1
|
Huang X, Zheng L, Wang Y. The Survival and Physiological Response of Calliptamus abbreviatus Ikonn (Orthoptera: Acrididae) to Flavonoids Rutin and Quercetin. INSECTS 2024; 15:95. [PMID: 38392514 PMCID: PMC10888613 DOI: 10.3390/insects15020095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Insect-resistant substances from plants are important natural resources that human beings can potentially develop and use to control pests. In this study, we explored the adverse effects of rutin and quercetin on grasshopper (Calliptamus abbreviatus), as well as the insect's physiological response to these substances in laboratory and field experiments. These two plant compounds exhibited toxic effects on C. abbreviatus, with quercetin showing a stronger toxicity, indicated by a lower survival, slower development, and higher induced gene expression and activities of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, cytochrome P450s, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase, compared to rutin. These compounds, especially quercetin, have the potential to be developed as biopesticides to control grasshoppers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xunbing Huang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Li Zheng
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yueyue Wang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han WK, Tang FX, Yan YY, Wang Y, Liu ZW. Plasticity of the Gene Transcriptional Level and Microbiota in the Gut Contributes to the Adaptability of the Fall Armyworm to Rice Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18546-18556. [PMID: 37963218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Insects coordinate a variety of mechanisms to overcome the feeding challenges, including gene transcriptional plasticity and stable symbioses in the gut. Here, Spodoptera frugiperda larvae were reared on corn and rice plants for successive generations to obtain two specific strains. The rice strain displayed a longer developmental period, lower female fecundity, and intrinsic growth rate at G1 and G5 but not at G10. KEGG analysis of the G1, G5, and G11 gut transcriptome indicated that detoxification enzymes might play vital roles in host adaptation. RNAi-mediated knockdown of CYP12A2 and UGT41B8, which were highly expressed in the gut of the rice strain, significantly reduced the larval adaptability to rice. Besides, the dsCYP12A2-treated larvae displayed an increased sensitivity to luteolin, a flavonoid phytochemical. The KEGG function prediction of gut microbiota indicated that the high enrichment level of metabolism in the rice strain would play essential roles in rice adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Kang Han
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng-Xian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yang-Yang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ze-Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang ZL, Wang XJ, Lu HB, Huang HJ. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Adaptation Mechanisms of Bean Bug Riptortus pedestris to Different Food Resources. INSECTS 2023; 14:739. [PMID: 37754707 PMCID: PMC10531862 DOI: 10.3390/insects14090739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The bean bug, Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), poses a significant threat to soybean production, resulting in substantial crop losses. Throughout the soybean cultivation period, these insects probe and suck on various parts of plants, including leaves, pods, and beans. However, the specific mechanisms by which they adapt to different food resources remain unknown. In this study, we conducted gut transcriptomic analyses of R. pedestris fed with soybean leaves, pods, and beans. A total of 798, 690, and 548 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were monitored in G-pod vs. G-leaf (comparison of insect feeding on pods and leaves), G-bean vs. G-leaf (comparison of insect feeding on beans and leaves), and G-pod vs. G-bean (comparison of insect feeding on pods and beans), respectively. When fed on pods and beans, there was a significant increase in the expression of digestive enzymes, particularly cathepsins, serine proteases, and lipases. Conversely, when soybean leaves were consumed, detoxification enzymes, such as ABC transporters and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase, exhibited higher expression. Our findings indicate that R. pedestris dynamically regulates different metabolic pathways to cope with varying food resources, which may contribute to the development of effective strategies for managing this pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hai-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Z.-L.Z.); (X.-J.W.); (H.-B.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Espinosa Del Alba L, Petschenka G. No physiological costs of dual sequestration of chemically different plant toxins in the milkweed bug Spilostethus saxatilis (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 147:104508. [PMID: 37011856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Many herbivorous insects not only cope with plant toxins but also sequester them as a defense against predators and parasitoids. Sequestration is a product of the evolutionary arms race between plants and herbivorous insects and has been hypothesized to incur physiological costs due to specific adaptations required. Contradictory evidence about these costs exists for insects sequestering only one class of toxin, but very little is known about the physiological implications for species sequestering structurally different classes of compounds. Spilostethus saxatilis is a milkweed bug belonging to the cardenolide-sequestering heteropteran subfamily Lygaeinae (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) that has shifted to the colchicine-containing plant Colchicum autumnale, a resource of chemically unrelated alkaloids. Using feeding-assays on artificial diet and chemical analysis, we assessed whether S. saxatilis is still able to sequester cardenolides apart from colchicine and related metabolites (colchicoids), and tested the effect of (1) either a