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Machado G, Burns M. Reproductive biology of harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones): a review of a rapidly evolving research field. Curr Zool 2024; 70:115-135. [PMID: 38476141 PMCID: PMC10926269 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Harvestmen are a major arachnid order that has experienced a dramatic increase in biological knowledge in the 21st century. The publication of the book Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones in 2007 stimulated the development of many behavioral studies. Although the book is relatively recent, our understanding of the reproductive biology of harvestmen is already outdated due to the fast accumulation of new data. Our goal is to provide an updated review of the subject to serve as a benchmark for the following years. In the pre-copulatory phase, we explore the evolution of facultative parthenogenesis, the factors that may affect the types of mating system, and the role of nuptial gifts in courtship. Regarding the copulatory phase, harvestmen are unique arachnids because they have aflagellate spermatozoa and a penis with complex morphology. We discuss the implications of these two features for sperm competition and cryptic female choice. In the post-copulatory phase, we connect oviposition site selection and climate conditions to the widespread occurrence of resource defense polygyny, alternative reproductive tactics, and sexual dimorphism in several clades of tropical harvestmen. Finally, we present the different forms of parental care in the order, and discuss the benefits and costs of this behavior, which can be performed either by females or males. Throughout the review, we indicate gaps in our knowledge and subjects that deserve further studies. Hopefully, the information synthesized here will stimulate researchers worldwide to embrace harvestmen as a study system and to improve our effort to unravel the mysteries of their reproductive biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauco Machado
- LAGE do Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mercedes Burns
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Hausdorf B, Xu J. Speciation of rock-dwelling snail species: disjunct ranges and mosaic patterns reveal the importance of long-distance dispersal in Chilostoma (Cingulifera) in the European Southern Alps. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 184:107788. [PMID: 37127113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the origin of the high diversity and endemism in the Southern Alps of Europe, we investigated the phylogeny and population structure of the rock-dwelling snail group Chilostoma (Cingulifera) in the Southern Alps. We generated genomic ddRAD data and mitochondrial sequences of 104 Cingulifera specimens from 28 populations and 14 other Ariantinae. Until recently, about 30 Cingulifera taxa were classified as subspecies of a single polytypic species. The phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of the ddRAD data and mitochondrial sequences revealed that Cingulifera in the Southern Alps is differentiated into three species. Each of the three Chilostoma (Cingulifera) species occupies disjunct sub-areas, which are separated by areas occupied by other Chilostoma taxa. Neighbouring populations of different species show little or no admixture. Tests indicating that the genetic differentiation of the three Cingulifera taxa cannot be explained by isolation by distance confirmed their species status. The disjunct range patterns demonstrate the importance of stochastic events such as passive long-distance dispersal for the evolution of population structure and speciation in these snails, and of priority effects and ecological competition as important factors influencing species distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Hausdorf
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jie Xu
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Wang Z, Pierce NE. Fine-scale genome-wide signature of Pleistocene glaciation in Thitarodes moths (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae), host of Ophiocordyceps fungus in the Hengduan Mountains. Mol Ecol 2022; 32:2695-2714. [PMID: 35377501 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Hengduan Mountains region is a biodiversity hotspot known for its topologically complex, deep valleys and high mountains. While landscape and glacial refugia have been evoked to explain patterns of inter-species divergence, the accumulation of intra-species (i.e. population level) genetic divergence across the mountain-valley landscape in this region has received less attention. We used genome-wide restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) to reveal signatures of Pleistocene glaciation in populations of Thitarodes shambalaensis (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae), the host moth of parasitic Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae) or "caterpillar fungus" endemic to the glacier of eastern Mt. Gongga. We used moraine history along the glacier valleys to model the distribution and environmental barriers to gene flow across populations of T. shambalaensis. We found that moth populations separated by less than 10 km exhibited valley-based population genetic clustering and isolation-by-distance (IBD), while gene flow among populations was best explained by models using information about their distributions at the local last glacial maximum (LGML , 58 kya), not their contemporary distribution. Maximum likelihood lineage history among populations, and among subpopulations as little as 500 meters apart, recapitulated glaciation history across the landscape. We also found signals of isolated population expansion following the retreat of LGML glaciers. These results reveal the fine-scale, long-term historical influence of landscape and glaciation on the genetic structuring of populations of an endangered and economically important insect species. Similar mechanisms, given enough time and continued isolation, could explain the contribution of glacier refugia to the generation of species diversity among the Hengduan Mountains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Wang
