1
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Salgado-Roa FC, Pardo-Diaz C, Rueda-M N, Cisneros-Heredia DF, Lasso E, Salazar C. The Andes as a semi-permeable geographical barrier: Genetic connectivity between structured populations in a widespread spider. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17361. [PMID: 38634856 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Geographical barriers like mountain ranges impede genetic exchange among populations, promoting diversification. The effectiveness of these barriers in limiting gene flow varies between lineages due to each species' dispersal modes and capacities. Our understanding of how the Andes orogeny contributes to species diversification comes from well-studied vertebrates and a few arthropods and plants, neglecting organisms unable to fly or walk long distances. Some arachnids, such as Gasteracantha cancriformis, have been hypothesized to disperse long distances via ballooning (i.e. using their silk to interact with the wind). Yet, we do not know how the environment and geography shape its genetic diversity. Therefore, we tested whether the Andes contributed to the diversification of G. cancriformis acting as an absolute or semi-permeable barrier to genetic connectivity between populations of this spider at opposite sides of the mountain range. We sampled thousands of loci across the distribution of the species and implemented population genetics, phylogenetic, and landscape genetic analyses. We identified two genetically distinct groups structured by the Central Andes, and a third less structured group in the Northern Andes that shares ancestry with the previous two. This structure is largely explained by the altitude along the Andes, which decreases in some regions, possibly facilitating cross-Andean dispersal and gene flow. Our findings support that altitude in the Andes plays a major role in structuring populations in South America, but the strength of this barrier can be overcome by organisms with long-distance dispersal modes together with altitudinal depressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian C Salgado-Roa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carolina Pardo-Diaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicol Rueda-M
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego F Cisneros-Heredia
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical IBIOTROP, Laboratorio de Zoología Terrestre, Museo de Zoología & Extensión USFQ Galápagos GAIAS, Galapagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Eloisa Lasso
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
- Estación Científica Coiba AIP, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Camilo Salazar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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2
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Bolívar‐Leguizamón SD, Bocalini F, Silveira LF, Bravo GA. The role of biogeographical barriers on the historical dynamics of passerine birds with a circum-Amazonian distribution. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10860. [PMID: 38450322 PMCID: PMC10915597 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Common distributional patterns have provided the foundations of our knowledge of Neotropical biogeography. A distinctive pattern is the "circum-Amazonian distribution", which surrounds Amazonia across the forested lowlands south and east of the basin, the Andean foothills, the Venezuelan Coastal Range, and the Tepuis. The underlying evolutionary and biogeographical mechanisms responsible for this widespread pattern of avian distribution have yet to be elucidated. Here, we test the effects of biogeographical barriers in four species in the passerine family Thamnophilidae by performing comparative demographic analyses of genome-scale data. Specifically, we used flanking regions of ultraconserved regions to estimate population historical parameters and genealogical trees and tested demographic models reflecting contrasting biogeographical scenarios explaining the circum-Amazonian distribution. We found that taxa with circum-Amazonian distribution have at least two main phylogeographical clusters: (1) Andes, often extending into Central America and the Tepuis; and (2) the remaining of their distribution. These clusters are connected through corridors along the Chaco-Cerrado and southeastern Amazonia, allowing gene flow between Andean and eastern South American populations. Demographic histories are consistent with Pleistocene climatic fluctuations having a strong influence on the diversification history of circum-Amazonian taxa, Refugia played a crucial role, enabling both phenotypic and genetic differentiation, yet maintaining substantial interconnectedness to keep considerable levels of gene flow during different dry/cool and warm/humid periods. Additionally, steep environmental gradients appear to play a critical role in maintaining both genetic and phenotypic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio D. Bolívar‐Leguizamón
- Seção de AvesMuseu de Zoologia da Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Laboratório de Zoologia de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” –ESALQ–Universidade de São PauloPiracicabaBrazil
| | - Fernanda Bocalini
- Seção de AvesMuseu de Zoologia da Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Luís F. Silveira
- Seção de AvesMuseu de Zoologia da Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Gustavo A. Bravo
- Seção de AvesMuseu de Zoologia da Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Sección de Ornitología, Colecciones Biológicas, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von HumboldtClaustro de San AgustínVilla de Leyva, BoyacáColombia
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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3
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Dissecting a Geographical Colourful Tapestry: Phylogeography of the Colour Polymorphic Spider Gasteracantha cancriformis. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8112945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Species with large distributions provide unique opportunities to test how geography has influenced biotic diversification. In this work, we aimed to explore the effect of geographic barriers on the distribution of the phenotypic and genetic variation of a spider species that is widespread in continental and insular America. We obtained an alignment of the mitochondrial locus Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) for 408 individuals across the geographic range of Gasteracantha cancriformis. We used phylogenetics, population genetics, and morphology to explore the genetic and phenotypic variation of this species. We found five genetically differentiated and geographically structured populations. Three of them are distributed in continental America, separated by the Andes mountains, and two are in the Caribbean and Galapagos Islands. Some of these geographic clades shared haplotypes between them, which may be a consequence of dispersal. We detected at least 20 phenotypes of G. cancriformis, some of which were exclusive to a geographic region, while others occurred in multiple regions. We did not observe well-defined morphological differences across male genitalia. This evidence suggests that G. cancriformis is a widespread species with high phenotypic variation that should be explored in more depth.
