1
|
Salgado-Roa FC, Pardo-Diaz C, Rueda-M N, Cisneros-Heredia DF, Lasso E, Salazar C. The Andes as a semi-permeable geographical barrier: Genetic connectivity between structured populations in a widespread spider. Mol Ecol 2024:e17361. [PMID: 38634856 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Geographical barriers like mountain ranges impede genetic exchange among populations, promoting diversification. The effectiveness of these barriers in limiting gene flow varies between lineages due to each species' dispersal modes and capacities. Our understanding of how the Andes orogeny contributes to species diversification comes from well-studied vertebrates and a few arthropods and plants, neglecting organisms unable to fly or walk long distances. Some arachnids, such as Gasteracantha cancriformis, have been hypothesized to disperse long distances via ballooning (i.e. using their silk to interact with the wind). Yet, we do not know how the environment and geography shape its genetic diversity. Therefore, we tested whether the Andes contributed to the diversification of G. cancriformis acting as an absolute or semi-permeable barrier to genetic connectivity between populations of this spider at opposite sides of the mountain range. We sampled thousands of loci across the distribution of the species and implemented population genetics, phylogenetic, and landscape genetic analyses. We identified two genetically distinct groups structured by the Central Andes, and a third less structured group in the Northern Andes that shares ancestry with the previous two. This structure is largely explained by the altitude along the Andes, which decreases in some regions, possibly facilitating cross-Andean dispersal and gene flow. Our findings support that altitude in the Andes plays a major role in structuring populations in South America, but the strength of this barrier can be overcome by organisms with long-distance dispersal modes together with altitudinal depressions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian C Salgado-Roa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carolina Pardo-Diaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicol Rueda-M
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego F Cisneros-Heredia
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical IBIOTROP, Laboratorio de Zoología Terrestre, Museo de Zoología & Extensión USFQ Galápagos GAIAS, Galapagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Eloisa Lasso
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
- Estación Científica Coiba AIP, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Camilo Salazar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hernández C, Alvarado M, Salgado-Roa FC, Ballesteros N, Rueda-M N, Oliveira J, Alevi KCC, da Rosa JA, Urbano P, Salazar C, Ramírez JD. Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary patterns of the genus Psammolestes Bergroth, 1911 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:30. [PMID: 35279099 PMCID: PMC8918316 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-01987-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolutionary history of biodiversity in South America has been poorly studied in the seasonal dry tropical forest (SDTF). Species diversification in this ecosystem may have a twofold explanation. First, intermittent connections in the middle and late Pleistocene promoted species dispersal and/or genetic connectivity between lineages isolated in disjunct patches of forest. Second, allopatric speciation proceeded immediately after the formation and colonization of the SDTF in the Neogene. Here we studied the diversification of Psammolestes, a genus endemic of the SDTF and naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (agent of Chagas disease), using a combination of phylogenetic, population genetics and niche model methods, and evaluated the reliability of the three morphospecies currently recognized. RESULTS Our multilocus analyses recovered P. coreodes and P. tertius in a monophyletic clade sister to P. arthuri. Species delimitation tests recovered these lineages as different species despite the shared genetic variation observed between P. coreodes and P. tertius in five genes. Also, genetic variation of the genus clustered in three groups that were consistent with the three morphospecies. Our demographic model predicted a scenario of divergence in absence of gene flow, suggesting that mixed haplotypes may be the result of shared ancestral variation since the divergence of the subtropical-temperate species P. coreodes and P. tertius. In contrast, the tropical species P. arthuri was highly differentiated from the other two in all tests of genetic structure, and consistently, the Monmonier's algorithm identified a clear geographical barrier that separates this species from P. coreodes and P. tertius. CONCLUSIONS We found three genetically structured lineages within Psammolestes that diverged in absence of gene flow in the late Miocene. This result supports a scenario of species formation driven by geographical isolation rather than by divergence in the face of gene flow associated with climatic oscillations in the Pleistocene. Also, we identified the Amazon basin as a climatic barrier that separates tropical from subtropical-temperate species, thus promoting allopatric speciation after long range dispersion. Finally, each species of Psammolestes occupies different climatic niches suggesting that niche conservatism is not crucial for species differentiation. These findings influence the current vector surveillance programs of Chagas disease in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Hernández
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMIBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mateo Alvarado
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMIBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Fabian C Salgado-Roa
- Grupo de Genética Evolutiva y Filogeografía, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Nathalia Ballesteros
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMIBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicol Rueda-M
- Grupo de Genética Evolutiva y Filogeografía, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jader Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, 01000, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Saúde Pública, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, 01000, Brazil
| | - Joao Aristeu da Rosa
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, 01000, Brazil
| | - Plutarco Urbano