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Naomi E Pierce
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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4
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Ortego J, Knowles LL. Geographical isolation versus dispersal: Relictual alpine grasshoppers support a model of interglacial diversification with limited hybridization. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:296-312. [PMID: 34651368 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alpine biotas are paradigmatic of the countervailing roles of geographical isolation and dispersal during diversification. In temperate regions, repeated distributional shifts driven by Pleistocene climatic oscillations produced both recurrent pulses of population fragmentation and opportunities for gene flow during range expansions. Here, we test whether a model of divergence in isolation vs. with gene flow is more likely in the diversification of flightless alpine grasshoppers of the genus Podisma from the Iberian Peninsula. The answer to this question can also provide key insights about the pace of evolution. Specifically, if the data fit a divergence in isolation model, this suggests rapid evolution of reproductive isolation. Genomic data confirm a Pleistocene origin of the species complex, and multiple analytical approaches revealed limited asymmetric historical hybridization between two taxa. Genomic-based demographic reconstructions, spatial patterns of genetic structure and range shifts inferred from palaeodistribution modelling suggest severe range contraction accompanied by declines in effective population sizes during interglacials (i.e., contemporary populations confined to sky islands are relicts) and expansions during the coldest stages of the Pleistocene in each taxon. Although limited hybridization during secondary contact leads to phylogenetic uncertainty if gene flow is not accommodated when estimating evolutionary relationships, all species exhibit strong genetic cohesiveness. Our study lends support to the notion that the accumulation of incipient differences during periods of isolation were sufficient to lead to lineage persistence, but also that the demographic changes, dispersal constraints and spatial distribution of the sky islands themselves mediated species diversification in temperate alpine biotas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Ortego
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - L Lacey Knowles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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5
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Kohli M, Djernæs M, Sanchez Herrera M, Sahlen G, Pilgrim E, Simonsen TJ, Olsen K, Ware J. Comparative phylogeography uncovers evolutionary past of Holarctic dragonflies. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11338. [PMID: 34221703 PMCID: PMC8236228 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we investigate the evolutionary history of five northern dragonfly species to evaluate what role the last glaciation period may have played in their current distributions. We look at the population structure and estimate divergence times for populations of the following species: Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus), Aeshna subarctica Walker, Sympetrum danae (Sulzer), Libellula quadrimaculata Linnaeus and Somatochlora sahlbergi Trybom across their Holarctic range. Our results suggest a common phylogeographic pattern across all species except for S. sahlbergi. First, we find that North American and European populations are genetically distinct and have perhaps been separated for more than 400,000 years. Second, our data suggests that, based on genetics, populations from the Greater Beringian region (Beringia, Japan and China) have haplotypes that cluster with North America or Europe depending on the species rather than having a shared geographic affinity. This is perhaps a result of fluctuating sea levels and ice sheet coverage during the Quaternary period that influenced dispersal routes and refugia. Indeed, glacial Beringia may have been as much a transit zone as a refugia for dragonflies. Somatochlora sahlbergi shows no genetic variation across its range and therefore does not share the geographic patterns found in the other circumboreal dragonflies studied here. Lastly, we discuss the taxonomic status of Sympetrum danae, which our results indicate is a species complex comprising two species, one found in Eurasia through Beringia, and the other in North America east and south of Beringia. Through this study we present a shared history among different species from different families of dragonflies, which are influenced by the climatic fluctuations of the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Kohli
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| | | | | | - Göran Sahlen
- The Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Erik Pilgrim
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States
| | - Thomas J Simonsen
- Natural History Museum Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kent Olsen
- Natural History Museum Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jessica Ware
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States
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6