natural cardenolide concentration (using ouabain as a model compound) or a natural colchicine concentration, (2) an increased concentration of both toxins, and (3) seeds of either Asclepias syriaca (cardenolides) or C. autumnale (colchicoids) on a set of life-history traits. For comparison, we assessed the same life-history traits in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus exposed to cardenolides only. Although cardenolides and colchicoids have different physiological targets (Na+/K+-ATPase vs tubulin) and thus require different resistance traits, chronic exposure and sequestration of both isolated toxins caused no physiological costs such as reduced growth, increased mortality, lower fertility, or shorter adult life span in S. saxatilis. Indeed, an increased performance was observed in O. fasciatus and an according trend was found in S. saxatilis when feeding on isolated ouabain and isolated colchicine, respectively. Positive effects were even more pronounced when insects were provided with natural toxic seeds (i.e. C. autumnale for S. saxatilis and A. syriaca for O. fasciatus), especially in O. fasciatus. Our findings suggest, that S. saxatilis can sequester two chemically unrelated classes of plant compounds at a cost-free level, and that colchicoids may even play a beneficial role in terms of fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Espinosa Del Alba
- Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Otto-Sander Straße 5, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Georg Petschenka
- Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Otto-Sander Straße 5, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shih PY, Sugio A, Simon JC. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Host Plant Specificity in Aphids. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:431-450. [PMID: 36228134 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-020526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are serious pests of agricultural and ornamental plants and important model systems for hemipteran-plant interactions. The long evolutionary history of aphids with their host plants has resulted in a variety of systems that provide insight into the different adaptation strategies of aphids to plants and vice versa. In the past, various plant-aphid interactions have been documented, but lack of functional tools has limited molecular studies on the mechanisms of plant-aphid interactions. Recent technological advances have begun to reveal plant-aphid interactions at the molecular level and to increase our knowledge of the mechanisms of aphid adaptation or specialization to different host plants. In this article, we compile and analyze available information on plant-aphid interactions, discuss the limitations of current knowledge, and argue for new research directions. We advocate for more work that takes advantage of natural systems and recently established molecular techniques to obtain a comprehensive view of plant-aphid interaction mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Shih
- INRAE (National Institute of Agriculture, Food and Environment), UMR IGEPP, Le Rheu, France; , ,
| | - Akiko Sugio
- INRAE (National Institute of Agriculture, Food and Environment), UMR IGEPP, Le Rheu, France; , ,
| | - Jean-Christophe Simon
- INRAE (National Institute of Agriculture, Food and Environment), UMR IGEPP, Le Rheu, France; , ,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Krueger AJ, Rault LC, Robinson EA, Weissling TJ, Vélez AM, Anderson TD. Pyrethroid insecticide and milkweed cardenolide interactions on detoxification enzyme activity and expression in monarch caterpillars. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 187:105173. [PMID: 36127039 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Declines of the monarch butterfly population have prompted large-scale plantings of milkweed to restore the population. In North America, there are >73 species of milkweed to choose from for these nationwide plantings. However, it is unclear how different milkweed species affect monarch caterpillar physiology, particularly detoxification enzyme activity and gene expression, given the highly variable cardenolide composition across milkweed species. Here, we investigate the effects of a high cardenolide, tropical milkweed species and a low cardenolide, swamp milkweed species on pyrethroid sensitivity as well as detoxification enzyme activity and expression in monarch caterpillars. Caterpillars fed on each species through the fifth-instar stage and were topically treated with bifenthrin after reaching this final-instar stage. Esterase, glutathione S-transferase, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activities were quantified as well as the expression of selected esterase, glutathione S-transferase, ABC transporter, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase transcripts. There were no significant differences in survival 24 h after treatment with bifenthrin. However, bifenthrin significantly increased glutathione S-transferase activity in caterpillars feeding on tropical milkweed and significantly decreased esterase activity in caterpillars feeding on tropical and swamp milkweed. Significant differential expression of ABC transporter, glutathione S-transferase, and esterase genes was observed for caterpillars feeding on tropical and swamp milkweed and not receiving bifenthrin treatment. Furthermore, significant differential expression of glutathione S-transferase and esterase genes was observed for bifenthrin-treated and -untreated caterpillars feeding on tropical milkweed relative to swamp milkweed. These results suggest that feeding on different milkweed species can affect detoxification and development mechanisms with which monarch caterpillars rely on to cope with their environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie J Krueger
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Leslie C Rault
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Emily A Robinson
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Thomas J Weissling
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Ana M Vélez