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4
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Manthey JD, Bourgeois Y, Meheretu Y, Boissinot S. Varied diversification patterns and distinct demographic trajectories in Ethiopian montane forest bird (Aves: Passeriformes) populations separated by the Great Rift Valley. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2664-2678. [PMID: 35239243 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Taxon-specific characteristics and extrinsic climatic and geological forces may both shape population differentiation and speciation. In geographically and taxonomically focused investigations, differentiation may occur synchronously as species respond to the same external conditions. Conversely, when evolution is investigated in taxa with largely varying traits, population differentiation and speciation is complex and shaped by interactions of Earth's template and species-specific traits. As such, it is important to characterize evolutionary histories broadly across the tree of life, especially in geographic regions that are exceptionally diverse and under pressures from human activities such as in biodiversity hotspots. Here, using whole-genome sequencing data, we characterize genomic variation in populations of six Ethiopian Highlands forest bird species separated by a lowland biogeographic barrier, the Great Rift Valley (GRV). In all six species, populations on either side of the GRV exhibited significant but varying levels of genetic differentiation. Species' dispersal ability was negatively correlated with levels of population differentiation. Isolation with migration models indicated varied patterns of population differentiation and connectivity among populations of the focal species. We found that demographic histories-estimated for each individual-varied by both species and population but were consistent between individuals of the same species and sampling region. We found that genomic diversity varied by half an order of magnitude across species, and that this variation could largely be explained by the harmonic mean of effective population size over the past 200,000 years. Overall, we found that even in highly dispersive species like birds, the GRV acts as a substantial biogeographic barrier.
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5
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Del-Rio G, Rego MA, Whitney BM, Schunck F, Silveira LF, Faircloth BC, Brumfield RT. Displaced clines in an avian hybrid zone (Thamnophilidae: Rhegmatorhina) within an Amazonian interfluve. Evolution 2021; 76:455-475. [PMID: 34626500 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Secondary contact between species often results in the formation of a hybrid zone, with the eventual fates of the hybridizing species dependent on evolutionary and ecological forces. We examine this process in the Amazon Basin by conducting the first genomic and phenotypic characterization of the hybrid zone formed after secondary contact between two obligate army-ant-followers: the White-breasted Antbird (Rhegmatorhina hoffmannsi) and the Harlequin Antbird (Rhegmatorhina berlepschi). We found a major geographic displacement (∼120 km) between the mitochondrial and nuclear clines, and we explore potential hypotheses for the displacement, including sampling error, genetic drift, and asymmetric cytonuclear incompatibilities. We cannot exclude roles for sampling error and genetic drift in contributing to the discordance; however, the data suggest expansion and unidirectional introgression of hoffmannsi into the distribution of berlepschi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glaucia Del-Rio
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803
| | - Marco A Rego
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803
| | - Bret M Whitney
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803.,Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04263-000, Brazil
| | - Fabio Schunck
- Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04263-000, Brazil
| | - Luís F Silveira
- Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04263-000, Brazil
| | - Brant C Faircloth
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803
| | - Robb T Brumfield
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803
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6
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Myers EA. Genome-wide data reveal extensive gene flow during the diversification of the western rattlesnakes (Viperidae: Crotalinae: Crotalus). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 165:107313. [PMID: 34537323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hybridization and introgression are important, but often overlooked processes when inferring phylogenies. When these processes are not accounted for and a strictly diverging phylogenetic model is applied to groups with a history of hybridization, phylogenetic inference and parameter estimation can be inaccurate. Recent developments in phylogenetic network approaches coupled with the increasing availability of genomic data allow inferences of reticulate evolutionary histories across the tree of life. The western rattlesnake species group (C. viridis species complex, C. mitchellii species complex, C. scutulutas, and C. tigris) is an iconic snake lineage that is widespread across western North America. This group is composed of several species complexes with unclear species limits, likely the result of ongoing gene flow among nascent lineages. Here I generate reduced representation genomic data and test for a history of reticulation within this group. I demonstrate that all species have undergone hybridization with at least one other lineage, suggesting introgression is widespread in this group. Topologies differ between phylogenies estimated under the multispecies coalescent and multispecies network coalescent methods, indicating that gene flow has obscured phylogenetic relationships within this group. These past introgression events are predominantly restricted to species that co-occur geographically. However, within species that have a history of introgression, this signature is detected regardless of specimen sampling across geography. Overall, my results suggest the accumulation of reproductive isolating barriers occurs slowly in rattlesnakes which likely leads to the difficulty in delimiting species, furthermore, the results of this study have implications for trait evolution in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Myers
- Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA; Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
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7
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Edwards SV, Robin V, Ferrand N, Moritz C. The evolution of comparative phylogeography: putting the geography (and more) into comparative population genomics. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 14:6339579. [PMID: 34347070 PMCID: PMC8743039 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative population genomics is an ascendant field using genomic comparisons between species to draw inferences about forces regulating genetic variation. Comparative phylogeography, by contrast, focuses on the shared lineage histories of species codistributed geographically and is decidedly organismal in perspective. Comparative phylogeography is approximately 35 years old, and, by some metrics, is showing signs of reduced growth. Here, we contrast the goals and methods of comparative population genomics and comparative phylogeography and argue that comparative phylogeography offers an important perspective on evolutionary history that succeeds in integrating genomics with landscape evolution in ways that complement the suprageographic perspective of comparative population genomics. Focusing primarily on terrestrial vertebrates, we review the history of comparative phylogeography, its milestones and ongoing conceptual innovations, its increasingly global focus, and its status as a bridge between landscape genomics and the process of speciation. We also argue that, as a science with a strong “sense of place,” comparative phylogeography offers abundant “place-based” educational opportunities with its focus on geography and natural history, as well as opportunities for collaboration with local communities and indigenous peoples. Although comparative phylogeography does not yet require whole-genome sequencing for many of its goals, we conclude that it nonetheless plays an important role in grounding our interpretation of genetic variation in the fundamentals of geography and Earth history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott V Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Vv Robin