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Paill W, Koblmüller S, Friess T, Gereben-Krenn BA, Mairhuber C, Raupach MJ, Zangl L. Relicts from Glacial Times: The Ground Beetle Pterostichus adstrictus Eschscholtz, 1823 (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the Austrian Alps. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12010084. [PMID: 33478160 PMCID: PMC7835791 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The extant distribution of many plants and animals is the result of the dynamics of the last ice ages with their recurrent advances and retreats of the northern ice sheet and the glaciers in the mountains. The arctic-alpine distribution is a special case where a species occurs in the subarctic/arctic regions and locally restricted in the alpine mountain regions of central or southeastern Europe. Among the ground beetles, several species display this type of distribution, one of which is Pterostichus adstrictus. In Europe, this ground beetle has been thought to have its southernmost occurrences in Wales and southern Scandinavia. In this study, we provide the first reliable record of P. adstrictus from the Austrian Alps based on morphological determination and comparison to other closely related species as well as molecular genetic data. Furthermore, the seasonal occurrence as well as empirical habitat preferences of P. adstrictus in the Austrian Alps are described. Abstract The last ice age considerably influenced distribution patterns of extant species of plants and animals, with some of them now inhabiting disjunct areas in the subarctic/arctic and alpine regions. This arctic-alpine distribution is characteristic for many cold-adapted species with a limited dispersal ability and can be found in many invertebrate taxa, including ground beetles. The ground beetle Pterostichus adstrictus Eschscholtz, 1823 of the subgenus Bothriopterus was previously known to have a holarctic-circumpolar distribution, in Europe reaching its southern borders in Wales and southern Scandinavia. Here, we report the first findings of this species from the Austrian Ötztal Alps, representing also the southernmost edge of its currently known distribution, confirmed by the comparison of morphological characters to other Bothriopterus species and DNA barcoding data. Molecular data revealed a separation of the Austrian and Finish specimens with limited to no gene flow at all. Furthermore, we present the first data on habitat preference and seasonality of P. adstrictus in the Austrian Alps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Paill
- Universalmuseum Joanneum, Studienzentrum Naturkunde, Weinzöttlstraße 16, 8045 Graz, Austria;
- Correspondence: (W.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Stephan Koblmüller
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (W.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Thomas Friess
- Ökoteam—Institute for Animal Ecology and Landscape Planning, Bergmanngasse 22, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Barbara-Amina Gereben-Krenn
- Unit Integrative Zoology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria;
| | - Christian Mairhuber
- Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, Abteilung 16, Baubezirksleitung Steirischer Zentralraum—Naturschutz, Bahnhofgürtel 77, 8020 Graz, Austria;
| | - Michael J. Raupach
- Zoologische Staatssammlung München (SNSB-ZSM), Sektion Hemiptera, Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 München, Germany;
| | - Lukas Zangl
- Universalmuseum Joanneum, Studienzentrum Naturkunde, Weinzöttlstraße 16, 8045 Graz, Austria;
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Ökoteam—Institute for Animal Ecology and Landscape Planning, Bergmanngasse 22, 8010 Graz, Austria;
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7
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Wan T, Oaks JR, Jiang XL, Huang H, Knowles LL. Differences in Quaternary co-divergence reveals community-wide diversification in the mountains of southwest China varied among species. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202567. [PMID: 33402075 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mountains of southwest China (MSWC) is a biodiversity hotspot with highly complex and unusual terrain. However, with the majority of studies focusing on the biogeographic consequences of massive mountain building, the Quaternary legacy of biodiversity for the MSWC has long been overlooked. Here, we took a statistical comparative phylogeography approach to examine factors that shaped community-wide diversification. With data from 30 vertebrate species, the results reveal spatially concordant genetic structure, and temporally clustered co-divergence events associated with river barriers during severe glacial cycles. This indicates the importance of riverine barriers in the phylogeographic history of the MSWC vertebrate community. We conclude that the repeated glacial cycles are associated with co-divergences that are themselves structured by the heterogeneity of the montane landscape of the MSWC. This orderly process of diversification has profound implications for conservation by highlighting the relative independence of different geographical areas in which some, but not all species in communities have responded similarly to climate change and calls for further comparative phylogeographic investigations to reveal the connection between biological traits and divergence pulses in this biodiversity hotspot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, People's Republic of China.,Mammal Ecology and Evolution, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, People's Republic of China
| | - Jamie R Oaks
- Department of Biological Sciences and Museum of Natural History, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Xue-Long Jiang
- Mammal Ecology and Evolution, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, People's Republic of China
| | - Huateng Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - L Lacey Knowles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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8