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Troy D Anderson
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Drum Z, Lanno S, Gregory SM, Shimshak S, Barr W, Gatesman A, Schadt M, Sanford J, Arkin A, Assignon B, Colorado S, Dalgarno C, Devanny T, Ghandour T, Griffin R, Hogan M, Horowitz E, McGhie E, Multer J, O'Halloran H, Ofori-Darko K, Pokushalov D, Richards N, Sagarin K, Taylor N, Thielking A, Towle P, Coolon J. Genomics analysis of Drosophila sechellia response to Morinda citrifolia fruit diet. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:jkac153. [PMID: 35736356 PMCID: PMC9526069 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila sechellia is an island endemic host specialist that has evolved to consume the toxic fruit of Morinda citrifolia, also known as noni fruit. Recent studies by our group and others have examined genome-wide gene expression responses of fruit flies to individual highly abundant compounds found in noni responsible for the fruit's unique chemistry and toxicity. In order to relate these reductionist experiments to the gene expression responses to feeding on noni fruit itself, we fed rotten noni fruit to adult female D. sechellia and performed RNA-sequencing. Combining the reductionist and more wholistic approaches, we have identified candidate genes that may contribute to each individual compound and those that play a more general role in response to the fruit as a whole. Using the compound specific and general responses, we used transcription factor prediction analyses to identify the regulatory networks and specific regulators involved in the responses to each compound and the fruit itself. The identified genes and regulators represent the possible genetic mechanisms and biochemical pathways that contribute to toxin resistance and noni specialization in D. sechellia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Drum
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Stephen Lanno
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Sara M Gregory
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Serena Shimshak
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Will Barr
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Austin Gatesman
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Mark Schadt
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Jack Sanford
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Aaron Arkin
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Brynn Assignon
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Sofia Colorado
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Carol Dalgarno
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Trevor Devanny
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Tara Ghandour
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Rose Griffin
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Mia Hogan
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Erica Horowitz
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Emily McGhie
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Jake Multer
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Hannah O'Halloran
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Kofi Ofori-Darko
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Dmitry Pokushalov
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Nick Richards
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Kathleen Sagarin
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Nicholas Taylor
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Acadia Thielking
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Phie Towle
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Joseph Coolon
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Premachandran K, Srinivasan TS. Polyphagous insect Olepa sps . feeding on cardenolide rich Calotropis gigantea (L.) leaves and detoxification mechanism involving GST. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10596. [PMID: 36177231 PMCID: PMC9513775 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardenolides, a group of cardiac glycosides are potent inhibitors of Na+/K+ ATPase pump in mammals, animals including insects. Some insects can circumvent the toxicity of cardenolides by mechanisms like target site resistance and metabolic resistance resulting in enhanced tolerance or adaptation. In this paper, we report an intriguing observation of a polyphagous feeder feeding gregariously on the leaves of Calotropis gigantea (L.) without any apparent adverse effect. No choice feeding assay showed higher larval biomass and reduced number of days to develop on C. gigantea leaves compared to Ricinus and banana. We found the activity of GST higher in C. gigantea fed larva and HR LC-MS analysis of Olepa sps. revealed the presence of glutathione-strophanthidin conjugate in larval body tissue. In silico molecular simulation results confirmed strong interaction between delta variant GST and glutathione-strophanthidin complex. The sequestration site and cost benefit of glutathione-strophanthidin sequestration in body tissues of Olepa sps. needs further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamanikumar Premachandran
- Centre for Climate Change Studies, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thanga Suja Srinivasan
