decline syndrome”, a disease which is devastating olive orchards in southern Italy. Wolbachia are bacterial symbionts of many insects, frequently as reproductive parasites, sometime by establishing mutualistic relationships, able to spread within host populations. Philaenus spumarius harbors Wolbachia, but the role played by this symbiont is unknown and data on the infection prevalence within host populations are limited. Here, the Wolbachia infection rate was analyzed in relation to the geographic distribution and the genetic diversity of the Italian populations of P. spumarius. Analysis of the COI gene sequences revealed a geographically structured distribution of the three main mitochondrial lineages of P. spumarius. Wolbachia was detected in half of the populations sampled in northern Italy where most individuals belonged to the western-Mediterranean lineage. All populations sampled in southern and central Italy, where the individuals of the eastern-Mediterranean lineage were largely prevalent, were uninfected. Individuals of the north-eastern lineage were found only in populations from the Alps in the northernmost part of Italy, at high altitudes. In this area, Wolbachia infection reached the highest prevalence, with no difference between north-eastern and western-Mediterranean lineage. Analysis of molecular diversity of COI sequences suggested no significant effect of Wolbachia on population genetics of P. spumarius. Using the MLST approach, six new Wolbachia sequence types were identified. Using FISH, Wolbachia were observed within the host’s reproductive tissues and salivary glands. Results obtained led us to discuss the role of Wolbachia in P. spumarius, the factors influencing the geographic distribution of the infection, and the exploitation of Wolbachia for the control of the vector insect to reduce the spread of X. fastidiosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Formisano
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
| | - Luigi Iodice
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
| | - Pasquale Cascone
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
| | - Adriana Sacco
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
| | - Roberta Quarto
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cavalieri
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Emilio Guerrieri
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
| | - Massimo Giorgini
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Fernández MB, Bleidorn C, Calcaterra LA. Wolbachia Infection in Native Populations of the Invasive Tawny Crazy Ant Nylanderia fulva. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:905803. [PMID: 38468766 PMCID: PMC10926365 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2022.905803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Antagonistic interactions can affect population growth and dispersal of an invasive species. Wolbachia are intracellular endosymbiont bacteria that infect arthropod and nematode hosts and are able to manipulate reproduction, which in some cases leads to cocladogenesis. Moreover, the presence of the strictly maternally transferred Wolbachia in a population can indirectly induce selective sweeps on the hosts' mitochondria. Ants have a Wolbachia infection rate of about 34%, which makes phylogenetic studies using mitochondrial markers vulnerable of being confounded by the effect of the endosymbiont. Nylanderia fulva is an invasive ant native to South America, considered a pest in the United States. Its distribution and biology are poorly known in its native range, and the taxonomic identity of this and its closely related species, Nylanderia pubens, has only recently been understood with the aid of molecular phylogenies. Aiming at estimating robust phylogenetic relationships of N. fulva in its native range, we investigated the presence and pattern of Wolbachia infection in populations of N. fulva from Argentina, part of its native range, to account for its possible effect on the host population structure. Using the ftsZ gene, 30 nests of N. fulva and four from sympatric Nylanderia species were screened for the presence of Wolbachia. We sequenced the MLST genes, the highly variable gene wsp, as well as glyQ, a novel target gene for which new primers were designed. Phylogeny of the ants was estimated using mtDNA (COI). We found supergroup A Wolbachia strains infecting 73% of N. fulva nests and two nests of Nylanderia sp. 1. Wolbachia phylogenetic tree inferred with MLST genes is partially congruent with the host phylogeny topology, with the exception of a lineage of strains shared by ants from different N. fulva clades. Furthermore, by comparing with Wolbachia sequences infecting other ants, we found that the strains infecting different N. fulva clades are not monophyletic. Our findings suggest there are three recent independent horizontally transmitted Wolbachia infections in N. fulva, and we found no evidence of influence of Wolbachia in the host mtDNA based phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Fernández
- Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas (FuEDEI), Hurlingham, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christoph Bleidorn
- Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luis Alberto Calcaterra
- Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas (FuEDEI), Hurlingham, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Towett-Kirui S, Morrow JL, Riegler M. Substantial rearrangements, single nucleotide frameshift deletion and low diversity in mitogenome of Wolbachia-infected strepsipteran endoparasitoid in comparison to its tephritid hosts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:477. [PMID: 35013476 PMCID: PMC8748643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect mitogenome organisation is highly conserved, yet, some insects, especially with parasitic life cycles, have rearranged mitogenomes. Furthermore, intraspecific mitochondrial diversity can be reduced by fitness-affecting bacterial endosymbionts like Wolbachia due to their maternal coinheritance with mitochondria. We have sequenced mitogenomes of the Wolbachia-infected endoparasitoid Dipterophagus daci (Strepsiptera: Halictophagidae) and four of its 22 known tephritid fruit fly host species using total genomic extracts of parasitised flies collected across > 700 km in Australia. This halictophagid mitogenome revealed extensive rearrangements relative to the four fly mitogenomes which exhibited the ancestral insect mitogenome pattern. Compared to the only four available other strepsipteran mitogenomes, the D. daci mitogenome had additional transpositions of one rRNA and two tRNA genes, and a single nucleotide frameshift deletion in nad5 requiring translational frameshifting or, alternatively, resulting in a large protein truncation. Dipterophagus daci displays an almost completely endoparasitic life cycle when compared to Strepsiptera that have maintained the ancestral state of free-living adults. Our results support the hypothesis that the transition to extreme endoparasitism evolved together with increased levels of mitogenome changes. Furthermore, intraspecific mitogenome diversity was substantially smaller in D. daci than the parasitised flies suggesting Wolbachia reduced mitochondrial diversity because of a role in D. daci fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Towett-Kirui
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Morrow
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
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11
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Davies OK, Dorey JB, Stevens MI, Gardner MG, Bradford TM, Schwarz MP. Unparalleled mitochondrial heteroplasmy and Wolbachia co-infection in the non-model bee, Amphylaeus morosus. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:100036. [PMID: 36003268 PMCID: PMC9387454 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2022.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial heteroplasmy is the occurrence of more than one type of mitochondrial DNA within a single individual. Although generally reported to occur in a small subset of individuals within a species, there are some instances of widespread heteroplasmy across entire populations. Amphylaeus morosus is an Australian native bee species in the diverse and cosmopolitan bee family Colletidae. This species has an extensive geographical range along the eastern Australian coast, from southern Queensland to western Victoria, covering approximately 2,000 km. Seventy individuals were collected from five localities across this geographical range and sequenced using Sanger sequencing for the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. These data indicate that every individual had the same consistent heteroplasmic sites but no other nucleotide variation, suggesting two conserved and widespread heteroplasmic mitogenomes. Ion Torrent shotgun sequencing revealed that heteroplasmy occurred across multiple mitochondrial protein-coding genes and is unlikely explained by transposition of mitochondrial genes into the nuclear genome (NUMTs). DNA sequence data also demonstrated a consistent co-infection of Wolbachia across the A. morosus distribution with every individual infected with both bacterial strains. Our data are consistent with the presence of two mitogenomes within all individuals examined in this species and suggest a major divergence from standard patterns of mitochondrial inheritance. Because the host's mitogenome and the Wolbachia genome are genetically linked through maternal inheritance, we propose three possible hypotheses that could explain maintenance of the widespread and conserved co-occurring bacterial and mitochondrial genomes in this species.
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12
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Male Age and Wolbachia Dynamics: Investigating How Fast and Why Bacterial Densities and Cytoplasmic Incompatibility Strengths Vary. mBio 2021; 12:e0299821. [PMID: 34903056 PMCID: PMC8686834 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02998-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosymbionts can influence host reproduction and fitness to favor their maternal transmission. For example, endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria often cause cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) that kills uninfected embryos fertilized by Wolbachia-modified sperm. Infected females can rescue CI, providing them a relative fitness advantage. Wolbachia-induced CI strength varies widely and tends to decrease as host males age. Since strong CI drives Wolbachia to high equilibrium frequencies, understanding how fast and why CI strength declines with male age is crucial to explaining age-dependent CI’s influence on Wolbachia prevalence. Here, we investigate if Wolbachia densities and/or CI gene (cif) expression covary with CI-strength variation and explore covariates of age-dependent Wolbachia-density variation in two classic CI systems. wRi CI strength decreases slowly with Drosophila simulans male age (6%/day), but wMel CI strength decreases very rapidly (19%/day), yielding statistically insignificant CI after only 3 days of Drosophila melanogaster adult emergence. Wolbachia densities and cif expression in testes decrease as wRi-infected males age, but both surprisingly increase as wMel-infected males age, and CI strength declines. We then tested if phage lysis, Octomom copy number (which impacts wMel density), or host immune expression covary with age-dependent wMel densities. Only host immune expression correlated with density. Together, our results identify how fast CI strength declines with male age in two model systems and reveal unique relationships between male age, Wolbachia densities, cif expression, and host immunity. We discuss new hypotheses about the basis of age-dependent CI strength and its contributions to Wolbachia prevalence.