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biológicas de la Orinoquia, Universidad Internacional del Trópico Americano (Unitrópico), Yopal, Colombia
| | - Camilo Salazar
- Grupo de Genética Evolutiva y Filogeografía, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMIBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rueda-M N, Salgado-Roa FC, Gantiva-Q CH, Pardo-Díaz C, Salazar C. Environmental Drivers of Diversification and Hybridization in Neotropical Butterflies. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.750703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying how the environment shapes current biodiversity patterns in species rich regions is a fundamental issue in biogeography, ecology, and conservation. However, in the Neotropics, the study of the forces driving species distribution and richness, is mostly based on vertebrates and plants. In this study, we used 54,392 georeferenced records for 46 species and 1,012 georeferenced records for 38 interspecific hybrids of the Neotropical Heliconius butterflies to investigate the role of the environment in shaping their distribution and richness, as well as their geographic patterns of phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic endemism. We also evaluated whether niche similarity promotes hybridization in Heliconius. We found that these insects display five general distribution patterns mostly explained by precipitation and isothermality, and to a lesser extent, by altitude. Interestingly, altitude plays a major role as a predictor of species richness and phylogenetic diversity, while precipitation explains patterns of phylogenetic endemism. We did not find evidence supporting the role of the environment in facilitating hybridization because hybridizing species do not necessarily share the same climatic niche despite some of them having largely overlapping geographic distributions. Overall, we confirmed that, as in other organisms, high annual temperature, a constant supply of water, and spatio-topographic complexity are the main predictors of diversity in Heliconius. However, future studies at large scale need to investigate the effect of microclimate variables and ecological interactions.
Collapse
|
4
|
Salgado-Roa FC, Gamez A, Sanchez-Herrera M, Pardo-Díaz C, Salazar C. Divergence promoted by the northern Andes in the giant fishing spider Ancylometes bogotensis (Araneae: Ctenidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The biodiversity of the tropical Americas is a consequence of the interplay between geological and climatic events, with the Andean uplift being a major driver of speciation. Multiple studies have shown that species diversification promoted by the Andes can occur in the presence or absence of gene flow. However, to date, the majority of research addressing this aspect has been conducted in vertebrates, whereas other highly diverse tropical organisms such as arthropods remain uninvestigated. We used a combination of phylogenetics, population genetic analyses and species distribution models to explore whether the northern Andes played a role in the diversification of Ancylometes bogotensis. We detected two major lineages that are separated by the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes, and they share the same climatic niche. These groups diverged at ~3.85 Mya and exhibit no signatures of gene flow, which can be a consequence of the Andean highlands being poorly suited habitats for this species, thus preventing their genetic connectivity. Our study reveals that the genetic structure of an arachnid species that has limited dispersal capacity and is highly dependent on water bodies is shaped by the Andean orogeny. The generality of this observation remains to be assessed in other invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian C Salgado-Roa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, DC, Colombia
| | - Andres Gamez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, DC, Colombia
| | - Melissa Sanchez-Herrera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, DC, Colombia
| | - Carolina Pardo-Díaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, DC, Colombia
| | - Camilo Salazar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, DC, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chamberland L, Salgado-Roa FC, Basco A, Crastz-Flores A, Binford GJ, Agnarsson I. Phylogeography of the widespread Caribbean spiny orb weaver Gasteracantha cancriformis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8976. [PMID: 32391201 PMCID: PMC7196328 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern molecular analyses are often inconsistent with pre-cladistic taxonomic hypotheses, frequently indicating higher richness than morphological taxonomy estimates. Among Caribbean spiders, widespread species are relatively few compared to the prevalence of single island endemics. The taxonomic hypothesis Gasteracantha cancriformis circumscribes a species with profuse variation in size, color and body form. Distributed throughout the Neotropics, G. cancriformis is the only morphological species of Gasteracantha in the New World in this globally distributed genus. METHODS We inferred phylogenetic relationships across Neotropical populations of Gasteracantha using three target genes. Within the Caribbean, we estimated genetic diversity, population structure, and gene flow among island populations. RESULTS Our findings revealed a single widespread species of Gasteracantha throughout the Caribbean, G. cancriformis, while suggesting two recently divergent mainland populations that may represent separate species, diverging linages, or geographically isolated demes. The concatenated and COI (Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1) phylogeny supported a Caribbean clade nested within the New World. Genetic variability was high between island populations for our COI dataset; however, gene flow was also high, especially between large, adjacent islands. We found structured genetic and morphological variation within G. cancriformis island populations; however, this variation does not reflect genealogical relationships. Rather, isolation by distance and local morphological adaptation may explain the observed variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Chamberland
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Fabian C. Salgado-Roa
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Alma Basco
- University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | - Ingi Agnarsson