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Weng YM, Kavanaugh DH, Schoville SD. Drainage basins serve as multiple glacial refugia for alpine habitats in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:826-843. [PMID: 33270315 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary histories of alpine species are often directly associated with responses to glaciation. Deep divergence among populations and complex patterns of genetic variation have been inferred as consequences of persistence within glacier boundaries (i.e., on nunataks), while shallow divergence and limited genetic variation are assumed to result from expansion from large refugia at the edge of ice shields (i.e., massifs de refuge). However, for some species, dependence on specific microhabitats could profoundly influence their spatial and demographic response to glaciation, and such a simple dichotomy may obscure the localization of actual refugia. In this study, we use the Nebria ingens complex (Coleoptera: Carabidae), a water-affiliated ground beetle lineage, to test how drainage basins are linked to their observed population structure. By analysing mitochondrial COI gene sequences and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms, we find that the major drainage systems of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California best explain the population structure of the N. ingens complex. In addition, we find that an intermediate morphotype within the N. ingens complex is the product of historical hybridization of N. riversi and N. ingens in the San Joaquin basin during glaciation. This study highlights the importance of considering ecological preferences in how species respond to climate fluctuations and provides an explanation for discordances that are often observed in comparative phylogeographical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Weng
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David H Kavanaugh
- Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sean D Schoville
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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9
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Nardi FD, Hülber K, Moser D, Alonso‐Marcos H, Tribsch A, Dobeš C. Occurrence of apomictic conspecifics and ecological preferences rather than colonization history govern the geographic distribution of sexual Potentilla puberula. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:7306-7319. [PMID: 32760530 PMCID: PMC7391561 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The geographic distribution of sexual-apomictic taxa (i.e., comprising individuals usually reproducing either sexually or asexually via seeds) is traditionally thought to be driven by their ecological preferences and colonization histories. Where sexuals and apomicts get into contact with each other, competitive and reproductive interactions can interfere with these factors, an aspect which hitherto received little attention in biogeographic studies. We disentangled and quantified the relative effects of the three factors on the distribution of tetraploid sexuals in Potentilla puberula in a latitudinal transect through the Eastern European Alps, in which they are codistributed with penta-, hepta-, and octoploid apomictic conspecifics. Effects were explored by means of binomial generalized linear regression models combining a single with a multiple predictor approach. Postglacial colonization history was inferred from population genetic variation (AFLPs and cpDNA) and quantified using a cost distance metric. The study was based on 235 populations, which were purely sexual, purely apomictic, or of mixed reproductive mode. The occurrence of apomicts explained most of the variation in the distribution of sexuals (31%). Specifically, the presence of sexual tetraploids was negatively related to the presence of each of the three apomictic cytotypes. Effects of ecological preferences were substantial too (7% and 12% of the total variation explained by ecological preferences alone, or jointly with apomicts' occurrence, respectively). In contrast, colonization history had negligible effects on the occurrence of sexuals. Taken together, our results highlight the potentially high impact of reproductive interactions on the geographic distribution of sexual and apomictic conspecifics and that resultant mutual exclusion interrelates to ecological differentiation, a situation potentially promoting their local coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Domizia Nardi
- Department of Forest GeneticsAustrian Research Centre for ForestsViennaAustria
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Karl Hülber
- Department of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape EcologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Dietmar Moser
- Department of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape EcologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Henar Alonso‐Marcos
- Department of Forest GeneticsAustrian Research Centre for ForestsViennaAustria
- Department of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape EcologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Andreas Tribsch
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Christoph Dobeš
- Department of Forest GeneticsAustrian Research Centre for ForestsViennaAustria
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10