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13
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Carpenter M, Peng L, Smith AH, Joffe J, O’Connor M, Oliver KM, Russell JA. Frequent Drivers, Occasional Passengers: Signals of Symbiont-Driven Seasonal Adaptation and Hitchhiking in the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. INSECTS 2021; 12:805. [PMID: 34564245 PMCID: PMC8466206 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Insects harbor a variety of maternally inherited bacterial symbionts. As such, variation in symbiont presence/absence, in the combinations of harbored symbionts, and in the genotypes of harbored symbiont species provide heritable genetic variation of potential use in the insects' adaptive repertoires. Understanding the natural importance of symbionts is challenging but studying their dynamics over time can help to elucidate the potential for such symbiont-driven insect adaptation. Toward this end, we studied the seasonal dynamics of six maternally transferred bacterial symbiont species in the multivoltine pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). Our sampling focused on six alfalfa fields in southeastern Pennsylvania, and spanned 14 timepoints within the 2012 growing season, in addition to two overwintering periods. To test and generate hypotheses on the natural relevance of these non-essential symbionts, we examined whether symbiont dynamics correlated with any of ten measured environmental variables from the 2012 growing season, including some of known importance in the lab. We found that five symbionts changed prevalence across one or both overwintering periods, and that the same five species underwent such frequency shifts across the 2012 growing season. Intriguingly, the frequencies of these dynamic symbionts showed robust correlations with a subset of our measured environmental variables. Several of these trends supported the natural relevance of lab-discovered symbiont roles, including anti-pathogen defense. For a seventh symbiont-Hamiltonella defensa-studied previously across the same study periods, we tested whether a reported correlation between prevalence and temperature stemmed not from thermally varying host-level fitness effects, but from selection on co-infecting symbionts or on aphid-encoded alleles associated with this bacterium. In general, such "hitchhiking" effects were not evident during times with strongly correlated Hamiltonella and temperature shifts. However, we did identify at least one time period in which Hamiltonella spread was likely driven by selection on a co-infecting symbiont-Rickettsiella viridis. Recognizing the broader potential for such hitchhiking, we explored selection on co-infecting symbionts as a possible driver behind the dynamics of the remaining six species. Out of twelve examined instances of symbiont dynamics unfolding across 2-week periods or overwintering spans, we found eight in which the focal symbiont underwent parallel frequency shifts under single infection and one or more co-infection contexts. This supported the idea that phenotypic variation created by the presence/absence of individual symbionts is a direct target for selection, and that symbiont effects can be robust under co-habitation with other symbionts. Contrastingly, in two cases, we found that selection may target phenotypes emerging from symbiont co-infections, with specific species combinations driving overall trends for the focal dynamic symbionts, without correlated change under single infection. Finally, in three cases-including the one described above for Hamiltonella-our data suggested that incidental co-infection with a (dis)favored symbiont could lead to large frequency shifts for "passenger" symbionts, conferring no apparent cost or benefit. Such hitchhiking has rarely been studied in heritable symbiont systems. We propose that it is more common than appreciated, given the widespread nature of maternally inherited bacteria, and the frequency of multi-species symbiotic communities across insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Carpenter
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth, and Environmental Science, Drexel University, 3250 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (M.C.); (A.H.S.); (M.O.)
| | - Linyao Peng
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (L.P.); (J.J.)
| | - Andrew H. Smith
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth, and Environmental Science, Drexel University, 3250 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (M.C.); (A.H.S.); (M.O.)
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (L.P.); (J.J.)
| | - Jonah Joffe
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (L.P.); (J.J.)
| | - Michael O’Connor
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth, and Environmental Science, Drexel University, 3250 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (M.C.); (A.H.S.); (M.O.)
| | - Kerry M. Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 120 Cedar St., Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Jacob A. Russell
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth, and Environmental Science, Drexel University, 3250 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (M.C.); (A.H.S.); (M.O.)
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (L.P.); (J.J.)
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14
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Bruzzese DJ, Schuler H, Wolfe TM, Glover MM, Mastroni JV, Doellman MM, Tait C, Yee WL, Rull J, Aluja M, Hood GR, Goughnour RB, Stauffer C, Nosil P, Feder JL. Testing the potential contribution of Wolbachia to speciation when cytoplasmic incompatibility becomes associated with host-related reproductive isolation. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:2935-2950. [PMID: 34455644 PMCID: PMC9290789 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Endosymbiont‐induced cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) may play an important role in arthropod speciation. However, whether CI consistently becomes associated or coupled with other host‐related forms of reproductive isolation (RI) to impede the transfer of endosymbionts between hybridizing populations and further the divergence process remains an open question. Here, we show that varying degrees of pre‐ and postmating RI exist among allopatric populations of two interbreeding cherry‐infesting tephritid fruit flies (Rhagoletis cingulata and R. indifferens) across North America. These flies display allochronic and sexual isolation among populations, as well as unidirectional reductions in egg hatch in hybrid crosses involving southwestern USA males. All populations are infected by a Wolbachia strain, wCin2, whereas a second strain, wCin3, only co‐infects flies from the southwest USA and Mexico. Strain wCin3 is associated with a unique mitochondrial DNA haplotype and unidirectional postmating RI, implicating the strain as the cause of CI. When coupled with nonendosymbiont RI barriers, we estimate the strength of CI associated with wCin3 would not prevent the strain from introgressing from infected southwestern to uninfected populations elsewhere in the USA if populations were to come into secondary contact and hybridize. In contrast, cytoplasmic–nuclear coupling may impede the transfer of wCin3 if Mexican and USA populations were to come into contact. We discuss our results in the context of the general paucity of examples demonstrating stable Wolbachia hybrid zones and whether the spread of Wolbachia among taxa can be constrained in natural hybrid zones long enough for the endosymbiont to participate in speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Bruzzese
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy.,Competence Centre for Plant Health, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
| | - Thomas M Wolfe
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mary M Glover
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Joseph V Mastroni
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Meredith M Doellman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Cheyenne Tait
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Wee L Yee
- United States Department of Agriculture, Temperate Tree Fruit & Vegetable Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Wapato, WA, USA
| | - Juan Rull
- Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, México.,LIEMEN-División Control Biológico de Plagas, PROIMI Biotecnología-CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Glen Ray Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Christian Stauffer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrik Nosil
- CEFE, University Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, University Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France.,Department of Biology, Utah State University, UT, USA
| | - Jeffery L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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15
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Morrow JL, Riegler M. Genome analyses of four Wolbachia strains and associated mitochondria of Rhagoletis cerasi expose cumulative modularity of cytoplasmic incompatibility factors and cytoplasmic hitchhiking across host populations. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:616. [PMID: 34388986 PMCID: PMC8361831 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07906-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The endosymbiont Wolbachia can manipulate arthropod reproduction and invade host populations by inducing cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). Some host species are coinfected with multiple Wolbachia strains which may have sequentially invaded host populations by expressing different types of modular CI factor (cif) genes. The tephritid fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi is a model for CI and Wolbachia population dynamics. It is associated with at least four Wolbachia strains in various combinations, with demonstrated (wCer2, wCer4), predicted (wCer1) or unknown (wCer5) CI phenotypes. Results We sequenced and assembled the draft genomes of the Wolbachia strains wCer1, wCer4 and wCer5, and compared these with the previously sequenced genome of wCer2 which currently invades R. cerasi populations. We found complete cif gene pairs in all strains: four pairs in wCer2 (three Type I; one Type V), two pairs in wCer1 (both Type I) and wCer4 (one Type I; one Type V), and one pair in wCer5 (Type IV). Wolbachia genome variant analyses across geographically and genetically distant host populations revealed the largest diversity of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in wCer5, followed by wCer1 and then wCer2, indicative of their different lengths of host associations. Furthermore, mitogenome analyses of the Wolbachia genome-sequenced individuals in combination with SNP data from six European countries revealed polymorphic mitogenome sites that displayed reduced diversity in individuals infected with wCer2 compared to those without. Conclusions Coinfections with Wolbachia are common in arthropods and affect options for Wolbachia-based management strategies of pest and vector species already infected by Wolbachia. Our analyses of Wolbachia genomes of a host naturally coinfected by several strains unravelled signatures of the evolutionary dynamics in both Wolbachia and host mitochondrial genomes as a consequence of repeated invasions. Invasion of already infected populations by new Wolbachia strains requires new sets of functionally different cif genes and thereby may select for a cumulative modularity of cif gene diversity in invading strains. Furthermore, we demonstrated at the mitogenomic scale that repeated CI-driven Wolbachia invasions of hosts result in reduced mitochondrial diversity and hitchhiking effects. Already resident Wolbachia strains may experience similar cytoplasmic hitchhiking effects caused by the invading Wolbachia strain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07906-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Morrow
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
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16
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Wheeler TB, Thompson V, Conner WR, Cooper BS. Wolbachia in the spittlebug Prosapia ignipectus: Variable infection frequencies, but no apparent effect on host reproductive isolation. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:10054-10065. [PMID: 34367558 PMCID: PMC8328426 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals serve as hosts for complex communities of microorganisms, including endosymbionts that live inside their cells. Wolbachia bacteria are perhaps the most common endosymbionts, manipulating host reproduction to propagate. Many Wolbachia cause cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), which results in reduced egg hatch when uninfected females mate with infected males. Wolbachia that cause intense CI spread to high and relatively stable frequencies, while strains that cause weak or no CI tend to persist at intermediate, often variable, frequencies. Wolbachia could also contribute to host reproductive isolation (RI), although current support for such contributions is limited to a few systems. To test for Wolbachia frequency variation and effects on host RI, we sampled several local Prosapia ignipectus (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) spittlebug populations in the northeastern United States over two years, including closely juxtaposed Maine populations with different monomorphic color forms, "black" and "lined." We discovered a group-B Wolbachia (wPig) infecting P. ignipectus that diverged from group-A Wolbachia-like model wMel and wRi strains in Drosophila-6 to 46 MYA. Populations of the sister species Prosapia bicincta (Say) from Hawaii and Florida are uninfected, suggesting that P. ignipectus acquired wPig after their initial divergence. wPig frequencies were generally high and variable among sites and between years. While phenotyping wPig effects on host reproduction is not currently feasible, the wPig genome contains three divergent sets of CI loci, consistent with high wPig frequencies. Finally, Maine monomorphic black and monomorphic lined populations of P. ignipectus share both wPig and mtDNA haplotypes, implying no apparent effect of wPig on the maintenance of this morphological contact zone. We hypothesize P. ignipectus acquired wPig horizontally as observed for many Drosophila species, and that significant CI and variable transmission produce high but variable wPig frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinton Thompson
- Division of Invertebrate ZoologyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkNYUSA
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17
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Morrow JL, Schneider DI, Klasson L, Janitz C, Miller WJ, Riegler M. Parallel Sequencing of Wolbachia wCer2 from Donor and Novel Hosts Reveals Multiple Incompatibility Factors and Genome Stability after Host Transfers. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 12:720-735. [PMID: 32163151 PMCID: PMC7259677 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of Wolbachia in insect pest and vector control requires the establishment of genotypically stable host associations. The cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) inducing Wolbachia strain wCer2 naturally occurs in the cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi as co-infection with other strains and was transferred to other fruit fly species by embryonic microinjections. We obtained wCer2 genome data from its native and three novel hosts, Drosophila simulans, Drosophila melanogaster, and Ceratitis capitata and assessed its genome stability, characteristics, and CI factor (cif) genes. De novo assembly was successful from Wolbachia cell-enriched singly infected D. simulans embryos, with minimal host and other bacterial genome traces. The low yield of Wolbachia sequence reads from total genomic extracts of one multiply infected R. cerasi pupa and one singly infected C. capitata adult limited de novo assemblies but was sufficient for comparative analyses. Across hosts wCer2 was stable in genome synteny and content. Polymorphic nucleotide sites were found in wCer2 of each host; however, only one nucleotide was different between R. cerasi and C. capitata, and none between replicated D. simulans lines. The wCer2 genome is highly similar to wAu (D. simulans), wMel (D. melanogaster), and wRec (Drosophila recens). In contrast to wMel and wRec (each with one cif gene pair) and wAu (without any cif genes), wCer2 has three pairs of Type I cif genes, and one Type V cifB gene without a cifA complement. This may explain previously reported CI patterns of wCer2, including incomplete rescue of its own CI modification in three novel host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Morrow