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Karakambadi Road, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India
| | - Nuno Ferrand
- CIBIO/InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Craig Moritz
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
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8
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Silliman K, Indorf JL, Knowlton N, Browne WE, Hurt C. Base-substitution mutation rate across the nuclear genome of Alpheus snapping shrimp and the timing of isolation by the Isthmus of Panama. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:104. [PMID: 34049492 PMCID: PMC8164322 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The formation of the Isthmus of Panama and final closure of the Central American Seaway (CAS) provides an independent calibration point for examining the rate of DNA substitutions. This vicariant event has been widely used to estimate the substitution rate across mitochondrial genomes and to date evolutionary events in other taxonomic groups. Nuclear sequence data is increasingly being used to complement mitochondrial datasets for phylogenetic and evolutionary investigations; these studies would benefit from information regarding the rate and pattern of DNA substitutions derived from the nuclear genome. Results To estimate the genome-wide neutral mutation rate (µ), genotype-by-sequencing (GBS) datasets were generated for three transisthmian species pairs in Alpheus snapping shrimp. A range of bioinformatic filtering parameters were evaluated in order to minimize potential bias in mutation rate estimates that may result from SNP filtering. Using a Bayesian coalescent approach (G-PhoCS) applied to 44,960 GBS loci, we estimated µ to be 2.64E−9 substitutions/site/year, when calibrated with the closure of the CAS at 3 Ma. Post-divergence gene flow was detected in one species pair. Failure to account for this post-split migration inflates our substitution rate estimates, emphasizing the importance of demographic methods that can accommodate gene flow. Conclusions Results from our study, both parameter estimates and bioinformatic explorations, have broad-ranging implications for phylogeographic studies in other non-model taxa using reduced representation datasets. Our best estimate of µ that accounts for coalescent and demographic processes is remarkably similar to experimentally derived mutation rates in model arthropod systems. These results contradicted recent suggestions that the closure of the Isthmus was completed much earlier (around 10 Ma), as mutation rates based on an early calibration resulted in uncharacteristically low genomic mutation rates. Also, stricter filtering parameters resulted in biased datasets that generated lower mutation rate estimates and influenced demographic parameters, serving as a cautionary tale for the adherence to conservative bioinformatic strategies when generating reduced-representation datasets at the species level. To our knowledge this is the first use of transisthmian species pairs to calibrate the rate of molecular evolution from GBS data. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01836-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Silliman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA. .,Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Jane L Indorf
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Nancy Knowlton
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - William E Browne
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Carla Hurt
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA.,Department of Biology, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, TN, 38505, USA
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9
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Andersen MJ, McCullough JM, Gyllenhaal EF, Mapel XM, Haryoko T, Jønsson KA, Joseph L. Complex histories of gene flow and a mitochondrial capture event in a nonsister pair of birds. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:2087-2103. [PMID: 33615597 PMCID: PMC8252742 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization, introgression, and reciprocal gene flow during speciation, specifically the generation of mitonuclear discordance, are increasingly observed as parts of the speciation process. Genomic approaches provide insight into where, when, and how adaptation operates during and after speciation and can measure historical and modern introgression. Whether adaptive or neutral in origin, hybridization can cause mitonuclear discordance by placing the mitochondrial genome of one species (or population) in the nuclear background of another species. The latter, introgressed species may eventually have its own mtDNA replaced or “captured” by other species across its entire geographical range. Intermediate stages in the capture process should be observable. Two nonsister species of Australasian monarch‐flycatchers, Spectacled Monarch (Symposiachrus trivirgatus) mostly of Australia and Indonesia and Spot‐winged Monarch (S. guttula) of New Guinea, present an opportunity to observe this process. We analysed thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from ultraconserved elements of all subspecies of both species. Mitochondrial DNA sequences of Australian populations of S. trivirgatus form two paraphyletic clades, one being sister to and presumably introgressed by S. guttula despite little nuclear signal of introgression. Population genetic analyses (e.g., tests for modern and historical gene flow and selection) support at least one historical gene flow event between S. guttula and Australian S. trivirgatus. We also uncovered introgression from the Maluku Islands subspecies of S. trivirgatus into an island population of S. guttula, resulting in apparent nuclear paraphyly. We find that neutral demographic processes, not adaptive introgression, are the most likely cause of these complex population histories. We suggest that a Pleistocene extinction of S. guttula from mainland Australia resulted from range expansion by S. trivirgatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Andersen
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jenna M McCullough
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ethan F Gyllenhaal
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Xena M Mapel
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.,Animal Genomics, ETH Zürich, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Tri Haryoko
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Centre for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Knud A Jønsson
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Leo Joseph
- Australian National Wildlife Collection, CSIRO National Research Collections, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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10
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Salgado-Roa FC, Gamez A, Sanchez-Herrera M, Pardo-Díaz C, Salazar C. Divergence promoted by the northern Andes in the giant fishing spider Ancylometes bogotensis (Araneae: Ctenidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The biodiversity of the tropical Americas is a consequence of the interplay between geological and climatic events, with the Andean uplift being a major driver of speciation. Multiple studies have shown that species diversification promoted by the Andes can occur in the presence or absence of gene flow. However, to date, the majority of research addressing this aspect has been conducted in vertebrates, whereas other highly diverse tropical organisms such as arthropods remain uninvestigated. We used a combination of phylogenetics, population genetic analyses and species distribution models to explore whether the northern Andes played a role in the diversification of Ancylometes bogotensis. We detected two major lineages that are separated by the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes, and they share the same climatic niche. These groups diverged at ~3.85 Mya and exhibit no signatures of gene flow, which can be a consequence of the Andean highlands being poorly suited habitats for this species, thus preventing their genetic connectivity. Our study reveals that the genetic structure of an arachnid species that has limited dispersal capacity and is highly dependent on water bodies is shaped by the Andean orogeny. The generality of this observation remains to be assessed in other invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian C Salgado-Roa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, DC, Colombia