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Pan D, Hülber K, Willner W, Schneeweiss GM. An explicit test of Pleistocene survival in peripheral versus nunatak refugia in two high mountain plant species. Mol Ecol 2019; 29:172-183. [PMID: 31765501 PMCID: PMC7003806 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pleistocene climate fluctuations had profound influence on the biogeographical history of many biota. As large areas in high mountain ranges were covered by glaciers, biota were forced either to peripheral refugia (and possibly beyond to lowland refugia) or to interior refugia (nunataks). However, nunatak survival remains controversial as it relies solely on correlative genetic evidence. Here, we test hypotheses of glacial survival using two high alpine plant species (the insect‐pollinated Pedicularis asplenifolia and wind‐pollinated Carex fuliginosa) in the European Alps. Employing the iDDC (integrative Distributional, Demographic and Coalescent) approach, which couples species distribution modelling, spatial and temporal demographic simulation and Approximate Bayesian Computation, we explicitly test three hypotheses of glacial survival: (a) peripheral survival only, (b) nunatak survival only and (c) peripheral plus nunatak survival. In P. asplenifolia the peripheral plus nunatak survival hypothesis was supported by Bayes factors (BF> 100), whereas in C. fuliginosa the peripheral survival only hypothesis, although best supported, could not be unambiguously distinguished from the peripheral plus nunatak survival hypothesis (BF = 5.58). These results are consistent with current habitat preferences (P. asplenifolia extends to higher elevations) and the potential for genetic swamping (i.e., replacement of local genotypes via hybridization with immigrating genotypes [expected to be higher in the wind‐pollinated C. fuliginosa]). Although the persistence of plants on nunataks during glacial periods has been debated and studied over decades, this is one of the first studies to explicitly test the hypothesis instead of solely using correlative evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Pan
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Hülber
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Willner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald M Schneeweiss
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Phylogeography of Sodreaninae harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae): Insights into the biogeography of the southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 138:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Li Y, Song F, Zhang XN, Lv GH. Phylogeography suggest the Yili Valley being the glacial refuge of the genus Ixiolirion (Amaryllidaceae) in China. SYST BIODIVERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2019.1612966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Institute of Arid Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Feng Song
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Xue-Ni Zhang
- Institute of Arid Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Guang-Hui Lv
- Institute of Arid Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
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13
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González‐Serna MJ, Cordero PJ, Ortego J. Spatiotemporally explicit demographic modelling supports a joint effect of historical barriers to dispersal and contemporary landscape composition on structuring genomic variation in a red‐listed grasshopper. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:2155-2172. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María José González‐Serna
- Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y Cultural Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos – IREC – (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM) Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Pedro J. Cordero
- Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y Cultural Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos – IREC – (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM) Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Joaquín Ortego
- Department of Integrative Ecology Estación Biológica de Doñana – EBD – (CSIC) Seville Spain
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14
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Czekanski-Moir JE, Rundell RJ. The Ecology of Nonecological Speciation and Nonadaptive Radiations. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:400-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Schönswetter P, Schneeweiss GM. Is the incidence of survival in interior Pleistocene refugia (nunataks) underestimated? Phylogeography of the high mountain plant Androsace alpina (Primulaceae) in the European Alps revisited. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:4078-4086. [PMID: 31015989 PMCID: PMC6468090 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperate mountain ranges such as the European Alps have been strongly affected by the Pleistocene glaciations. Glacial advances forced biota into refugia, which were situated either at the periphery of mountain ranges or in their interior. Whereas in the Alps peripheral refugia have been repeatedly and congruently identified, support for the latter scenario, termed "nunatak hypothesis," is still limited and no general pattern is recognizable yet. Here, we test the hypothesis of nunatak survival for species growing in the high alpine to subnival zones on siliceous substrate using the cushion plant Androsace alpina (Primulaceae), endemic to the European Alps, as our model species. To this end, we analyzed AFLP and plastid DNA sequence data obtained from a dense and range-wide sampling. Both AFLPs and plastid sequence data identified the southwestern-most population as the most divergent one. AFLP data did not allow for discrimination of interior and peripheral populations, but rather identified two to three longitudinally separated major gene pools. In contrast, in the eastern half of the Alps several plastid haplotypes of regional or local distribution in interior ranges-the Alpine periphery mostly harbored a widespread haplotype-were indicative for the presence of interior refugia. Together with evidence from other Alpine plant species, this study shows that in the eastern Alps silicicolous species of open habitats in the alpine and subnival zone survived, also or exclusively so, in interior refugia. As the corresponding genetic structure may be lost in mostly nuclear-derived, rapidly homogenizing marker systems such as AFLPs or RAD sequencing tags, markers not prone to homogenization, as is the case for plastid sequences (Sanger-sequenced or extracted from an NGS data set) will continue to be important for detecting older, biogeographically relevant patterns.