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniela I Schneider
- Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lisa Klasson
- Molecular Evolution, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Caroline Janitz
- Next Generation Sequencing Facility, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Wolfgang J Miller
- Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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18
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Duplouy A, Nair A, Nyman T, van Nouhuys S. Long-term spatiotemporal genetic structure of an accidental parasitoid introduction, and local changes in prevalence of its associated Wolbachia symbiont. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:4368-4380. [PMID: 34233062 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Population bottlenecks associated with founder events strongly impact the establishment and genetic makeup of populations. In addition to their genotype, founding individuals also bring along parasites, as well as symbionts that can manipulate the phenotype of their host, affecting the host population establishment, dynamics and evolution. Thus, to understand introduction, invasion, and spread, we should identify the roles played by accompanying symbionts. In 1991, the parasitoid wasp, Hyposoter horticola, and its associated hyperparasitoid were accidentally introduced from the main Åland islands, Finland, to an isolated island in the archipelago, along with their host, the Glanville fritillary butterfly. Though the receiving island was unoccupied, the butterfly was present on some of the small islands in the vicinity. The three introduced species have persisted locally ever since. A strain of the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia has an intermediate prevalence in the parasitoid H. horticola across the main Åland population. The infection increases its susceptibility of to hyperparasitism. We investigated the establishment and spread of the parasitoid, along with patterns of prevalence of its symbiont using 323 specimens collected between 1992 and 2013, from five localities across Åland, including the source and introduced populations. Using 14 microsatellites and one mitochondrial marker, we suggest that the relatively diverse founding population and occasional migration between islands might have facilitated the persistence of all isolated populations, despite multiple local population crashes. We also show that where the hyperparasitoid is absent, and thus selection against infected wasp genotypes is relaxed, there is near-fixation of Wolbachia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Duplouy
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Abhilash Nair
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Toshka Nyman
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saskya van Nouhuys
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Ithaca, New York, USA
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19
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Wolfe TM, Bruzzese DJ, Klasson L, Corretto E, Lečić S, Stauffer C, Feder JL, Schuler H. Comparative genome sequencing reveals insights into the dynamics of Wolbachia in native and invasive cherry fruit flies. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:6259-6272. [PMID: 33882628 PMCID: PMC9290052 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia is a maternally inherited obligate endosymbiont that can induce a wide spectrum of effects in its host, ranging from mutualism to reproductive parasitism. At the genomic level, recombination within and between strains, transposable elements, and horizontal transfer of strains between host species make Wolbachia an evolutionarily dynamic bacterial system. The invasive cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cingulata arrived in Europe from North America ~40 years ago, where it now co‐occurs with the native cherry pest R. cerasi. This shared distribution has been proposed to have led to the horizontal transfer of different Wolbachia strains between the two species. To better understand transmission dynamics, we performed a comparative genome study of the strain wCin2 in its native United States and invasive European populations of R. cingulata with wCer2 in European R. cerasi. Previous multilocus sequence genotyping (MLST) of six genes implied that the source of wCer2 in R. cerasi was wCin2 from R. cingulata. However, we report genomic evidence discounting the recent horizontal transfer hypothesis for the origin of wCer2. Despite near identical sequences for the MLST markers, substantial sequence differences for other loci were found between wCer2 and wCin2, as well as structural rearrangements, and differences in prophage, repetitive element, gene content, and cytoplasmic incompatibility inducing genes. Our study highlights the need for whole‐genome sequencing rather than relying on MLST markers for resolving Wolbachia strains and assessing their evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Wolfe
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel J Bruzzese
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Lisa Klasson
- Molecular Evolution, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erika Corretto
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
| | - Sonja Lečić
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Stauffer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy.,Competence Centre for Plant Health, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
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20
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Fu Z, Meier AR, Epstein B, Bergland AO, Castillo Carrillo CI, Cooper WR, Cruzado RK, Horton DR, Jensen AS, Kelley JL, Rashed A, Reitz SR, Rondon SI, Thinakaran J, Wenninger EJ, Wohleb CH, Crowder DW, Snyder WE. Host plants and Wolbachia shape the population genetics of sympatric herbivore populations. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2740-2753. [PMID: 33294020 PMCID: PMC7691456 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Changing climate and land-use practices have the potential to bring previously isolated populations of pest insects into new sympatry. This heightens the need to better understand how differing patterns of host-plant association, and unique endosymbionts, serve to promote genetic isolation or integration. We addressed these factors in populations of potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc), a generalist herbivore that vectors a bacterial pathogen (Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum, causal pathogen of zebra chip disease) of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Genome-wide SNP data revealed two major genetic clusters-psyllids collected from potato crops were genetically similar to psyllids found on a common weed, Lycium spp., but dissimilar from those found on another common non-crop host, Solanum dulcamara L. Most psyllids found on Lycium spp. and potato represented a single mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) haplotype that has been suggested to not be native to the region, and whose arrival may have been concurrent with zebra chip disease first emerging. The putatively introduced COI haplotype usually co-occurred with endosymbiotic Wolbachia, while the putatively resident COI haplotype generally did not. Genetic intermediates between the two genetic populations of insects were rare, consistent with recent sympatry or reproductive isolation, although admixture patterns of apparent hybrids were consistent with introgression of genes from introduced into resident populations. Our results suggest that both host-plant associations and endosymbionts are shaping the population genetic structure of sympatric psyllid populations associated with different non-crop hosts. It is of future interest to explicitly examine vectorial capacity of the two populations and their potential hybrids, as population structure and hybridization might alter regional vector capacity and disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Fu
- Department of EntomologyWashington State UniversityPullmanWAUSA
- Present address:
Department of EntomologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | | | - Brendan Epstein
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
| | | | - Carmen I. Castillo Carrillo
- Departamento de Protección VegetalEstación Experimental Santa CatalinaInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP)QuitoEcuador
| | | | - Regina K. Cruzado
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and NematologyUniversity of IdahoMoscowIDUSA
| | - David R. Horton
- Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable ResearchUSDA‐ARSWapatoWAUSA
| | | | - Joanna L. Kelley
- School of Biological SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWAUSA
| | - Arash Rashed
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and NematologyUniversity of IdahoMoscowIDUSA
| | - Stuart R. Reitz
- Malheur Experiment StationOregon State UniversityOntarioORUSA
| | - Silvia I. Rondon
- Department of Crop and Soil ScienceHermiston Agricultural Research and Extension CenterHermistonORUSA
| | | | - Erik J. Wenninger
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and NematologyKimberly Research and Extension CenterUniversity of IdahoKimberlyIDUSA
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21
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Doellman MM, Saint Jean G, Egan SP, Powell THQ, Hood GR, Schuler H, Bruzzese DJ, Glover MM, Smith JJ, Yee WL, Goughnour R, Rull J, Aluja M, Feder JL. Evidence for spatial clines and mixed geographic modes of speciation for North American cherry-infesting Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) flies. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:12727-12744. [PMID: 33304490 PMCID: PMC7713972 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An important criterion for understanding speciation is the geographic context of population divergence. Three major modes of allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric speciation define the extent of spatial overlap and gene flow between diverging populations. However, mixed modes of speciation are also possible, whereby populations experience periods of allopatry, parapatry, and/or sympatry at different times as they diverge. Here, we report clinal patterns of variation for 21 nuclear-encoded microsatellites and a wing spot phenotype for cherry-infesting Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) across North America consistent with these flies having initially diverged in parapatry followed by a period of allopatric differentiation in the early Holocene. However, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) displays a different pattern; cherry flies at the ends of the clines in the eastern USA and Pacific Northwest share identical haplotypes, while centrally located populations in the southwestern USA and Mexico possess a different haplotype. We hypothesize that the mitochondrial difference could be due to lineage sorting but more likely reflects a selective sweep of a favorable mtDNA variant or the spread of an endosymbiont. The estimated divergence time for mtDNA suggests possible past allopatry, secondary contact, and subsequent isolation between USA and Mexican fly populations initiated before the Wisconsin glaciation. Thus, the current genetics of cherry flies may involve different mixed modes of divergence occurring in different portions of the fly's range. We discuss the need for additional DNA sequencing and quantification of prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive isolation to verify the multiple mixed-mode hypothesis for cherry flies and draw parallels from other systems to assess the generality that speciation may commonly involve complex biogeographies of varying combinations of allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith M. Doellman
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
- Present address:
Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Gilbert Saint Jean
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Scott P. Egan
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
- Advanced Diagnostics & TherapeuticsUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
- Department of BioSciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Thomas H. Q. Powell
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesBinghamton UniversityBinghamtonNew YorkUSA
| | - Glen R. Hood
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyFree University of Bozen‐BolzanoBozenItaly
| | - Daniel J. Bruzzese
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Mary M. Glover
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - James J. Smith
- Department of EntomologyLyman Briggs CollegeMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Wee L. Yee
- Temperate Tree Fruit & Vegetable Research UnitUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceWapatoWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Juan Rull
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C.XalapaMéxico
- LIEMEN‐División Control Biológico de PlagasPROIMI Biotecnología‐CONICETTucumánArgentina
| | | | - Jeffrey L. Feder
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
- Advanced Diagnostics & TherapeuticsUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
- Environmental Change InitiativeUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
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22
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Large scale genome reconstructions illuminate Wolbachia evolution. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5235. [PMID: 33067437 PMCID: PMC7568565 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia is an iconic example of a successful intracellular bacterium. Despite its importance as a manipulator of invertebrate biology, its evolutionary dynamics have been poorly studied from a genomic viewpoint. To expand the number of Wolbachia genomes, we screen over 30,000 publicly available shotgun DNA sequencing samples from 500 hosts. By assembling over 1000 Wolbachia genomes, we provide a substantial increase in host representation. Our phylogenies based on both core-genome and gene content provide a robust reference for future studies, support new strains in model organisms, and reveal recent horizontal transfers amongst distantly related hosts. We find various instances of gene function gains and losses in different super-groups and in cytoplasmic incompatibility inducing strains. Our Wolbachia-host co-phylogenies indicate that horizontal transmission is widespread at the host intraspecific level and that there is no support for a general Wolbachia-mitochondrial synchronous divergence. By greatly expanding the number of assembled genomes for Wolbachia (a group of intracellular bacteria) and constructing robust phylogenies, this study finds strong rate heterogeneity among Wolbachiapopulations and no support for synchronous divergence between Wolbachia and host mitochondria.