| | - Andres Gamez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, DC, Colombia
| | - Melissa Sanchez-Herrera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, DC, Colombia
| | - Carolina Pardo-Díaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, DC, Colombia
| | - Camilo Salazar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, DC, Colombia
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11
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Ye Z, Chen D, Yuan J, Zheng C, Yang X, Wang W, Zhang Y, Wang S, Jiang K, Bu W. Are population isolations and declines a threat to island endemic water striders? A lesson from demographic and niche modelling of Metrocoris esakii (Hemiptera: Gerridae). Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4573-4587. [PMID: 33006793 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetic stochasticity and bottlenecking in the course of Pleistocene glaciations have been identified as threatening the survival of local endemics. However, the mechanisms by which local endemic species balance the influences of these two events remain poorly understood. Here, we generated a double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) data set, mined mitochondrial sequences and constructed ecological niche models for the island endemic water strider Metrocoris esakii (Hemiptera: Gerridae). We found that M. esakii comprised three divergent lineages (i.e., north, central and south) isolated by geographical barriers and generally experienced population declines with the constriction of suitable areas during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Further demographic model testing and stairway plots revealed a history of recent gene flow among the neighbouring lineages and rapid recovery at the end of the LGM, indicating that M. esakii at least had the potential for an adaptive response to population fragmentation and bottlenecking. The northern lineage did not show genetic bottlenecking during the LGM, which was probably due to its large effective population size (Ne ) from migration, which improved its adaptive potential. Relative to the ddRAD-seq data set, the demographic results based on mitochondrial sequences were less conclusive, showing weak differentiation and oversimplified demographic trajectories for the three genetic lineages. Overall, this study provides some degree of optimism for the survival of island endemic water striders from a demographic perspective, but further evaluation of their extinction risk under the impacts of human activities is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ye
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Danyang Chen
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juanjuan Yuan
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenguang Zheng
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenwu Wang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Jiang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjun Bu
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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12
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Bocalini F, Bolívar-Leguizamón SD, Silveira LF, Bravo GA. Comparative phylogeographic and demographic analyses reveal a congruent pattern of sister relationships between bird populations of the northern and south-central Atlantic Forest. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 154:106973. [PMID: 33059067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Pernambuco Center of Endemism (PCE) is the northernmost strip of the Atlantic Forest (AF). Biogeographic affinities among avifaunas in the PCE, the southern-central Atlantic Forest (SCAF), and Amazonia (AM) have not been studied comprehensively, and current patterns of genetic diversity in the PCE remain unclear. The interplay between species' ecological attributes and historical processes, such as Pleistocene climate fluctuations or the appearance of rivers, may have affected population genetic structures in the PCE. Moreover, the role of past connections between the PCE and AM and the elevational distribution of species in assembling the PCE avifauna remain untested. Here, we investigated the biogeographic history of seven taxa endemic to the PCE within a comparative phylogeographic framework based on a mean of 3,618 independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) extracted from flanking regions of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) and one mitochondrial gene. We found that PCE populations were more closely related to SCAF populations than they were to those in AM, regardless of their elevational range, with divergence times placed during the Mid-Pleistocene. These splits were consistent with a pattern of allopatric divergence with gene flow until the upper Pleistocene and no signal of rapid changes in population sizes. Our results support the existence of a Pleistocene refugium driving current genetic diversity in the PCE, thereby rejecting the role of the São Francisco River as a primary barrier for population divergence. Additionally, we found that connections with Amazonia also played a significant role in assembling the PCE avifauna through subsequent migration events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Bocalini
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 04263-000 Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Zoologia do Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Luís F Silveira
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 04263-000 Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo A Bravo
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 04263-000 Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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13
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Gyllenhaal EF, Mapel XM, Naikatini A, Moyle RG, Andersen MJ. A test of island biogeographic theory applied to estimates of gene flow in a Fijian bird is largely consistent with neutral expectations. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4059-4073. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan F. Gyllenhaal
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA
| | - Xena M. Mapel
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA
| | - Alivereti Naikatini
- South Pacific Regional Herbarium Institute of Applied Sciences University of the South Pacific Suva Fiji Islands
| | - Robert G. Moyle
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA
| | - Michael J. Andersen
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA
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14
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Marske KA, Thomaz AT, Knowles LL. Dispersal barriers and opportunities drive multiple levels of phylogeographic concordance in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4665-4679. [PMID: 32991032 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Phylogeographic concordance, or the sharing of phylogeographic patterns among codistributed species, suggests similar responses to topography or climatic history. While the orientation and timing of breaks between lineages are routinely compared, spatial dynamics within regions occupied by individual lineages provide a second opportunity for comparing responses to past events. In environments with complex topography and glacial history, such as New Zealand's South Island, geographically nested comparisons can identify the processes leading to phylogeographic concordance between and within regional genomic clusters. Here, we used single nucleotide polymorphisms (obtained via ddRADseq) for two codistributed forest beetle species, Agyrtodes labralis (Leiodidae) and Brachynopus scutellaris (Staphylinidae), to evaluate the role of climate change and topography in shaping phylogeographic concordance at two, nested spatial scales: do species diverge over the same geographic barriers, with similar divergence times? And within regions delimited by these breaks, do species share similar spatial dynamics of directional expansion or isolation-by-distance? We found greater congruence of phylogeographic breaks between regions divided by the strongest dispersal barriers (i.e., the Southern Alps). However, these shared breaks were not indicative of shared spatial dynamics within the regions they delimit, and the most similar spatial dynamics between species occurred within regions with the strongest gradients in historical climatic stability. Our results indicate that lack of concordance as traditionally detected by lineage turnover does not rule out the possibility of shared histories, and variation in the presence and type of concordance may provide insights into the different processes shaping phylogeographic patterns across geologically dynamic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A Marske