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16
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Mammola S, Schönhofer AL, Isaia M. Tracking the ice: Subterranean harvestmen distribution matches ancient glacier margins. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mammola
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | - Axel L. Schönhofer
- Abteilung Evolutionsbiologie; Institut für Zoologie; Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Marco Isaia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; University of Turin; Turin Italy
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17
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Hu G, Hua Y, Hebert PDN, Hua B. Evolutionary history of the scorpionfly
Dicerapanorpa magna
(Mecoptera, Panorpidae). ZOOL SCR 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gui‐Lin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management Ministry of Education College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling China
| | - Yuan Hua
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management Ministry of Education College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling China
| | - Paul D. N. Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Bao‐Zhen Hua
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management Ministry of Education College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling China
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18
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Zhang YZ, Zhu RW, Zhong DL, Zhang JQ. Nunataks or massif de refuge? A phylogeographic study of Rhodiola crenulata (Crassulaceae) on the world's highest sky islands. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:154. [PMID: 30326836 PMCID: PMC6192188 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1270-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quaternary climatic oscillations had tremendous effects on the current distribution of species. Here, we aim to elucidate the glacial history of Rhodiola crenulata, a perennial herb almost exclusively restricted to rock crevices on mountain peaks, and to test whether the nunatak or massif de refuge hypotheses could explain its distribution pattern. Results Six haplotypes and six ribotypes were detected in the cpDNA data set and the ITS data set, respectively. The divergence of R. crenulata and its closest relatives was dated have occurred ca. 0.65 Mya, during the Naynayxungla glaciation on the QTP. Mismatch distribution analysis suggested that the species experienced a range expansion around 0.31 Mya. Populations with high genetic and haplotype diversity were found on the QTP platform as well in the Hengduan Mountains. The ecological niche modeling results showed that there were suitable habitats on both the QTP platform and in the Hengduan Mountains during the LGM. Conclusion Our results support a scenario that both nunataks and the massif de refuge hypotheses could explain the distribution of R. crenulata. We also confirmed that Quaternary climatic oscillations could promote plant speciation in some circumstances. This study adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting that the QTP plant lineages exhibited diverse reactions to the Quaternary climatic oscillations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1270-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Zhen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Ruo-Wei Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Da-Lv Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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19
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Bonato L, Corbetta A, Giovine G, Romanazzi E, Šunje E, Vernesi C, Crestanello B. Diversity among peripheral populations: genetic and evolutionary differentiation ofSalamandra atraat the southern edge of the Alps. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Bonato
- Dipartimento di Biologia; Università di Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Andrea Corbetta
- Stazione sperimentale Regionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione degli Anfibi Lago di Endine; Casazza Italy
| | - Giovanni Giovine
- Stazione sperimentale Regionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione degli Anfibi Lago di Endine; Casazza Italy
| | | | - Emina Šunje
- Department of Biology; University of Sarajevo; Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Herpetological Association in Bosnia and Hercegovina BHHU:ATRA; Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Cristiano Vernesi
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology; Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach; San Michele All'Adige Italy
| | - Barbara Crestanello
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology; Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach; San Michele All'Adige Italy
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20
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Burns M, Hedin M, Tsurusaki N. Population genomics and geographical parthenogenesis in Japanese harvestmen (Opiliones, Sclerosomatidae, Leiobunum). Ecol Evol 2018; 8:36-52. [PMID: 29321849 PMCID: PMC5756897 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring population variation in reproductive mode presents an opportunity for researchers to test hypotheses regarding the evolution of sex. Asexual reproduction frequently assumes a geographical pattern, in which parthenogenesis-dominated populations are more broadly dispersed than their sexual conspecifics. We evaluate the geographical distribution of genomic signatures associated with parthenogenesis using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data from two Japanese harvestman sister taxa, Leiobunum manubriatum and Leiobunum globosum. Asexual reproduction is putatively facultative in these species, and female-biased localities are common in habitat margins. Past karyotypic and current cytometric work indicates L. globosum is entirely tetraploid, while L. manubriatum may be either diploid or tetraploid. We estimated species phylogeny, genetic differentiation, diversity, and mitonuclear discordance in females collected across the species range in order to identify range expansion toward marginal habitat, potential for hybrid origin, and persistence of asexual lineages. Our results point to northward expansion of a tetraploid ancestor of L. manubriatum and L. globosum, coupled with support for greater male gene flow in southern L. manubriatum localities. Specimens from localities in the Tohoku and Hokkaido regions were indistinct, particularly those of L. globosum, potentially due to little mitochondrial differentiation or haplotypic variation. Although L. manubriatum overlaps with L. globosum across its entire range, L. globosum was reconstructed as monophyletic with strong support using mtDNA, and marginal support with nuclear loci. Ultimately, we find evidence for continued sexual reproduction in both species and describe opportunities to clarify the rate and mechanism of parthenogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Burns