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23
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Lee CC, Lin CY, Tseng SP, Matsuura K, Yang CCS. Ongoing Coevolution of Wolbachia and a Widespread Invasive Ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1569. [PMID: 33053771 PMCID: PMC7601630 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
While Wolbachia are commonly found among arthropods, intraspecific infection rates can vary substantially across the geographic populations. Here we report nearly 100% prevalence of Wolbachia in the global populations of the yellow crazy ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes. To understand coevolutionary history between Wolbachia and A. gracilipes, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Wolbachia from the ant across 12 geographical regions and compared the phylogeny of SNP-based Wolbachia to patterns of the ant's mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation. Our results revealed a strong concordance between phylogenies of Wolbachia and host mtDNA, providing immediate evidence of co-divergence. Among eight identified SNP loci separating the genetic clusters of Wolbachia, seven loci are located in potential protein-coding genes, three of which being non-synonymous SNPs that may influence gene functions. We found a Wolbachia hypothetical protein gene with signature of positive selection. These findings jointly allow us to characterize Wolbachia-ant coevolution and also raise a question about mechanism(s) underlying maintenance of high prevalence of Wolbachia during the colonization of this invasive ant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chi Lee
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan;
| | - Chun-Yi Lin
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan;
| | - Shu-Ping Tseng
- Department of Entomology, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Kenji Matsuura
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
| | - Chin-Cheng Scotty Yang
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan;
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan
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24
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Bakovic V, Schebeck M, Stauffer C, Schuler H. Wolbachia-Mitochondrial DNA Associations in Transitional Populations of Rhagoletis cerasi. INSECTS 2020; 11:E675. [PMID: 33027888 PMCID: PMC7650823 DOI: 10.3390/insects11100675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endosymbiont Wolbachia can manipulate arthropod host reproduction by inducing cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), which results in embryonic mortality when infected males mate with uninfected females. A CI-driven invasion of Wolbachia can result in a selective sweep of associated mitochondrial haplotype. The co-inheritance of Wolbachia and host mitochondrial DNA can therefore provide significant information on the dynamics of an ongoing Wolbachia invasion. Therefore, transition zones (i.e., regions where a Wolbachia strain is currently spreading from infected to uninfected populations) represent an ideal area to investigate the relationship between Wolbachia and host mitochondrial haplotype. Here, we studied Wolbachia-mitochondrial haplotype associations in the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi, in two transition zones in the Czech Republic and Hungary, where the CI-inducing strain wCer2 is currently spreading. The wCer2-infection status of 881 individuals was compared with the two known R. cerasi mitochondrial haplotypes, HT1 and HT2. In accordance with previous studies, wCer2-uninfected individuals were associated with HT1, and wCer2-infected individuals were mainly associated with HT2. We found misassociations only within the transition zones, where HT2 flies were wCer2-uninfected, suggesting the occurrence of imperfect maternal transmission. We did not find any HT1 flies that were wCer2-infected, suggesting that Wolbachia was not acquired horizontally. Our study provides new insights into the dynamics of the early phase of a Wolbachia invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vid Bakovic
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, BOKU, Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82/I, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Martin Schebeck
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, BOKU, Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82/I, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Christian Stauffer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, BOKU, Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82/I, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Universitätsplatz 5, I-39100 Bozen-Bolzano, Italy;
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25
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N. Miyata M, Nomura M, Kageyama D. Wolbachia have made it twice: Hybrid introgression between two sister species of Eurema butterflies. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:8323-8330. [PMID: 32788982 PMCID: PMC7417220 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia, cytoplasmically inherited endosymbionts of arthropods, are known to hijack their host reproduction in various ways to increase their own vertical transmission. This may lead to the selective sweep of associated mitochondria, which can have a large impact on the evolution of mitochondrial lineages. In Japan, two different Wolbacahia strains (wCI and wFem) are found in two sister species of pierid butterflies, Eurema mandarina and Eurema hecabe. In both species, females infected with wCI (C females) produce offspring with a nearly 1:1 sex ratio, while females infected with both wCI and wFem (CF females) produce all-female offspring. Previous studies have suggested the historical occurrence of hybrid introgression in C individuals between the two species. Furthermore, hybrid introgression in CF individuals is suggested by the distinct mitochondrial lineages between C females and CF females of E. mandarina. In this study, we performed phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA markers of E. hecabe with previously published data on E. mandarina. We found that the nuclear DNA of this species significantly diverged from that of E. mandarina. By contrast, mitochondrial DNA haplotypes comprised two clades, mostly reflecting Wolbachia infection status rather than the individual species. Collectively, our results support the previously suggested occurrence of two independent historical events wherein the cytoplasms of CF females and C females moved between E. hecabe and E. mandarina through hybrid introgression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai N. Miyata
- Graduate School of HorticultureChiba UniversityMatsudoJapan
| | - Masashi Nomura
- Graduate School of HorticultureChiba UniversityMatsudoJapan
| | - Daisuke Kageyama
- Institute of Agrobiological SciencesNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaJapan
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26
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Mateos M, Martinez Montoya H, Lanzavecchia SB, Conte C, Guillén K, Morán-Aceves BM, Toledo J, Liedo P, Asimakis ED, Doudoumis V, Kyritsis GA, Papadopoulos NT, Augustinos AA, Segura DF, Tsiamis G. Wolbachia pipientis Associated With Tephritid Fruit Fly Pests: From Basic Research to Applications. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1080. [PMID: 32582067 PMCID: PMC7283806 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the true fruit flies (family Tephritidae) are among the most serious agricultural pests worldwide, whose control and management demands large and costly international efforts. The need for cost-effective and environmentally friendly integrated pest management (IPM) has led to the development and implementation of autocidal control strategies. These approaches include the widely used sterile insect technique and the incompatible insect technique (IIT). IIT relies on maternally transmitted bacteria (namely Wolbachia) to cause a conditional sterility in crosses between released mass-reared Wolbachia-infected males and wild females, which are either uninfected or infected with a different Wolbachia strain (i.e., cytoplasmic incompatibility; CI). Herein, we review the current state of knowledge on Wolbachia-tephritid interactions including infection prevalence in wild populations, phenotypic consequences, and their impact on life history traits. Numerous pest tephritid species are reported to harbor Wolbachia infections, with a subset exhibiting high prevalence. The phenotypic effects of Wolbachia have been assessed in very few tephritid species, due in part to the difficulty of manipulating Wolbachia infection (removal or transinfection). Based on recent methodological advances (high-throughput DNA sequencing) and breakthroughs concerning the mechanistic basis of CI, we suggest research avenues that could accelerate generation of necessary knowledge for the potential use of Wolbachia-based IIT in area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) strategies for the population control of tephritid pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Mateos
- Departments of Ecology and Conservation Biology, and Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Humberto Martinez Montoya
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Comparativa, Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa Aztlan, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico
| | - Silvia B Lanzavecchia
- Instituto de Genética 'Ewald A. Favret' - GV IABIMO (INTA-CONICET) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Conte
- Instituto de Genética 'Ewald A. Favret' - GV IABIMO (INTA-CONICET) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Jorge Toledo
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Pablo Liedo
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Elias D Asimakis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Vangelis Doudoumis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Georgios A Kyritsis
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Nikos T Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Antonios A Augustinos
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Industrial and Forage Crops, Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DEMETER, Patras, Greece
| | - Diego F Segura
- Instituto de Genética 'Ewald A. Favret' - GV IABIMO (INTA-CONICET) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - George Tsiamis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
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27
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Miyata MN, Kageyama D, Nomura M. Multiplex PCR for identification of two butterfly sister species: Eurema mandarina and Eurema hecabe. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:260. [PMID: 32460868 PMCID: PMC7251659 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In insects, closely related species are often difficult or impossible to distinguish solely by morphological traits. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers are often useful and reliable for distinguishing closely related species. However, useful mtDNA markers can be unavailable, particularly when such species pairs experienced hybrid introgression in the past. Although polymorphic nuclear DNA markers would be necessary to distinguish such species pairs, recombination, multiple copies, and slower mutation rates of the nuclear DNA compared with those of mtDNA often make it challenging. The objective of this study was to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction that can reliably amplify and distinguish the Tpi sequences of Eurema mandarina and Eurema hecabe. Results We successfully analyzed the nucleotide sequences of the Z chromosome-linked triose phosphate isomerase (Tpi) gene to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that amplified ca. 120-bp products for E. mandarina and ca. 375-bp products for E. hecabe. We suggest that multiplex PCR using Tpi with appropriately designed primers can be used to accurately and reliably distinguish between other closely related Lepidoptera species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai N Miyata
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kageyama
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0851, Japan.
| | - Masashi Nomura
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan.