- Geographical Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andréa T Thomaz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - L Lacey Knowles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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15
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Corbett EC, Bravo GA, Schunck F, Naka LN, Silveira LF, Edwards SV. Evidence for the Pleistocene Arc Hypothesis from genome-wide SNPs in a Neotropical dry forest specialist, the Rufous-fronted Thornbird (Furnariidae: Phacellodomus rufifrons). Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4457-4472. [PMID: 32974981 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
South American dry forests have a complex and poorly understood biogeographic history. Based on the fragmented distribution of many Neotropical dry forest species, it has been suggested that this biome was more widely distributed and contiguous under drier climate conditions in the Pleistocene. To test this scenario, known as the Pleistocene Arc Hypothesis, we studied the phylogeography of the Rufous-fronted Thornbird (Phacellodomus rufifrons), a widespread dry forest bird with a disjunct distribution closely matching that of the biome itself. We sequenced mtDNA and used ddRADseq to sample 7,167 genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms from 74 P. rufifrons individuals across its range. We found low genetic differentiation over two prominent geographic breaks - particularly across a 1,000 km gap between populations in Bolivia and Northern Peru. Using demographic analyses of the joint site frequency spectrum, we found evidence of recent divergence without subsequent gene flow across those breaks. By contrast, parapatric morphologically distinct populations in northeastern Brazil show high genetic divergence with evidence of recent gene flow. These results, in combination with our paleoclimate species distribution modelling, support the idea that currently disjunct patches of dry forest were more connected in the recent past, probably during the Middle and Late Pleistocene. This notion fits the major predictions of the Pleistocene Arc Hypothesis and illustrates the importance of comprehensive genomic and geographic sampling for examining biogeographic and evolutionary questions in complex ecosystems like Neotropical dry forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon C Corbett
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences & Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Gustavo A Bravo
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fabio Schunck
- Seção de Aves, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano N Naka
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Luís F Silveira
- Seção de Aves, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Scott V Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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16
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Buainain N, Canton R, Zuquim G, Tuomisto H, Hrbek T, Sato H, Ribas CC. Paleoclimatic evolution as the main driver of current genomic diversity in the widespread and polymorphic Neotropical songbird Arremon taciturnus. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:2922-2939. [PMID: 32623766 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Several factors have been proposed as drivers of species diversification in the Neotropics, including environmental heterogeneity, the development of drainage systems and historical changes in forest distribution due to climatic oscillations. Here, we investigate which drivers contributed to the evolutionary history and current patterns of diversity of a polymorphic songbird (Arremon taciturnus) that is widely distributed in Amazonian and Atlantic forests as well as in Cerrado gallery and seasonally-dry forests. We use genomic, phenotypic and habitat heterogeneity data coupled with climatic niche modelling. Results suggest the evolutionary history of the species is mainly related to paleoclimatic changes, although changes in the strength of the Amazon river as a barrier to dispersal, current habitat heterogeneity and geographic distance were also relevant. We propose an ancestral distribution in the Guyana Shield, and recent colonization of areas south of the Amazon river at ~380 to 166 kya, and expansion of the distribution to southern Amazonia, Cerrado and the Atlantic Forest. Since then, populations south of the Amazon River have been subjected to cycles of isolation and possibly secondary contact due to climatic changes that affected habitat heterogeneity and population connectivity. Most Amazonian rivers are not associated with long lasting isolation of populations, but some might act as secondary barriers, susceptible to crossing under specific climatic conditions. Morphological variation, while stable in some parts of the distribution, is not a reliable indicator of genetic structure or phylogenetic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Buainain
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Roberta Canton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Gabriela Zuquim
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turun Yliopisto, Finland
| | - Hanna Tuomisto
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turun Yliopisto, Finland
| | - Tomas Hrbek
- Departmento de Genetica, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Hiromitsu Sato
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Camila C Ribas
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
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17
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Xue AT, Hickerson MJ. Comparative phylogeographic inference with genome‐wide data from aggregated population pairs. Evolution 2020; 74:808-830. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T. Xue
- Subprogram in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, Department of BiologyGraduate Center of City University of New York New York NY 10016
- Subprogram in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, Department of BiologyCity College of City University of New York New York NY 10031
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey and Department of GeneticsRutgers University Piscataway NJ 08854
- Simons Center for Quantitative BiologyCold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor NY 11724
| | - Michael J. Hickerson
- Subprogram in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, Department of BiologyGraduate Center of City University of New York New York NY 10016
- Subprogram in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, Department of BiologyCity College of City University of New York New York NY 10031
- Division of Invertebrate ZoologyAmerican Museum of Natural History New York NY 10024
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18
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Kopuchian C, Campagna L, Lijtmaer DA, Cabanne GS, García NC, Lavinia PD, Tubaro PL, Lovette I, Di Giacomo AS. A test of the riverine barrier hypothesis in the largest subtropical river basin in the Neotropics. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:2137-2149. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Kopuchian
- Laboratorio de Biología de la ConservaciónCECOAL (Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral) CONICET Corrientes Argentina
| | - Leonardo Campagna
- Fuller Evolutionary Biology Program Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Darío A. Lijtmaer
- División Ornitología Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” MACN‐CONICETCiudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gustavo S. Cabanne
- División Ornitología Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” MACN‐CONICETCiudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Natalia C. García
- Fuller Evolutionary Biology Program Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
- División Ornitología Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” MACN‐CONICETCiudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Pablo D. Lavinia
- División Ornitología Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” MACN‐CONICETCiudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Pablo L. Tubaro
- División Ornitología Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” MACN‐CONICETCiudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Irby Lovette
- Fuller Evolutionary Biology Program Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Adrián S. Di Giacomo