- Centre for Climate Change Studies, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tadmor E, Juravel K, Morin S, Santos-Garcia D. Evolved transcriptional responses and their trade-offs after long-term adaptation of Bemisia tabaci to a marginally-suitable host. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:6649882. [PMID: 35880721 PMCID: PMC9372648 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although generalist insect herbivores can migrate and rapidly adapt to a broad range of host plants, they can face significant difficulties when accidentally migrating to novel and marginally-suitable hosts. What happens, both in performance and gene expression regulation, if these marginally-suitable hosts must be used for multiple generations before migration to a suitable host can take place, largely remains unknown. In this study, we established multigenerational colonies of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, a generalist phloem-feeding species, adapted to a marginally-suitable host (habanero pepper) or an optimal host (cotton). We used reciprocal host tests to estimate the differences in performance of the populations on both hosts under optimal (30 oC) and mild-stressful (24 oC) temperature conditions, and documented the associated transcriptomic changes. The habanero pepper-adapted population greatly improved its performance on habanero pepper but did not reach its performance level on cotton, the original host. It also showed reduced performance on cotton, relative to the non-adapted population, and an antagonistic effect of the lower-temperature stressor. The transcriptomic data revealed that most of the expression changes, associated with long-term adaptation to habanero pepper, can be categorized as "evolved" with no initial plastic response. Three molecular functions dominated: enhanced formation of cuticle structural constituents, enhanced activity of oxidation-reduction processes involved in neutralization of phytotoxins and reduced production of proteins from the cathepsin B family. Taken together, these findings indicate that generalist insects can adapt to novel host plants by modifying the expression of a relatively small set of specific molecular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ella Tadmor
- Department of Entomology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ksenia Juravel
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shai Morin
- Department of Entomology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Diego Santos-Garcia
- Laboratory of Biometry and Evolutionary Biology University Lyon 1 - UMR CNRS 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang A, Zhou W, Wu D, Han L, Zhao K. Effects of multigenerational imidacloprid and thiamethoxam stress on metabolism and physiology of Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271069. [PMID: 35802579 PMCID: PMC9269462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), a primary pest of soybean, poses a severe threat to soybean production. In this study, the 4th instar nymphs were exposed to the LC50 and LC30 of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam from F0 to F4 generations to evaluate the activities of peroxidase, pyruvate kinase, and trehalase using microassay. We found that peroxidase and pyruvate kinase activities in soybean aphids increased rapidly, first to peak and then decreased slowly generation by generation under imidacloprid and thiamethoxam stress. In contrast, the trehalase activity was significantly decreased in F1 to F5 generations when treated with the LC50 and LC30 and imidacloprid and thiamethoxam compared to control. In addition, the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to monitor the changes in molting and juvenile hormone expressions of the soybean aphids in each generation (F1-F5). The expression of juvenile hormone in soybean aphids was increased significantly in each generation under continuous stress of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam LC50 imidacloprid and LC50 thiamethoxam inhibited the expression of molting hormones in soybean aphids of each generation. LC30 imidacloprid or LC30 thiamethoxam significantly stimulated the expression of molting hormone in the 1st and 2nd instar nymphs in each generation. In this paper, the differences in antioxidant regulation, energy metabolism intensity, and hormone expression of multi-generation soybean aphids were monitored under continuous stress of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam. Our results revealed the effects of continuous insecticide stress on the main endogenous substances. Further, they clarified the regulation rules of resistance in soybean aphids, providing a reference for efficient control with imidacloprid and thiamethoxam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aonan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Dongxue Wu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Lanlan Han
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Kuijun Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fruit Fly Larval Survival in Picked and Unpicked Tomato Fruit of Differing Ripeness and Associated Gene Expression Patterns. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050451. [PMID: 35621786 PMCID: PMC9146954 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The larvae of frugivorous tephritid fruit flies feed within fruit and are global pests of horticulture. With the reduced use of pesticides, alternative control methods are needed, of which fruit resistance is one. In the current study, we explicitly tested for phenotypic evidence of induced fruit defences by running concurrent larval survival experiments with fruit on or off the plant, assuming that defence induction would be stopped or reduced by fruit picking. This was accompanied by RT-qPCR analysis of fruit defence and insect detoxification gene expression. Our fruit treatments were picking status (unpicked vs. picked) and ripening stage (colour break vs. fully ripe), our fruit fly was the polyphagous Bactrocera tryoni, and larval survival was assessed through destructive fruit sampling at 48 and 120 h, respectively. The gene expression study targeted larval and fruit tissue samples collected at 48 h and 120 h from picked and unpicked colour-break fruit. At 120 h in colour-break fruit, larval survival was significantly higher in the picked versus unpicked fruit. The gene expression patterns in larval and plant tissue were not affected by picking status, but many putative plant defence and insect detoxification genes were upregulated across the treatments. The larval survival results strongly infer an induced defence mechanism in colour-break tomato fruit that is stronger/faster in unpicked fruits; however, the gene expression patterns failed to provide the same clear-cut treatment effect. The lack of conformity between these results could be related to expression changes in unsampled candidate genes, or due to critical changes in gene expression that occurred during the unsampled periods.