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28
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Singh R, Linksvayer TA. Wolbachia-infected ant colonies have increased reproductive investment and an accelerated life cycle. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb220079. [PMID: 32253286 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.220079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia is a widespread genus of maternally transmitted endosymbiotic bacteria that often manipulates the reproductive strategy and life history of its hosts to favor its own transmission. Wolbachia-mediated phenotypic effects are well characterized in solitary hosts, but effects in social hosts are unclear. The invasive pharaoh ant, Monomorium pharaonis, shows natural variation in Wolbachia infection between colonies and can be readily bred under laboratory conditions. We previously showed that Wolbachia-infected pharaoh ant colonies had more queen-biased sex ratios than uninfected colonies, which is expected to favor the spread of maternally transmitted Wolbachia Here, we further characterize the effects of Wolbachia on the short- and longer-term reproductive and life history traits of pharaoh ant colonies. First, we characterized the reproductive differences between naturally infected and uninfected colonies at three discrete time points and found that infected colonies had higher reproductive investment (i.e. infected colonies produced more new queens), particularly when existing colony queens were 3 months old. Next, we compared the long-term growth and reproduction dynamics of infected and uninfected colonies across their whole life cycle. Infected colonies had increased colony-level growth and early colony reproduction, resulting in a shorter colony life cycle, when compared with uninfected colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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29
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Avtzis DN, Schebeck M, Petsopoulos D, Memtsas GI, Stauffer C, Kavallieratos NG, Athanassiou CG, Boukouvala MC. New Data on the Range Expansion of the Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) 'ENA clade' in Greece: The Role of Bacterial Endosymbionts. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:2761-2766. [PMID: 31550003 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis and Schiffermüller), is an important insect in the Mediterranean region, as it defoliates pines and its urticating hairs can cause allergic reactions in humans and animals. Moreover, this species exhibits an interesting genetic structure as recently a distinct East-North African mtDNA lineage ('ENA clade') has been described. This clade has been recently detected in Greek populations where it has currently expanded its range by replacing the 'endemic' T. pityocampa lineages. Here, we report new data on the rapid spread of 'ENA clade' in the Greek island Evoia in only a few years. As the underlying mechanisms of the 'ENA clade' range expansion has not been studied so far, we screened T. pityocampa for an infection with the heritable bacterial endosymbionts Wolbachia (Bacteria: Anaplasmataceae), Cardinium (Bacteria: Bacteroidaceae), Rickettsia (Bacteria: Rickettsiaceae) and Spiroplasma (Bacteria: Spiroplasmataceae). These bacteria can manipulate the reproduction of infected hosts, something that could potentially explain the rapid spread of 'ENA clade' lineage. Therefore, we screened 28 individuals that exhibited T. pityocampa 'ENA clade' and 'endemic' T. pityocampa haplotypes from nine populations scattered all over Greece. None of them was infected with any of the four endosymbionts, suggesting that these bacteria do not cause reproductive manipulations in T. pityocampa lineages and, thus, other factors should be explored in future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios N Avtzis
- Laboratory of Forest Entomology, Forest Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Vassilika, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Martin Schebeck
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82/I, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dimitrios Petsopoulos
- Laboratory of Forest Entomology, Forest Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Vassilika, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George I Memtsas
- Laboratory of Forest Entomology, Forest Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Vassilika, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christian Stauffer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82/I, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nickolas G Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Attica, Greece
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Attica, Greece
| | - Christos G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Nea Ionia, Magnissia, Greece
| | - Maria C Boukouvala
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Attica, Greece
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Attica, Greece
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupolis, Ioannina, Greece
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30
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Bakovic V, Schuler H, Schebeck M, Feder JL, Stauffer C, Ragland GJ. Host plant-related genomic differentiation in the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4648-4666. [PMID: 31495015 PMCID: PMC6899720 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanisms and conditions facilitating the formation of biodiversity are central topics in evolutionary biology. A growing number of studies imply that divergent ecological selection may often play a critical role in speciation by counteracting the homogenising effects of gene flow. Several examples involve phytophagous insects, where divergent selection pressures associated with host plant shifts may generate reproductive isolation, promoting speciation. Here, we use ddRADseq to assess the population structure and to test for host‐related genomic differentiation in the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (L., 1758) (Diptera: Tephritidae). This tephritid is distributed throughout Europe and western Asia, and has adapted to two different genera of host plants, Prunus spp. (cherries) and Lonicera spp. (honeysuckle). Our data imply that geographic distance and geomorphic barriers serve as the primary factors shaping genetic population structure across the species range. Locally, however, flies genetically cluster according to host plant, with consistent allele frequency differences displayed by a subset of loci between Prunus and Lonicera flies across four sites surveyed in Germany and Norway. These 17 loci display significantly higher FST values between host plants than others. They also showed high levels of linkage disequilibrium within and between Prunus and Lonicera flies, supporting host‐related selection and reduced gene flow. Our findings support the existence of sympatric host races in R. cerasi embedded within broader patterns of geographic variation in the fly, similar to the related apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella, in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vid Bakovic
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biology, IFM, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Martin Schebeck
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Christian Stauffer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregory J Ragland
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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31
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Tseng SP, Wetterer JK, Suarez AV, Lee CY, Yoshimura T, Shoemaker D, Yang CCS. Genetic Diversity and Wolbachia Infection Patterns in a Globally Distributed Invasive Ant. Front Genet 2019; 10:838. [PMID: 31608104 PMCID: PMC6758599 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the phylogeographic history of an invasive species may facilitate reconstructing the history and routes of its invasion. The longhorn crazy ant, Paratrechina longicornis, is a ubiquitous agricultural and household pest throughout much of the tropics and subtropics, but little is known about the history of its spread. Here, we examine worldwide genetic variation in P. longicornis and its associated Wolbachia bacterial symbionts. Analyses of mtDNA sequences of 248 P. longicornis workers (one per colony) from 13 geographic regions reveal two highly diverged mtDNA clades that co-occur in most of the geographic regions. These two mtDNA clades are associated with different Wolbachia infection patterns, but are not congruent with patterns of nDNA (microsatellite) variation. Multilocus sequence typing reveals two distinct Wolbachia strains in P. longicornis, namely, wLonA and wLonF. The evolutionary histories of these two strains differ; wLonA appears to be primarily transmitted maternally, and patterns of mtDNA and nDNA variation and wLonA infection status are consistent with a relatively recent Wolbachia-induced selective sweep. In contrast, the observed patterns of mtDNA variation and wLonF infections suggest frequent horizontal transfer and losses of wLonF infections. The lack of nDNA structure among sampled geographic regions coupled with the finding that numerous mtDNA haplotypes are shared among regions implies that inadvertent long-distance movement through human commerce is common in P. longicornis and has shaped the genetic structure of this invasive ant worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ping Tseng
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - James K. Wetterer
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Andrew V. Suarez
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior and Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Tsuyoshi Yoshimura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - DeWayne Shoemaker
- Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Doellman MM, Schuler H, Jean GS, Hood GR, Egan SP, Powell THQ, Glover MM, Bruzzese DJ, Smith JJ, Yee WL, Goughnour RB, Rull J, Aluja M, Feder JL. Geographic and Ecological Dimensions of Host Plant-Associated Genetic Differentiation and Speciation in the Rhagoletis cingulata (Diptera: Tephritidae) Sibling Species Group. INSECTS 2019; 10:E275. [PMID: 31470668 PMCID: PMC6780410 DOI: 10.3390/insects10090275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ascertaining the causes of adaptive radiation is central to understanding how new species arise and come to vary with their resources. The ecological theory posits adaptive radiation via divergent natural selection associated with novel resource use; an alternative suggests character displacement following speciation in allopatry and then secondary contact of reproductively isolated but ecologically similar species. Discriminating between hypotheses, therefore, requires the establishment of a key role for ecological diversification in initiating speciation versus a secondary role in facilitating co-existence. Here, we characterize patterns of genetic variation and postzygotic reproductive isolation for tephritid fruit flies in the Rhagoletis cingulata sibling species group to assess the significance of ecology, geography, and non-adaptive processes for their divergence. Our results support the ecological theory: no evidence for intrinsic postzygotic reproductive isolation was found between two populations of allopatric species, while nuclear-encoded microsatellites implied strong ecologically based reproductive isolation among sympatric species infesting different host plants. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA suggested, however, that cytoplasmic-related reproductive isolation may also exist between two geographically isolated populations within R cingulata. Thus, ecology associated with sympatric host shifts and cytoplasmic effects possibly associated with an endosymbiont may be the key initial drivers of the radiation of the R. cingulata group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith M Doellman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Current Address: Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
| | - Gilbert Saint Jean
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Glen R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Current Address: Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Scott P Egan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Current Address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77088, USA