- Laboratorio de Biología de la ConservaciónCECOAL (Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral) CONICET Corrientes Argentina
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19
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Rocha-Méndez A, Sánchez-González LA, González C, Navarro-Sigüenza AG. The geography of evolutionary divergence in the highly endemic avifauna from the Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexico. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:237. [PMID: 31888449 PMCID: PMC6937948 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesoamerica is a remarkable region with a high geological and ecological complexity. Within northern Mesoamerica, the biotic province of the Sierra Madre del Sur (SMS) in southwestern Mexico harbors exceptionally high avian endemism and diversity. Herein, we searched for spatially and temporally concordant phylogeographic patterns, in four bird genera from three distinct avian orders co-distributed across Mesoamerica and investigated their causes through hypothesis testing regarding historical processes. Selected species include endemic and differentiated populations across the montane forests of Mesoamerica, and particularly within the SMS. Results We gathered mitochondrial DNA sequences for at least one locus from 177 individuals across all species. We assessed genetic structure, demographic history, and defined a framework for the coalescent simulations used in biogeographic hypothesis testing temporal and spatial co-variance. Our analyses suggested shared phylogeographic breaks in areas corresponding to the SMS populations, and between the main montane systems in Mesoamerica, with the Central Valley of Oaxaca and the Nicaragua Depression being the most frequently shared breaks among analyzed taxa. Nevertheless, dating analyses and divergence patterns observed were consistent with the hypothesis of broad vicariance across Mesoamerica derived from mechanisms operating at distinct times across taxa in the SMS. Conclusions Our study provides a framework for understanding the evolutionary origins and historical factors enhancing speciation in well-defined regions within Mesoamerica, indicating that the evolutionary history of extant biota inhabiting montane forests is complex and often idiosyncratic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rocha-Méndez
- Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-399, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico. .,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Luis A Sánchez-González
- Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-399, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Clementina González
- Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Adolfo G Navarro-Sigüenza
- Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-399, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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20
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Franklin J, Majure LC, Encarnación Y, Clase T, Almonte‐Espinosa H, Landestoy M, Kratter AW, Oswald JA, Soltis DE, Terrill RS, Steadman DW. Changing ecological communities along an elevation gradient in seasonally dry tropical forest on Hispaniola (Sierra Martín García, Dominican Republic). Biotropica 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Franklin
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences University of California Riverside CA USA
| | - Lucas C. Majure
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Yuley Encarnación
- Herbario JBSD Departamento de Botánica Jardín Botánico Nacional “Dr. Rafael M. Moscoso” Santo Domingo Dominican Repúblic
| | - Teodoro Clase
- Herbario JBSD Departamento de Botánica Jardín Botánico Nacional “Dr. Rafael M. Moscoso” Santo Domingo Dominican Repúblic
| | - Hodali Almonte‐Espinosa
- Museo Nacional de Historia Natural “Prof. Eugenio de Jesús Marcano” Santo Domingo Dominican Repúblic
| | - Miguel Landestoy
- Escuela de Biología Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo Santo Domingo Dominican Repúblic
| | - Andrew W. Kratter
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Jessica A. Oswald
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
- University of Reno Nevada, Reno NV USA
| | - Douglas E. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | | | - David W. Steadman
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
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21
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A Multireference-Based Whole Genome Assembly for the Obligate Ant-Following Antbird, Rhegmatorhina melanosticta (Thamnophilidae). DIVERSITY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/d11090144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Current generation high-throughput sequencing technology has facilitated the generation of more genomic-scale data than ever before, thus greatly improving our understanding of avian biology across a range of disciplines. Recent developments in linked-read sequencing (Chromium 10×) and reference-based whole-genome assembly offer an exciting prospect of more accessible chromosome-level genome sequencing in the near future. We sequenced and assembled a genome of the Hairy-crested Antbird (Rhegmatorhina melanosticta), which represents the first publicly available genome for any antbird (Thamnophilidae). Our objectives were to (1) assemble scaffolds to chromosome level based on multiple reference genomes, and report on differences relative to other genomes, (2) assess genome completeness and compare content to other related genomes, and (3) assess the suitability of linked-read sequencing technology for future studies in comparative phylogenomics and population genomics studies. Our R. melanosticta assembly was both highly contiguous (de novo scaffold N50 = 3.3 Mb, reference based N50 = 53.3 Mb) and relatively complete (contained close to 90% of evolutionarily conserved single-copy avian genes and known tetrapod ultraconserved elements). The high contiguity and completeness of this assembly enabled the genome to be successfully mapped to the chromosome level, which uncovered a consistent structural difference between R. melanosticta and other avian genomes. Our results are consistent with the observation that avian genomes are structurally conserved. Additionally, our results demonstrate the utility of linked-read sequencing for non-model genomics. Finally, we demonstrate the value of our R. melanosticta genome for future researchers by mapping reduced representation sequencing data, and by accurately reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships among a sample of thamnophilid species.
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22
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Prieto-Torres DA, Rojas-Soto OR, Bonaccorso E, Santiago-Alarcon D, Navarro-Sigüenza AG. Distributional patterns of Neotropical seasonally dry forest birds: a biogeographical regionalization. Cladistics 2019; 35:446-460. [PMID: 34633722 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neotropical seasonally dry forests (NSDFs) are widely distributed and possess high levels of species richness and endemism; however, their biogeography remains only partially understood. Using species distribution modelling and parsimony analysis of endemicity, we analysed the distributional patterns of the NSDF avifauna in order to identify their areas of endemism and provide a better understanding of the historical relationships among those areas. The strict consensus trees revealed 17 areas of endemism for NSDFs, which involve four large regions: Baja California, Caribbean-Antilles islands, Mesoamerica and South America. These well-resolved clades are circumscribed by geographical and ecological barriers associated with the Gulf of California, the leading edge of the Caribbean plate, the Tehuantepec Isthmus, the Polochic-Motagua fault, the Nicaragua Depression, the Chocó forest, the Amazon basin and the Andean Cordillera. Relationships among groups of NSDFs found here suggest that evolution of their avifauna involved a mixture of vicariance and dispersal events. Our results support the idea of independent diversification patterns and biogeographical processes in each region, including those previously associated with the Pleistocene Arc Hypothesis for NSDFs of south-eastern South America. This study provides a biogeographical framework to open new lines of research related to the biotic diversification of NSDFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Prieto-Torres