Collapse
|
12
|
Fratini E, Salvemini M, Lombardo F, Muzzi M, Molfini M, Gisondi S, Roma E, D'Ezio V, Persichini T, Gasperi T, Mariottini P, Di Giulio A, Bologna MA, Cervelli M, Mancini E. Unraveling the role of male reproductive tract and haemolymph in cantharidin-exuding Lydus trimaculatus and Mylabris variabilis (Coleoptera: Meloidae): a comparative transcriptomics approach. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:808. [PMID: 34749651 PMCID: PMC8576976 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meloidae (blister beetles) are known to synthetize cantharidin (CA), a toxic and defensive terpene mainly stored in male accessory glands (MAG) and emitted outward through reflex-bleeding. Recent progresses in understanding CA biosynthesis and production organ(s) in Meloidae have been made, but the way in which self-protection is achieved from the hazardous accumulation and release of CA in blister beetles has been experimentally neglected. To provide hints on this pending question, a comparative de novo assembly transcriptomic approach was performed by targeting two tissues where CA is largely accumulated and regularly circulates in Meloidae: the male reproductive tract (MRT) and the haemolymph. Differential gene expression profiles in these tissues were examined in two blister beetle species, Lydus trimaculatus (Fabricius, 1775) (tribe Lyttini) and Mylabris variabilis (Pallas, 1781) (tribe Mylabrini). Upregulated transcripts were compared between the two species to identify conserved genes possibly involved in CA detoxification and transport. Results Based on our results, we hypothesize that, to avoid auto-intoxication, ABC, MFS or other solute transporters might sequester purported glycosylated CA precursors into MAG, and lipocalins could bind CA and mitigate its reactivity when released into the haemolymph during the autohaemorrhaging response. We also found an over-representation in haemolymph of protein-domains related to coagulation and integument repairing mechanisms that likely reflects the need to limit fluid loss during reflex-bleeding. Conclusions The de novo assembled transcriptomes of L. trimaculatus and M. variabilis here provided represent valuable genetic resources to further explore the mechanisms employed to cope with toxicity of CA in blister beetle tissues. These, if revealed, might help conceiving safe and effective drug-delivery approaches to enhance the use of CA in medicine. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08118-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Salvemini
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Lombardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Muzzi
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molfini
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Gisondi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elia Roma
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Tecla Gasperi
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Emiliano Mancini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Malka O, Feldmesser E, van Brunschot S, Santos‐Garcia D, Han W, Seal S, Colvin J, Morin S. The molecular mechanisms that determine different degrees of polyphagy in the Bemisia tabaci species complex. Evol Appl 2021; 14:807-820. [PMID: 33767754 PMCID: PMC7980310 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a closely related group of >35 cryptic species that feed on the phloem sap of a broad range of host plants. Species in the complex differ in their host-range breadth, but the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. We investigated, therefore, how six different B. tabaci species cope with the environmental unpredictability presented by a set of four common and novel host plants. Behavioral studies indicated large differences in performances on the four hosts and putative specialization of one of the species to cassava plants. Transcriptomic analyses revealed two main insights. First, a large set of genes involved in metabolism (>85%) showed differences in expression between the six species, and each species could be characterized by its own unique expression pattern of metabolic genes. However, within species, these genes were constitutively expressed, with a low level of environmental responsiveness (i.e., to host change). Second, within each species, sets of genes mainly associated with the super-pathways "environmental information processing" and "organismal systems" responded to the host switching events. These included genes encoding for proteins involved in sugar homeostasis, signal transduction, membrane transport, and immune, endocrine, sensory and digestive responses. Our findings suggested that the six B. tabaci species can be divided into four performance/transcriptomic "Types" and that polyphagy can be achieved in multiple ways. However, polyphagy level is determined by the specific identity of the metabolic genes/pathways that are enriched and overexpressed in each species (the species' individual metabolic "tool kit").