| | - Thomas H Q Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Current Address: Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Mary M Glover
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Daniel J Bruzzese
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - James J Smith
- Michigan State University, Department of Entomology and Lyman Briggs College, East Holmes Hall, E. Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Wee L Yee
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| | - Robert B Goughnour
- Washington State University Extension, 1919 NE 78th Street, Vancouver, WA 98665, USA
| | - Juan Rull
- PROIMI Biotecnología-CONICET, LIEMEN-División Control Biológico de Plagas, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros, T4001MVB San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Martin Aluja
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec no. 351, Congregación el Haya, C.P. 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Cooper BS, Vanderpool D, Conner WR, Matute DR, Turelli M. Wolbachia Acquisition by Drosophila yakuba-Clade Hosts and Transfer of Incompatibility Loci Between Distantly Related Wolbachia. Genetics 2019; 212:1399-1419. [PMID: 31227544 PMCID: PMC6707468 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternally transmitted Wolbachia infect about half of insect species, yet the predominant mode(s) of Wolbachia acquisition remains uncertain. Species-specific associations could be old, with Wolbachia and hosts codiversifying (i.e., cladogenic acquisition), or relatively young and acquired by horizontal transfer or introgression. The three Drosophila yakuba-clade hosts [(D. santomea, D. yakuba) D. teissieri] diverged ∼3 MYA and currently hybridize on the West African islands Bioko and São Tomé. Each species is polymorphic for nearly identical Wolbachia that cause weak cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI)-reduced egg hatch when uninfected females mate with infected males. D. yakuba-clade Wolbachia are closely related to wMel, globally polymorphic in D. melanogaster We use draft Wolbachia and mitochondrial genomes to demonstrate that D. yakuba-clade phylogenies for Wolbachia and mitochondria tend to follow host nuclear phylogenies. However, roughly half of D. santomea individuals, sampled both inside and outside of the São Tomé hybrid zone, have introgressed D. yakuba mitochondria. Both mitochondria and Wolbachia possess far more recent common ancestors than the bulk of the host nuclear genomes, precluding cladogenic Wolbachia acquisition. General concordance of Wolbachia and mitochondrial phylogenies suggests that horizontal transmission is rare, but varying relative rates of molecular divergence complicate chronogram-based statistical tests. Loci that cause CI in wMel are disrupted in D. yakuba-clade Wolbachia; but a second set of loci predicted to cause CI are located in the same WO prophage region. These alternative CI loci seem to have been acquired horizontally from distantly related Wolbachia, with transfer mediated by flanking Wolbachia-specific ISWpi1 transposons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S Cooper
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812
| | - Dan Vanderpool
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - William R Conner
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812
| | - Daniel R Matute
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27510
| | - Michael Turelli
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Hartke J, Sprenger PP, Sahm J, Winterberg H, Orivel J, Baur H, Beuerle T, Schmitt T, Feldmeyer B, Menzel F. Cuticular hydrocarbons as potential mediators of cryptic species divergence in a mutualistic ant association. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9160-9176. [PMID: 31463013 PMCID: PMC6706187 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon advances in sequencing techniques, more and more morphologically identical organisms are identified as cryptic species. Often, mutualistic interactions are proposed as drivers of diversification. Species of the neotropical parabiotic ant association between Crematogaster levior and Camponotus femoratus are known for highly diverse cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles, which in insects serve as desiccation barrier but also as communication cues. In the present study, we investigated the association of the ants' CHC profiles with genotypes and morphological traits, and discovered cryptic species pairs in both genera. To assess putative niche differentiation between the cryptic species, we conducted an environmental association study that included various climate variables, canopy cover, and mutualistic plant species. Although mostly sympatric, the two Camponotus species seem to prefer different climate niches. However in the two Crematogaster species, we could not detect any differences in niche preference. The strong differentiation in the CHC profiles may thus suggest a possible role during speciation itself either by inducing assortative mating or by reinforcing sexual selection after the speciation event. We did not detect any further niche differences in the environmental parameters tested. Thus, it remains open how the cryptic species avoid competitive exclusion, with scope for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Hartke
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreFrankfurt am MainGermany
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular EvolutionJohannes‐Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
| | - Philipp P. Sprenger
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular EvolutionJohannes‐Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical BiologyUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Jacqueline Sahm
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular EvolutionJohannes‐Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
- Present address:
Department of Evolutionary Animal EcologyUniversity of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Helena Winterberg
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Jérôme Orivel
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CIRAD, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane)Kourou CedexFrance
| | - Hannes Baur
- Department of InvertebratesNatural History Museum BernBernSwitzerland
- Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Till Beuerle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical BiologyUniversity of Technology BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical BiologyUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Barbara Feldmeyer
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Florian Menzel
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular EvolutionJohannes‐Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
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35
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Widespread hybridization among native and invasive species of Operophtera moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Europe and North America. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Dobelmann J, Alexander A, Baty JW, Gemmell NJ, Gruber MAM, Quinn O, Wenseleers T, Lester PJ. The association between mitochondrial genetic variation and reduced colony fitness in an invasive wasp. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:3324-3338. [PMID: 31233636 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the mitochondrion's long-recognized role in energy production, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation commonly found in natural populations was assumed to be effectively neutral. However, variation in mtDNA has now been increasingly linked to phenotypic variation in life history traits and fitness. We examined whether the relative fitness in native and invasive common wasp (Vespula vulgaris) populations in Belgium and New Zealand (NZ), respectively, can be linked to mtDNA variation. Social wasp colonies in NZ were smaller with comparatively fewer queen cells, indicating a reduced relative fitness in the invaded range. Interestingly, queen cells in this population were significantly larger leading to larger queen offspring. By sequencing 1,872 bp of the mitochondrial genome, we determined mitochondrial haplotypes and detected reduced genetic diversity in NZ. Three common haplotypes in NZ frequently produced many queens, whereas the four rare haplotypes produced significantly fewer or no queens. The entire mitochondrial genome for each of these haplotypes was sequenced to identify polymorphisms associated with fitness reduction. We found 16 variable sites; however, no nonsynonymous mutation that was clearly causing impaired mitochondrial function was detected. We discuss how detected variants may alter secondary structures, gene expression or mito-nuclear interactions, or could be associated with nuclear-encoded variation. Whatever the ultimate mechanism, we show reduced fitness and mtDNA variation in an invasive wasp population as well as specific mtDNA variants associated with fitness variation within this population. Ours is one of only a few studies that confirm fitness impacts of mtDNA variation in wild nonmodel populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Dobelmann
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Alana Alexander
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James W Baty
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Neil J Gemmell
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Monica A M Gruber
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Oliver Quinn
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tom Wenseleers
- Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip J Lester
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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37
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Schebeck M, Feldkirchner L, Stauffer C, Schuler H. Dynamics of an Ongoing Wolbachia Spread in the European Cherry Fruit Fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae). INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10060172. [PMID: 31208002 PMCID: PMC6627601 DOI: 10.3390/insects10060172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Numerous terrestrial arthropods are infected with the alphaproteobacterium Wolbachia. This endosymbiont is usually transmitted vertically from infected females to their offspring and can alter the reproduction of hosts through various manipulations, like cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), enhancing its spread in new host populations. Studies on the spatial and temporal dynamics of Wolbachia under natural conditions are scarce. Here, we analyzed Wolbachia infection frequencies in populations of the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (L.), in central Germany—an area of an ongoing spread of the CI-inducing strain wCer2. In total, 295 individuals from 19 populations were PCR-screened for the presence of wCer2 and their mitochondrial haplotype. Results were compared with historic data to understand the infection dynamics of the ongoing wCer2 invasion. An overall wCer2 infection frequency of about 30% was found, ranging from 0% to 100% per population. In contrast to an expected smooth transition from wCer2-infected to completely wCer2-uninfected populations, a relatively scattered infection pattern across geography was observed. Moreover, a strong Wolbachia-haplotype association was detected, with only a few rare misassociations. Our results show a complex dynamic of an ongoing Wolbachia spread in natural field populations of R. cerasi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schebeck
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, BOKU, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82/I, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lukas Feldkirchner
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, BOKU, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82/I, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christian Stauffer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, BOKU, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82/I, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Universitätsplatz 5, I-39100 Bozen-Bolzano, Italy.