- Red de Biología Evolutiva, Laboratorio de Bioclimatología, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, 91070, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.,Museo de Zoología, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-399, México City, 04510, México
| | - Octavio R Rojas-Soto
- Red de Biología Evolutiva, Laboratorio de Bioclimatología, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, 91070, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Elisa Bonaccorso
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto BIOSFERA and Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, 17-1200-841, Quito, Ecuador.,Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Diego Santiago-Alarcon
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Adolfo G Navarro-Sigüenza
- Museo de Zoología, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-399, México City, 04510, México
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23
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Toby Pennington R, Lavin M. Dispersal, isolation and diversification with continued gene flow in an Andean tropical dry forest. Mol Ecol 2019. [PMID: 28632343 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Andes are the world's longest mountain chain, and the tropical Andes are the world's richest biodiversity hot spot. The origin of the tropical Andean cordillera is relatively recent because the elevation of the mountains was relatively low (400-2500 m palaeoelevations) only 10 MYA with final uplift being rapid. These final phases of the Andean orogeny are thought to have had a fundamental role in shaping processes of biotic diversification and biogeography, with these effects reaching far from the mountains themselves by changing the course of rivers and deposition of mineral-rich Andean sediments across the massive Amazon basin. In a recent issue of Molecular Ecology, Oswald, Overcast, Mauck, Andersen, and Smith (2017) investigate the biogeography and diversification of bird species in the Andes of Peru and Ecuador. Their study is novel in its focus on tropical dry forests (Figure 1) rather than more mesic biomes such as rain forests, cloud forests and paramos, which tend to be the focus of science and conservation in the Andean hot spot. It is also able to draw powerful conclusions via the first deployment of genomic approaches to a biogeographic question in the threatened dry forests of the New World.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matt Lavin
- Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
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24
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Lavinia PD, Barreira AS, Campagna L, Tubaro PL, Lijtmaer DA. Contrasting evolutionary histories in Neotropical birds: Divergence across an environmental barrier in South America. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:1730-1747. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo D. Lavinia
- División Ornitología Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ (MACN–CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Ana S. Barreira
- División Ornitología Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ (MACN–CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Leonardo Campagna
- Fuller Evolutionary Biology Program Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Ithaca New York
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York
| | - Pablo L. Tubaro
- División Ornitología Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ (MACN–CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Darío A. Lijtmaer
- División Ornitología Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ (MACN–CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
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Benham PM, Cheviron ZA. Divergent mitochondrial lineages arose within a large, panmictic population of the Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis). Mol Ecol 2019; 28:1765-1783. [PMID: 30770598 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Unusual patterns of mtDNA diversity can reveal interesting aspects of a species' biology. However, making such inferences requires discerning among the many alternative scenarios that could underlie any given mtDNA pattern. Next-generation sequencing methods provide large, multilocus data sets with increased power to resolve unusual mtDNA patterns. A mtDNA-based phylogeography of the Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) previously identified two sympatric, but divergent (~2%) clades within the nominate subspecies group and a third clade that consisted of birds sampled from northwest Mexico. We revisited the phylogeography of this species using a population genomic data set to resolve the processes leading to the evolution of sympatric and divergent mtDNA lineages. We identified two genetic clusters in the genomic data set corresponding to (a) the nominate subspecies group and (b) northwestern Mexico birds. Following divergence, the nominate clade maintained a large, stable population, indicating that divergent mitochondrial lineages arose within a panmictic population. Simulations based on parameter estimates from this model further confirmed that this demographic history could produce observed levels of mtDNA diversity. Patterns of divergent, sympatric mtDNA lineages are frequently interpreted as admixture of historically isolated lineages. Our analyses reject this interpretation for Savannah sparrows and underscore the need for genomic data sets to resolve the evolutionary mechanisms behind anomalous, locus-specific patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phred M Benham
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Zachary A Cheviron
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
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Myers EA, Bryson RW, Hansen RW, Aardema ML, Lazcano D, Burbrink FT. Exploring Chihuahuan Desert diversification in the gray-banded kingsnake, Lampropeltis alterna (Serpentes: Colubridae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 131:211-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Stobie CS, Cunningham MJ, Oosthuizen CJ, Bloomer P. Finding stories in noise: Mitochondrial portraits from RAD data. Mol Ecol Resour 2018; 19:191-205. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cora Sabriel Stobie
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Programme, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology University of Pretoria Hatfield, Pretoria South Africa
| | - Michael J. Cunningham
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Programme, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology University of Pretoria Hatfield, Pretoria South Africa
| | - Carel J. Oosthuizen
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Programme, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology University of Pretoria Hatfield, Pretoria South Africa
| | - Paulette Bloomer
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Programme, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology University of Pretoria Hatfield, Pretoria South Africa
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Bunnefeld L, Hearn J, Stone GN, Lohse K. Whole-genome data reveal the complex history of a diverse ecological community. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6507-E6515. [PMID: 29946026 PMCID: PMC6048486 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800334115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
How widespread ecological communities assemble remains a key question in ecology. Trophic interactions between widespread species may reflect a shared population history or ecological fitting of local pools of species with very different population histories. Which scenario applies is central to the stability of trophic associations and the potential for coevolution between species. Here we show how alternative community assembly hypotheses can be discriminated using whole-genome data for component species and provide a likelihood framework that overcomes current limitations in formal comparison of multispecies histories. We illustrate our approach by inferring the assembly history of a Western Palearctic community of insect herbivores and parasitoid natural enemies, trophic groups that together comprise 50% of terrestrial species. We reject models of codispersal from a shared origin and of delayed enemy pursuit of their herbivore hosts, arguing against herbivore attainment of "enemy-free space." The community-wide distribution of species expansion times is also incompatible with a random, neutral model of assembly. Instead, we reveal a complex assembly history of single- and multispecies range expansions through the Pleistocene from different directions and over a range of timescales. Our results suggest substantial turnover in species associations and argue against tight coevolution in this system. The approach we illustrate is widely applicable to natural communities of nonmodel species and makes it possible to reveal the historical backdrop against which natural selection acts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynsey Bunnefeld