- Department of BiologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCAUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of MarylandBaltimore County, BaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Marshal Hedin
- Department of BiologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCAUSA
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21
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Noguerales V, Cordero PJ, Ortego J. Inferring the demographic history of an oligophagous grasshopper: Effects of climatic niche stability and host-plant distribution. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 118:343-356. [PMID: 29080673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the consequences of past environmental changes on the abiotic and biotic components of the landscape and deciphering their impacts on the demographic trajectories of species is a major issue in evolutionary biogeography. In this study, we combine nuclear and mitochondrial genetic data to study the phylogeographical structure and lineage-specific demographic histories of the scrub-legume grasshopper (Chorthippus binotatus binotatus), a montane taxon distributed in the Iberian Peninsula and France that exclusively feeds on certain scrub-legume species. Genetic data and paleo-distribution modelling indicate the presence of four main lineages that seem to have diverged in allopatry and long-term persisted in Iberian and French refugia since the Mid Pleistocene. Comparisons of different demographic hypotheses in an Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) framework supported a population bottleneck in the northwestern French clade and paleo-distribution modelling indicate that the populations of this lineage have experienced more severe environmental fluctuations during the last 21 000 years than those from the Iberian Peninsula. Accordingly, we found that nuclear genetic diversity of the populations of scrub-legume grasshopper is positively associated with local stability of suitable habitats defined by both Pleistocene climate changes and historical distributional shifts of host-plant species. Overall, our study highlights the importance of integrating the potential effects of abiotic (i.e. climate and geography) and biotic components (i.e. inter-specific interactions) into the study of the evolutionary and demographic history of specialist taxa with narrow ecological requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Noguerales
- Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y Cultural, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos - IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Pedro J Cordero
- Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y Cultural, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos - IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Joaquín Ortego
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, E-41092 Seville, Spain
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22
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Derkarabetian S, Burns M, Starrett J, Hedin M. Population genomic evidence for multiple Pliocene refugia in a montane‐restricted harvestman (Arachnida, Opiliones,
Sclerobunus robustus
) from the southwestern United States. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:4611-31. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahan Derkarabetian
- Department of Biology San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Dr. San Diego CA 92182‐4614 USA
- Department of Biology University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Mercedes Burns
- Department of Biology San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Dr. San Diego CA 92182‐4614 USA
| | - James Starrett
- Department of Biology San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Dr. San Diego CA 92182‐4614 USA
| | - Marshal Hedin
- Department of Biology San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Dr. San Diego CA 92182‐4614 USA
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23
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Massatti R, Knowles LL. Contrasting support for alternative models of genomic variation based on microhabitat preference: species-specific effects of climate change in alpine sedges. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3974-86. [PMID: 27317885 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Deterministic processes may uniquely affect codistributed species' phylogeographic patterns such that discordant genetic variation among taxa is predicted. Yet, explicitly testing expectations of genomic discordance in a statistical framework remains challenging. Here, we construct spatially and temporally dynamic models to investigate the hypothesized effect of microhabitat preferences on the permeability of glaciated regions to gene flow in two closely related montane species. Utilizing environmental niche models from the Last Glacial Maximum and the present to inform demographic models of changes in habitat suitability over time, we evaluate the relative probabilities of two alternative models using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) in which glaciated regions are either (i) permeable or (ii) a barrier to gene flow. Results based on the fit of the empirical data to data sets simulated using a spatially explicit coalescent under alternative models indicate that genomic data are consistent with predictions about the hypothesized role of microhabitat in generating discordant patterns of genetic variation among the taxa. Specifically, a model in which glaciated areas acted as a barrier was much more probable based on patterns of genomic variation in Carex nova, a wet-adapted species. However, in the dry-adapted Carex chalciolepis, the permeable model was more probable, although the difference in the support of the models was small. This work highlights how statistical inferences can be used to distinguish deterministic processes that are expected to result in discordant genomic patterns among species, including species-specific responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Massatti
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 41809-1079, USA
| | - L Lacey Knowles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 41809-1079, USA
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