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Bakovic V, Schebeck M, Telschow A, Stauffer C, Schuler H. Spatial spread of Wolbachia in Rhagoletis cerasi populations. Biol Lett 2019; 14:rsbl.2018.0161. [PMID: 29794009 PMCID: PMC6012700 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia has been used to control insect pests owing to its ability to manipulate their life history and suppress infectious diseases. Therefore, knowledge on Wolbachia dynamics in natural populations is fundamental. The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi, is infected with the Wolbachia strain wCer2, mainly present in southern and central European populations, and is currently spreading into wCer2-uninfected populations driven by high unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility. Here, we describe the distribution of wCer2 along two transition zones where the infection is spreading into wCer2-uninfected R. cerasi populations. Fine-scale sampling of 19 populations in the Czech Republic showed a smooth decrease of wCer2 frequency from south to north within a distance of less than 20 km. Sampling of 12 Hungarian populations, however, showed a sharp decline of wCer2 infection frequency within a few kilometres. We fitted a standard wave equation to our empirical data and estimated a Wolbachia wave speed of 1.9 km yr−1 in the Czech Republic and 1.0 km yr−1 in Hungary. Considering the univoltine life cycle and limited dispersal ability of R. cerasi, our study highlights a rapid Wolbachia spread in natural host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vid Bakovic
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Schebeck
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arndt Telschow
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Stauffer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Laimburg Research Centre, Pfatten, Italy
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Meany MK, Conner WR, Richter SV, Bailey JA, Turelli M, Cooper BS. Loss of cytoplasmic incompatibility and minimal fecundity effects explain relatively low Wolbachia frequencies in Drosophila mauritiana. Evolution 2019; 73:1278-1295. [PMID: 31001816 PMCID: PMC6554066 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Maternally transmitted Wolbachia bacteria infect about half of all insect species. Many Wolbachia cause cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) and reduced egg hatch when uninfected females mate with infected males. Although CI produces a frequency-dependent fitness advantage that leads to high equilibrium Wolbachia frequencies, it does not aid Wolbachia spread from low frequencies. Indeed, the fitness advantages that produce initial Wolbachia spread and maintain non-CI Wolbachia remain elusive. wMau Wolbachia infecting Drosophila mauritiana do not cause CI, despite being very similar to CI-causing wNo from Drosophila simulans (0.068% sequence divergence over 682,494 bp), suggesting recent CI loss. Using draft wMau genomes, we identify a deletion in a CI-associated gene, consistent with theory predicting that selection within host lineages does not act to increase or maintain CI. In the laboratory, wMau shows near-perfect maternal transmission; but we find no significant effect on host fecundity, in contrast to published data. Intermediate wMau frequencies on the island of Mauritius are consistent with a balance between unidentified small, positive fitness effects and imperfect maternal transmission. Our phylogenomic analyses suggest that group-B Wolbachia, including wMau and wPip, diverged from group-A Wolbachia, such as wMel and wRi, 6-46 million years ago, more recently than previously estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K. Meany
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana,
Missoula, MT USA
| | - William R. Conner
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana,
Missoula, MT USA
| | - Sophia V. Richter
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana,
Missoula, MT USA
| | - Jessica A. Bailey
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana,
Missoula, MT USA
| | - Michael Turelli
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of
California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Brandon S. Cooper
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana,
Missoula, MT USA
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40
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Experimental evidence that thermal selection shapes mitochondrial genome evolution. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9500. [PMID: 29934612 PMCID: PMC6015072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27805-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles, found within eukaryotic cells, which contain their own DNA. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has traditionally been used in population genetic and biogeographic studies as a maternally-inherited and evolutionary-neutral genetic marker. However, it is now clear that polymorphisms within the mtDNA sequence are routinely non-neutral, and furthermore several studies have suggested that such mtDNA polymorphisms are also sensitive to thermal selection. These observations led to the formulation of the “mitochondrial climatic adaptation” hypothesis, for which all published evidence to date is correlational. Here, we use laboratory-based experimental evolution in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, to test whether thermal selection can shift population frequencies of two mtDNA haplogroups whose natural frequencies exhibit clinal associations with latitude along the Australian east-coast. We present experimental evidence that the thermal regime in which the laboratory populations were maintained drove changes in haplogroup frequencies across generations. Our results strengthen the emerging view that intra-specific mtDNA variants are sensitive to selection, and suggest spatial distributions of mtDNA variants in natural populations of metazoans might reflect adaptation to climatic environments rather than within-population coalescence and diffusion of selectively-neutral haplotypes across populations.
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41
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Co-speciation in bedbug Wolbachia parallel the pattern in nematode hosts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8797. [PMID: 29891919 PMCID: PMC5995804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25545-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia bacteria, vertically transmitted intracellular endosymbionts, are associated with two major host taxa in which they show strikingly different symbiotic modes. In some taxa of filarial nematodes, where Wolbachia are strictly obligately beneficial to the host, they show complete within- and among-species prevalence as well as co-phylogeny with their hosts. In arthropods, Wolbachia usually are parasitic; if beneficial effects occurs, they can be facultative or obligate, related to host reproduction. In arthropods, the prevalence of Wolbachia varies within and among taxa, and no co-speciation events are known. However, one arthropod species, the common bedbug Cimex lectularius was recently found to be dependent on the provision of biotin and riboflavin by Wolbachia, representing a unique case of Wolbachia providing nutritional and obligate benefits to an arthropod host, perhaps even in a mutualistic manner. Using the presence of presumably functional biotin gene copies, our study demonstrates that the obligate relationship is maintained at least in 10 out of 15 species of the genera Cimex and Paracimex. The remaining five species harboured Wolbachia as well, demonstrating the first known case of 100% prevalence of Wolbachia among higher arthropod taxa. Moreover, we show the predicted co-cladogenesis between Wolbachia and their bedbug hosts, also as the first described case of Wolbachia co-speciation in arthropods.
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42
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Schebeck M, Feldkirchner L, Marín B, Krumböck S, Schuler H, Stauffer C. Reproductive Manipulators in the Bark Beetle Pityogenes chalcographus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)-The Role of Cardinium, Rickettsia, Spiroplasma, and Wolbachia. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2018; 18:4996250. [PMID: 29771340 PMCID: PMC5952938 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heritable bacterial endosymbionts can alter the biology of numerous arthropods. They can influence the reproductive outcome of infected hosts, thus affecting the ecology and evolution of various arthropod species. The spruce bark beetle Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) was reported to express partial, unidirectional crossing incompatibilities among certain European populations. Knowledge on the background of these findings is lacking; however, bacterial endosymbionts have been assumed to manipulate the reproduction of this beetle. Previous work reported low-density and low-frequency Wolbachia infections of P. chalcographus but found it unlikely that this infection results in reproductive alterations. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis of an endosymbiont-driven incompatibility, other than Wolbachia, reflected by an infection pattern on a wide geographic scale. We performed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening of 226 individuals from 18 European populations for the presence of the endosymbionts Cardinium, Rickettsia, and Spiroplasma, and additionally screened these individuals for Wolbachia. Positive PCR products were sequenced to characterize these bacteria. Our study shows a low prevalence of these four endosymbionts in P. chalcographus. We detected a yet undescribed Spiroplasma strain in a single individual from Greece. This is the first time that this endosymbiont has been found in a bark beetle. Further, Wolbachia was detected in three beetles from two Scandinavian populations and two new Wolbachia strains were described. None of the individuals analyzed were infected with Cardinium and Rickettsia. The low prevalence of bacteria found here does not support the hypothesis of an endosymbiont-driven reproductive incompatibility in P. chalcographus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schebeck
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Peter-Jordan-Straße, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Feldkirchner
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Peter-Jordan-Straße, Vienna, Austria
| | - Belen Marín
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Peter-Jordan-Straße, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Krumböck
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Peter-Jordan-Straße, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Peter-Jordan-Straße, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Stauffer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Peter-Jordan-Straße, Vienna, Austria
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Schuler H, Egan SP, Hood GR, Busbee RW, Driscoe AL, Ott JR. Diversity and distribution of Wolbachia in relation to geography, host plant affiliation and life cycle of a heterogonic gall wasp. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:37. [PMID: 29587626 PMCID: PMC5870337 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The maternally inherited endosymbiont Wolbachia is widespread in arthropods and nematodes and can play an important role in the ecology and evolution of its host through reproductive manipulation. Here, we survey Wolbachia in Belonocnema treatae, a widely distributed North American cynipid gall forming wasp that exhibits regional host specialization on three species of oaks and alternation of sexually and asexually reproducing generations. We investigated whether patterns of Wolbachia infection and diversity in B. treatae are associated with the insect's geographic distribution, host plant association, life cycle, and mitochondrial evolutionary history. RESULTS Screening of 463 individuals from 23 populations including sexual and asexual generations from all three host plants across the southern U.S. showed an average infection rate of 56% with three common Wolbachia strains: wTre1-3 and an additional rare variant wTre4. Phylogenetic analysis based on wsp showed that these strains are unrelated and likely independently inherited. We found no difference in Wolbachia infection frequency among host plant associated populations or between the asexual and sexual generations, or between males and females of the sexual generation. Partially incomplete Wolbachia transmission rates might explain the occurrence of uninfected individuals. A parallel analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene in B. treatae showed high mtDNA haplotype diversity in both infected and uninfected populations suggesting an ancestral infection by Wolbachia as well as a clear split between eastern and western B. treatae mtDNA clades with a sequence divergence of > 6%. The strain wTre1 was present almost exclusively in the western clade while wTre2 and wTre3 occur almost exclusively in eastern populations. In contrast, the same strains co-occur as double-infections in Georgia and triple-infections in two populations in central Florida. CONCLUSIONS The diversity of Wolbachia across geographically and genetically distinct populations of B. treatae and the co-occurrence of the same strains within three populations highlights the complex infection dynamics in this system. Moreover, the association of distinct Wolbachia strains with mitochondrial haplotypes of its host in populations infected by different Wolbachia strains suggests a potential role of the endosymbiont in reproductive isolation in B. treatae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Schuler
- Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Boku, University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82/I, 1190, Vienna, Austria. .,Present Address: Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, 39040, Pfatten, Italy.
| | - Scott P Egan
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Glen R Hood
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Robert W Busbee
- Population and Conservation Biology Program, Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Amanda L Driscoe
- Population and Conservation Biology Program, Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - James R Ott
- Population and Conservation Biology Program, Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
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Abstract
SUMMARYMosquitoes’ importance as vectors of pathogens that drive disease underscores the importance of precise and comparable methods of taxa identification among their species. While several molecular targets have been used to study mosquitoes since the initiation of PCR in the 1980s, its application to mosquito identification took off in the early 1990s. This review follows the research's recent journey into the use of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI or COX1) as a DNA barcode target for mosquito species identification – a target whose utility for discriminating mosquitoes is now escalating. The pros and cons of using a mitochondrial genome target are discussed with a broad sweep of the mosquito literature suggesting that nuclear introgressions of mtDNA sequences appear to be uncommon and that the COI works well for distantly related taxa and shows encouraging utility in discriminating more closely related species such as cryptic/sibling species groups. However, the utility of COI in discriminating some closely related groups can be problematic and investigators are advised to proceed with caution as problems with incomplete lineage sorting and introgression events can result in indistinguishable COI sequences appearing in reproductively independent populations. In these – if not all – cases, it is advisable to run a nuclear marker alongside the mtDNA and thus the utility of the ribosomal DNA – and in particular the internal transcribed spacer 2 – is also briefly discussed as a useful counterpoint to the COI.