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Malka
- Department of EntomologyThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Ester Feldmesser
- Department of Biological ServicesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Sharon van Brunschot
- Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of GreenwichKentUK
- School of Biological Sciencesthe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | | | - Wen‐Hao Han
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsInstitute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Susan Seal
- Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of GreenwichKentUK
| | - John Colvin
- Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of GreenwichKentUK
| | - Shai Morin
- Department of EntomologyThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jia S, Li Y, Dai X, Li X, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Wang H. Physiological adaptations to sugar-mimic alkaloids: Insights from Bombyx mori for long-term adaption and short-term response. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9682-9695. [PMID: 33005339 PMCID: PMC7520222 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects evolved adaptive plasticity to minimize the effects of the chemical defenses of their host plants. Nevertheless, the expressional response and adaptation of phytophagous specialists for long-term adaption and short-term response to host phytochemicals remains largely unexplored. The mulberry (Morus alba)-silkworm (Bombyx mori) interaction is an old and well-known model of plant-insect interaction. In this study, we examined the long-term adaption and short-term response of the mulberry-specialist silkworm to two sugar-mimic alkaloids in mulberry: the commonly encountered 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ) and occasionally encountered 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol (D-AB1), respectively. Global transcriptional patterns revealed that the physiological responses induced by the selective expression of genes involved in manifold cellular processes, including detoxification networks, canonical digestion processes, target enzymes, and other fundamental physiological processes, were crucial for regulating metabolic homeostasis. Comparative network analysis of the effects of exposure to D-AB1 and 1-DNJ supported the contention that B. mori produced similar and specific trajectories of changed gene expression in response to different sugar-mimic alkaloids. D-AB1 elicited a substantial proportion of downregulated genes relating to carbohydrate metabolism, catabolic process, lipid metabolism, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. This study dramatically expands our knowledge of the physiological adaptations to dietary sugar-mimic alkaloid intake and uncovered both metabolic evolutionarily responses and unique adaptive mechanisms previously unknown in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunze Jia
- College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Yinghui Li
- College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Xiangping Dai
- College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Yusong Xu
- College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Huabing Wang
- College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang HJ, Cui JR, Hong XY. Comparative analysis of diet-associated responses in two rice planthopper species. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:565. [PMID: 32807078 PMCID: PMC7437935 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Host adaptation is the primary determinant of insect diversification. However, knowledge of different host ranges in closely related species remains scarce. The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH) and the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus, SBPH) are the most destructive insect pests within the family Delphacidae. These two species differ in their host range (SBPH can well colonize rice and wheat plants, whereas BPH survives on only rice plants), but the underlying mechanism of this difference remains unknown. High-throughput sequencing provides a powerful approach for analyzing the association between changes in gene expression and the physiological responses of insects. Therefore, gut transcriptomes were performed to elucidate the genes associated with host adaptation in planthoppers. The comparative analysis of planthopper responses to different diets will improve our knowledge of host adaptation regarding herbivorous insects. Results In the present study, we analyzed the change in gene expression of SBPHs that were transferred from rice plants to wheat plants over the short term (rSBPH vs tSBPH) or were colonized on wheat plants over the long term (rSBPH vs wSBPH). The results showed that the majority of differentially expressed genes in SBPH showed similar changes in expression for short-term transfer and long-term colonization. Based on a comparative analysis of BPH and SBPH after transfer, the genes associated with sugar transporters and heat-shock proteins showed similar variation. However, most of the genes were differentially regulated between the two species. The detoxification-related genes were upregulated in SBPH after transfer from the rice plants to the wheat plants, but these genes were downregulated in BPH under the same conditions. In contrast, ribosomal-related genes were downregulated in SBPH after transfer, but these genes were upregulated in BPH under the same conditions. Conclusions The results of this study provide evidence that host plants played a dominant role in shaping gene expression and that the low fitness of BPH on wheat plants might be determined within 24 h after transfer. This study deepens our understanding of different host ranges for the two planthopper species, which may provide a potential strategy for pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.,Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Rong Cui