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Caicedo-Garzón V, Salgado-Roa FC, Sánchez-Herrera M, Hernández C, Arias-Giraldo LM, García L, Vallejo G, Cantillo O, Tovar C, Aristeu da Rosa J, Carrasco HJ, Segovia M, Salazar C, Ramírez JD. Genetic diversification of Panstrongylus geniculatus (Reduviidae: Triatominae) in northern South America. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223963. [PMID: 31622439 PMCID: PMC6797096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triatomines are the vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Although Triatoma and Rhodnius are the most-studied vector genera, other triatomines, such as Panstrongylus, also transmit T. cruzi, creating new epidemiological scenarios. Panstrongylus has at least 13 reported species but there is limited information about its intraspecific genetic variation and patterns of diversification. Here, we begin to fill this gap by studying populations of P. geniculatus from Colombia and Venezuela and including other epidemiologically important species from the region. We examined the pattern of diversification of P. geniculatus in Colombia using mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal data. Genetic diversity and differentiation were calculated within and among populations of P. geniculatus. Moreover, we constructed maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogenies and haplotype networks using P. geniculatus and other species from the genus (P. megistus, P. lignarius, P. lutzi, P. tupynambai, P. chinai, P. rufotuberculatus and P. howardi). Using a coalescence framework, we also dated the P. geniculatus lineages. The total evidence tree showed that P. geniculatus is a monophyletic species, with four clades that are concordant with its geographic distribution and are partly explained by the Andes orogeny. However, other factors, including anthropogenic and eco-epidemiological effects must be investigated to explain the existence of recent geographic P. geniculatus lineages. The epidemiological dynamics in structured vector populations, such as those found here, warrant further investigation. Extending our knowledge of P. geniculatus is necessary for the accurate development of effective strategies for the control of Chagas disease vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Caicedo-Garzón
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Cra. Bogotá D.C., Colombia.,Grupo de Genética Evolutiva, Filogeografía y Ecología de la Biodiversidad Neotropical (GEUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Fabian C Salgado-Roa
- Grupo de Genética Evolutiva, Filogeografía y Ecología de la Biodiversidad Neotropical (GEUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Melissa Sánchez-Herrera
- Grupo de Genética Evolutiva, Filogeografía y Ecología de la Biodiversidad Neotropical (GEUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Carolina Hernández
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Cra. Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Luisa María Arias-Giraldo
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Cra. Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Lineth García
- Universidad Nacional de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Gustavo Vallejo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Omar Cantillo
- Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Dirección de Sanidad Ejército, Ejército Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Catalina Tovar
- Grupo de investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales y Resistencia Bacteriana, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Sinú, Montería, Colombia
| | - Joao Aristeu da Rosa
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Hernán J Carrasco
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Protozoarios, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Maikell Segovia
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Protozoarios, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Camilo Salazar
- Grupo de Genética Evolutiva, Filogeografía y Ecología de la Biodiversidad Neotropical (GEUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Cra. Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nascimento JD, da Rosa JA, Salgado-Roa FC, Hernández C, Pardo-Diaz C, Alevi KCC, Ravazi A, de Oliveira J, de Azeredo Oliveira MTV, Salazar C, Ramírez JD. Taxonomical over splitting in the Rhodnius prolixus (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae) clade: Are R. taquarussuensis (da Rosa et al., 2017) and R. neglectus (Lent, 1954) the same species? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211285. [PMID: 30730919 PMCID: PMC6366742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of subtle features as species diagnostic traits in taxa with high morphological similarity sometimes fails in discriminating intraspecific variation from interspecific differences, leading to an incorrect species delimitation. A clear assessment of species boundaries is particularly relevant in disease vector organisms in order to understand epidemiological and evolutionary processes that affect transmission capacity. Here, we assess the validity of the recently described Rhodnius taquarussuensis (da Rosa et al., 2017) using interspecific crosses and molecular markers. We did not detect differences in hatching rates in interspecific crosses between R. taquarussuensis and R. neglectus (Lent, 1954). Furthermore, genetic divergence and species delimitation analyses show that R. taquarussuensis is not an independent lineage in the R. prolixus group. These results suggest that R. taquarussuensis is a phenotypic form of R. neglectus instead of a distinct species. We would like to stress that different sources of evidence are needed to correctly delimit species. We consider this is an important step in understanding vectorial Chagas disease spread and transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - João Aristeu da Rosa
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Fabian C. Salgado-Roa
- Grupo de Genética Evolutiva, Filogeografía y Ecología de Biodiversidad Neotropical, Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Hernández
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Pardo-Diaz
- Grupo de Genética Evolutiva, Filogeografía y Ecología de Biodiversidad Neotropical, Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brasil
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Amanda Ravazi
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Jader de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Tercília Vilela de Azeredo Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Camilo Salazar
- Grupo de Genética Evolutiva, Filogeografía y Ecología de Biodiversidad Neotropical, Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|