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Turelli M, Cooper BS, Richardson KM, Ginsberg PS, Peckenpaugh B, Antelope CX, Kim KJ, May MR, Abrieux A, Wilson DA, Bronski MJ, Moore BR, Gao JJ, Eisen MB, Chiu JC, Conner WR, Hoffmann AA. Rapid Global Spread of wRi-like Wolbachia across Multiple Drosophila. Curr Biol 2018; 28:963-971.e8. [PMID: 29526588 PMCID: PMC5882237 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Maternally transmitted Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, and Cardinium bacteria are common in insects [1], but their interspecific spread is poorly understood. Endosymbionts can spread rapidly within host species by manipulating host reproduction, as typified by the global spread of wRi Wolbachia observed in Drosophila simulans [2, 3]. However, because Wolbachia cannot survive outside host cells, spread between distantly related host species requires horizontal transfers that are presumably rare [4-7]. Here, we document spread of wRi-like Wolbachia among eight highly diverged Drosophila hosts (10-50 million years) over only about 14,000 years (5,000-27,000). Comparing 110 wRi-like genomes, we find ≤0.02% divergence from the wRi variant that spread rapidly through California populations of D. simulans. The hosts include both globally invasive species (D. simulans, D. suzukii, and D. ananassae) and narrowly distributed Australian endemics (D. anomalata and D. pandora) [8]. Phylogenetic analyses that include mtDNA genomes indicate introgressive transfer of wRi-like Wolbachia between closely related species D. ananassae, D. anomalata, and D. pandora but no horizontal transmission within species. Our analyses suggest D. ananassae as the Wolbachia source for the recent wRi invasion of D. simulans and D. suzukii as the source of Wolbachia in its sister species D. subpulchrella. Although six of these wRi-like variants cause strong cytoplasmic incompatibility, two cause no detectable reproductive effects, indicating that pervasive mutualistic effects [9, 10] complement the reproductive manipulations for which Wolbachia are best known. "Super spreader" variants like wRi may be particularly useful for controlling insect pests and vector-borne diseases with Wolbachia transinfections [11].
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Turelli
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Brandon S Cooper
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Kelly M Richardson
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul S Ginsberg
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Brooke Peckenpaugh
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Chenling X Antelope
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kevin J Kim
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael R May
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Antoine Abrieux
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Derek A Wilson
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael J Bronski
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brian R Moore
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jian-Jun Gao
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Michael B Eisen
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joanna C Chiu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - William R Conner
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Miyata M, Konagaya T, Yukuhiro K, Nomura M, Kageyama D. Wolbachia-induced meiotic drive and feminization is associated with an independent occurrence of selective mitochondrial sweep in a butterfly. Biol Lett 2017; 13:rsbl.2017.0153. [PMID: 28566542 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternally inherited Wolbachia endosymbionts manipulate arthropod reproduction in various ways. In the butterfly Eurema mandarina, a cytoplasmic incompatibility-inducing Wolbachia strain wCI and the associated mtDNA haplotypes are known to originate from the sister species Eurema hecabe, which offered a good case study for microbe-mediated hybrid introgression. Besides wCI, some females with the Z0 karyotype harbour a distinct Wolbachia strain wFem, which causes all-female production by meiotic drive and feminization. We report that a considerable proportion of E. mandarina females (65.7%) were infected with both wCI and wFem (CF) on Tanegashima Island. While females singly infected with wCI (C) produced offspring at a 1 : 1 sex ratio, CF females produced only females. Although Z-linked sequence polymorphism showed no signs of divergence between C and CF females, mtDNA split into two discrete clades; one consisted of C females and the other CF females, both of which formed a clade with E. hecabe but not with uninfected E. mandarina This suggests that CF matrilines also, but independently, experienced a selective sweep after hybrid introgression from E. hecabe Distinct evolutionary forces were suggested to have caused C and CF matrilines to diverge, which would be irreversible because of the particular phenotype of wFem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Miyata
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Konagaya
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Yukuhiro
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0851, Japan
| | - Masashi Nomura
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kageyama
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0851, Japan
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Cariou M, Duret L, Charlat S. The global impact ofWolbachiaon mitochondrial diversity and evolution. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:2204-2210. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Cariou
- Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5558; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; Villeurbanne France
| | - L. Duret
- Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5558; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; Villeurbanne France
| | - S. Charlat
- Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5558; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; Villeurbanne France
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48
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Fromont C, Riegler M, Cook JM. Relative Abundance and Strain Diversity in the Bacterial Endosymbiont Community of a Sap-Feeding Insect Across Its Native and Introduced Geographic Range. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 74:722-734. [PMID: 28386769 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-0971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Most insects are associated with bacterial symbionts. The bacterial diversity and community composition within hosts may play an important role in shaping insect population biology, ecology and evolution. We focussed on the bacterial microbiome of the Australian fig homotomid Mycopsylla fici (Hemiptera: Psylloidea), which can cause defoliation of its only host tree, Ficus macrophylla. This sap-feeding insect is native to mainland Australia and Lord Howe Island (LHI) but also occurs where its host has been planted, notably in New Zealand. By using a high-throughput 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing approach, we compared the bacterial diversity and community composition in individual adult males of four host populations, Sydney, Brisbane, LHI and Auckland. We also compared males, females and nymphs of the Sydney population. The microbiome of M. fici was simple and consisted mostly of the following three maternally inherited endosymbiont species: the primary endosymbiont Carsonella, a secondary (S-) endosymbiont and Wolbachia. However, the relative abundance of their sequence reads varied between host populations, except for similarities between Sydney and Auckland. In addition, insects from Sydney and Auckland had identical bacterial strains supporting the hypothesis that Sydney is the source population for Auckland. In contrast, mainland and LHI populations harboured the same S-endosymbiont, co-diverged Carsonella but different Wolbachia strains. Besides detecting endosymbiont-specific patterns of either co-evolution or horizontal acquisition, our study highlights that relative abundance of maternally inherited endosymbionts should also be taken into account when studying bacterial communities across host populations, as variations in bacterial density may impact host biology and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fromont
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - James M Cook
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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49
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Schuler H, Kern P, Arthofer W, Vogt H, Fischer M, Stauffer C, Riegler M. Wolbachia in Parasitoids Attacking Native European and Introduced Eastern Cherry Fruit Flies in Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:1424-1431. [PMID: 28028089 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The eastern cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cingulata Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an economically important pest of cherries in North America. In 1983 it was first reported in Europe where it shares its ecological niche with the native European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae). Their coexistence in Europe led to the recent horizontal transmission of the Wolbachia strain wCer1 from R. cerasi to R. cingulata Horizontal Wolbachia transmission is mediated by either sharing of ecological niches or by interacting species such as parasitoids. Here we describe for the first time that two braconid wasps, Psyttalia rhagoleticola Sachtleben (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Utetes magnus Fischer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), naturally parasitizing R. cerasi, use the invasive R. cingulata in Europe as a new host. In contrast, no parasitoids that parasitize R. cingulata in its native American range were detected in the introduced European range. Diagnostic Wolbachia PCR screening and sequence analyses demonstrated that all P. rhagoleticola individuals were infected with the newly described Wolbachia strain wRha while all U. magnus individuals were uninfected. wRha is different from wCer1 but had an Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) gene sequence that was identical to wCer2 of R. cerasi and wCin2 of R. cingulata. However, multi locus sequence typing revealed differences in all loci between wRha and the tephritid's strains. The horizontal transmission of wCer1 between the two tephritid species did not result in fixed heritable infections in the parasitoids. However, the parasitoids may have acted as a transient wCer1 vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Schuler
- Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstrasse 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria (; )
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Universitätsplatz 5, 39100 Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Life Sciences Building, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Peter Kern
- Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstrasse 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria (; )
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia (; )
| | - Wolfgang Arthofer
- Molecular Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heidrun Vogt
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Schwabenheimerstrasse 101, 69221 Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Maximilian Fischer
- 2nd Zoological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1014 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Stauffer
- Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstrasse 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria (; )
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia (; )
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Fromont C, Riegler M, Cook JM. Phylogeographic analyses of bacterial endosymbionts in fig homotomids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) reveal codiversification of both primary and secondary endosymbionts. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw205. [PMID: 27702765 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While obligate primary (P-) endosymbionts usually cospeciate with their insect hosts, less is known about codiversification of secondary (S-) endosymbionts that are generally considered facultative. Typically, insects of the superfamily Psylloidea harbour one P- (Carsonella) and at least one S-endosymbiont, thought to compensate for Carsonella genome reduction. Most codiversification studies have used phylogenies of psyllids and their endosymbionts across and within host families or genera, but few have explored patterns within species. We focussed on P- and S-endosymbionts of three Mycopsylla (Homotomidae) species to explore whether they have congruent phylogenies and within-species geographic structures. The P-endosymbiont Carsonella, a S-endosymbiont and Wolbachia all had 100% prevalence, while Arsenophonus was only found in one species at low prevalence. Congruent phylogenies of Mycopsylla and P-endosymbionts across populations and species support strict cospeciation. S-endosymbiont phylogenies were also congruent across host species but low genetic variation in the S-endosymbiont was not correlated with host phylogeography, possibly due to a shorter evolutionary association. Between species, Wolbachia and Mycopsylla phylogenies were incongruent, probably due to horizontal transmission events. Our study is the first to explore endosymbionts of Mycopsylla and further supports the codivergence of Psylloidea hosts and P-endosymbionts, with obligate host interactions for both P- and S-endosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fromont
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - James M Cook
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
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