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Petre B, Lorrain C, Stukenbrock EH, Duplessis S. Host-specialized transcriptome of plant-associated organisms. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 56:81-88. [PMID: 32505091 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Living organisms respond to their immediate environment by modulating their genetic programme to perform adapted functions. Eukaryotic organisms that associate with plants (fungi, oomycetes, insects, …) alter their transcriptome in a host-specific manner. Recent comparative transcriptomic studies revealed that host-specialized transcriptomes consist of a limited set of genes. Such a set typically encodes proteins that modulate host structures and functions (predicted effectors and other secreted proteins), control nutrient assimilation (proteases, transporters), and maintain cellular homeostasis (oxidoreductases, detoxification enzymes). We conclude by discussing open mechanistic and evolutionary questions and integrated approaches to move beyond descriptive studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Petre
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Cécile Lorrain
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Environmental Genomics Group, 24306, Plön, Germany; Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Environmental Genomics Group, 24000, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva H Stukenbrock
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Environmental Genomics Group, 24306, Plön, Germany; Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Environmental Genomics Group, 24000, Kiel, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang Y, Huang X, Chang BH, Zhang Z. Growth Performance and Enzymatic Response of the Grasshopper, Calliptamus abbreviatus (Orthoptera: Acrididae), to Six Plant-Derived Compounds. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5851654. [PMID: 32501501 PMCID: PMC7273521 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived compounds are sources of biopesticides for the control of insect pests. We compared the growth performance and enzymatic response of the grasshopper Calliptamus abbreviatus Ikonn to six plant-derived compounds (rutin, quercetin, nicotine, matrine, azadirachtin, and rotenone) in laboratory and field trials. When exposed to the six compounds, C. abbreviatus had significantly reduced growth and survival. All the compounds significantly induced an elevated level of reactive oxygen species, indicating oxidative damage. The activity of detoxifying enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, carboxylesterase, glutathione-S-transferase, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, and the antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, all significantly increased after exposure to the six compounds. These data suggest that the six plant-derived compounds had negative effects on C. abbreviatus. Of the six compounds, matrine, azadirachtin, and rotenone were more toxic to C. abbreviatus, followed by nicotine, quercetin, and rutin. These results show the potential of these compounds as botanical pesticides, which can be applied for the biological control of the grasshopper C. abbreviatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi, P.R. China
| | - Xunbing Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi, P.R. China
| | - Babar Hussain Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, P.R. China
- Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam, Pakistan
| | - Zehua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Huang X, Lv S, Zhang Z, Chang BH. Phenotypic and Transcriptomic Response of the Grasshopper Oedaleus asiaticus (Orthoptera: Acrididae) to Toxic Rutin. Front Physiol 2020; 11:52. [PMID: 32153418 PMCID: PMC7047750 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rutin, a widely distributed phytochemical flavonoid, can be used to control insect pests. In this study, we studied the growth performance of the grasshopper Oedaleus asiaticus Bey-Bienko given xenobiotic rutin using feeding experiments and transcriptomic analysis. O. asiaticus had reduced body size, lower survival rate, and reduced growth performance when fed with xenobiotic rutin. Rutin-fed nymphs had large variation in gene expression profiles, with a total of 308 genes significantly upregulated and 287 genes downregulated. The upregulated genes were significantly enriched in stress resistance-, immune-, and detoxification-related biological processes and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Downregulated genes mainly involved cuticle biosynthesis and nutrition metabolism-related pathways. The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of 15 candidate genes also produced results consistent with the transcriptome data. These results suggested that grasshoppers’ capacity for biosynthesis and nutrition metabolism decreased, and stress resistance and metabolized capacity to toxic substances were significantly induced when O. asiaticus was fed on xenobiotic rutin. Rutin, as a phytotoxin, had detrimental effects and induced changes in gene expression profiles for O. asiaticus. This study can provide a molecular basis and offer future opportunities for the development of rutin-related insecticides and their application to grasshopper control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xunbing Huang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Shenjin Lv