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, Scotland;
- Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland
| | - Jack Hearn
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, Scotland
| | - Graham N Stone
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, Scotland
| | - Konrad Lohse
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, Scotland
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29
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Salgado‐Roa FC, Pardo‐Diaz C, Lasso E, Arias CF, Solferini VN, Salazar C. Gene flow and Andean uplift shape the diversification of Gasteracantha cancriformis (Araneae: Araneidae) in Northern South America. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7131-7142. [PMID: 30073072 PMCID: PMC6065347 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Andean uplift has played a major role in shaping the current Neotropical biodiversity. However, in arthropods other than butterflies, little is known about how this geographic barrier has impacted species historical diversification. Here, we examined the phylogeography of the widespread color polymorphic spider Gasteracantha cancriformis to evaluate the effect of the northern Andean uplift on its divergence and assess whether its diversification occurred in the presence of gene flow. We inferred phylogenetic relationships and divergence times in G. cancriformis using mitochondrial and nuclear data from 105 individuals in northern South America. Genetic diversity, divergence, and population structure were quantified. We also compared multiple demographic scenarios for this species using a model-based approach (phrapl) to determine divergence with or without gene flow. At last, we evaluated the association between genetic variation and color polymorphism. Both nuclear and mitochondrial data supported two well-differentiated clades, which correspond to populations occurring on opposite sides of the Eastern cordillera of the Colombian Andes. The final uplift of this cordillera was identified as the most likely force that shaped the diversification of G. cancriformis in northern South America, resulting in a cis- and trans-Andean phylogeographic structure for the species. We also found shared genetic variation between the cis- and trans-Andean clades, which is better explained by a scenario of historical divergence in the face of gene flow. This has been likely facilitated by the presence of low-elevation passes across the Eastern Colombian cordillera. Our work constitutes the first example in which the Andean uplift coupled with gene flow influenced the evolutionary history of an arachnid lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian C. Salgado‐Roa
- Programa de BiologíaFacultad de Ciencias Naturales y MatemáticasUniversidad del RosarioBogotáColombia
- Departamento de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad de los AndesBogotáColombia
| | - Carolina Pardo‐Diaz
- Programa de BiologíaFacultad de Ciencias Naturales y MatemáticasUniversidad del RosarioBogotáColombia
| | - Eloisa Lasso
- Departamento de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad de los AndesBogotáColombia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteAncónPanamá
| | | | - Vera Nisaka Solferini
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and BioagentsInstitute of BiologyUniversity of CampinasCampinasSao PauloBrazil
| | - Camilo Salazar
- Programa de BiologíaFacultad de Ciencias Naturales y MatemáticasUniversidad del RosarioBogotáColombia
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Lin D, Bi K, Conroy CJ, Lacey EA, Schraiber JG, Bowie RCK. Mito-nuclear discordance across a recent contact zone for California voles. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6226-6241. [PMID: 29988439 PMCID: PMC6024151 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the processes that maintain genetic diversity among closely related taxa, we investigated the dynamics of introgression across a contact zone between two lineages of California voles (Microtus californicus). We tested the prediction that introgression of nuclear loci would be greater than that for mitochondrial loci, assuming ongoing gene flow across the contact zone. We also predicted that genomic markers would show a mosaic pattern of differentiation across this zone, consistent with genomes that are semi-permeable. Using mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences and genome-wide loci developed via ddRAD-seq, we analyzed genetic variation for 10 vole populations distributed along the central California coast; this transect included populations from within the distributions of both parental lineages as well as the putative contact zone. Our analyses revealed that (1) the two lineages examined are relatively young, having diverged ca. 8.5-54 kya, (2) voles from the contact zone in Santa Barbara County did not include F1 or early generation backcrossed individuals, and (3) there appeared to be little to no recurrent gene flow across the contact zone. Introgression patterns for mitochondrial and nuclear markers were not concordant; only mitochondrial markers revealed evidence of introgression, putatively due to historical hybridization. These differences in genetic signatures are intriguing given that the contact zone occurs in a region of continuous vole habitat, with no evidence of past or present physical barriers. Future studies that examine specific isolating mechanisms, such as microhabitat use and mate choice, will facilitate our understanding of how genetic boundaries are maintained in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Lin
- Museum of Vertebrate ZoologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Ke Bi
- Computational Genomics Resource LaboratoryCalifornia Institute for Quantitative BiosciencesUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Christopher J. Conroy
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Eileen A. Lacey
- Museum of Vertebrate ZoologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Joshua G. Schraiber
- Department of BiologyCenter for Computational Genetics and GenomicsTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary MedicineTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Rauri C. K. Bowie
- Museum of Vertebrate ZoologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia
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Thom G, Amaral FRD, Hickerson MJ, Aleixo A, Araujo-Silva LE, Ribas CC, Choueri E, Miyaki CY. Phenotypic and Genetic Structure Support Gene Flow Generating Gene Tree Discordances in an Amazonian Floodplain Endemic Species. Syst Biol 2018; 67:700-718. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syy004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Thom
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Fabio Raposo Do Amaral
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Genética Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Professor Artur Riedel, 275, Diadema, SP 09972–270, Brazil
| | - Michael J Hickerson
- Department of Biology, Marshak Science Building, City College of New York, 160, Convent Avenue, 10031 New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandre Aleixo
- Departamento de Ornitologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), Caixa Postal 399, Belém, PA 66040-170, Brazil
| | - Lucas E Araujo-Silva
- Departamento de Ornitologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), Caixa Postal 399, Belém, PA 66040-170, Brazil
| | - Camila C Ribas
- Coordenação de biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo 2936, Manaus, AM 69060-001, Brazil
| | - Erik Choueri
- Coordenação de biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo 2936, Manaus, AM 69060-001, Brazil
| | - Cristina Y Miyaki
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
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32
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Hohenlohe PA, Hand BK, Andrews KR, Luikart G. Population Genomics Provides Key Insights in Ecology and Evolution. POPULATION GENOMICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/13836_2018_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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