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Zehua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Babar Hussain Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang D, Shi X, Liu D, Yang Y, Shang Z. Transcriptome Profiling Revealed Potentially Critical Roles for Digestion and Defense-Related Genes in Insects' Use of Resistant Host Plants: A Case Study with Sitobion Avenae. INSECTS 2020; 11:E90. [PMID: 32019207 PMCID: PMC7074007 DOI: 10.3390/insects11020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Using host plant resistance (HPR) in management of insect pests is often environmentally friendly and suitable for sustainable development of agricultural industries. However, this strategy can be limited by rapid evolution of insect populations that overcome HPR, for which the underlying molecular factors and mechanisms are not well understood. To address this issue, we analyzed transcriptomes of two distinct biotypes of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), on wheat and barley. This analysis revealed a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between biotypes 1 and 3 on wheat and barley. The majority of them were common DEGs occurring on both wheat and barley. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses for these common DEGs demonstrated significant expression divergence between both biotypes in genes associated with digestion and defense. Top defense-related common DEGs with the most significant expression changes included three peroxidases, two UGTs (UDP-glycosyltransferase), two cuticle proteins, one glutathione S-transferases (GST), one superoxide dismutase, and one esterase, suggesting their potentially critical roles in the divergence of S. avenae biotypes. A relatively high number of specific DEGs on wheat were identified for peroxidases (9) and P450s (8), indicating that phenolic compounds and hydroxamic acids may play key roles in resistance of wheat against S. avenae. Enrichment of specific DEGs on barley for P450s and ABC transporters suggested their key roles in this aphid's detoxification against secondary metabolites (e.g., alkaloids) in barley. Our results can provide insights into the molecular factors and functions that explain biotype adaptation in insects and their use of resistant plants. This study also has significant implications for developing new resistant cultivars, developing strategies that limit rapid development of insect biotypes, and extending resistant crop cultivars' durability and sustainability in integrated management programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (D.W.); (Y.Y.); (Z.S.)
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaoqin Shi
- Department of Foreign Languages, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Deguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (D.W.); (Y.Y.); (Z.S.)
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yujing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (D.W.); (Y.Y.); (Z.S.)
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zheming Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (D.W.); (Y.Y.); (Z.S.)
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gene Expression and Diet Breadth in Plant-Feeding Insects: Summarizing Trends. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 35:259-277. [PMID: 31791830 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptomic studies lend insights into the role of transcriptional plasticity in adaptation and specialization. Recently, there has been growing interest in understanding the relationship between variation in herbivorous insect gene expression and the evolution of diet breadth. We review the studies that have emerged on insect gene expression and host plant use, and outline the questions and approaches in the field. Many candidate genes underlying herbivory and specialization have been identified, and a few key studies demonstrate increased transcriptional plasticity associated with generalist compared with specialist species. Addressing the roles that transcriptional variation plays in insect diet breadth will have important implications for our understanding of the evolution of specialization and the genetic and environmental factors that govern insect-plant interactions.
Collapse
|
21
|
Tan W, Acevedo T, Harris EV, Alcaide TY, Walters JR, Hunter MD, Gerardo NM, Roode JC. Transcriptomics of monarch butterflies (
Danaus plexippus
) reveals that toxic host plants alter expression of detoxification genes and down‐regulate a small number of immune genes. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4845-4863. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Hao Tan
- Department of Biology Emory University Atlanta GA USA
| | - Tarik Acevedo
- Department of Biology Emory University Atlanta GA USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management Pennsylvania State University State College PA USA
| | | | - Tiffanie Y. Alcaide
- Department of Biology Emory University Atlanta GA USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management Pennsylvania State University State College PA USA
| | - James R. Walters
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA
| | - Mark D. Hunter
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wei D, Zhang YX, Liu YW, Li WJ, Chen ZX, Smagghe G, Wang JJ. Gene expression profiling of ovary identified eggshell proteins regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone in Bactrocera dorsalis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 30:206-216. [PMID: 30909163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is one of the most destructive pests worldwide. The frequent use of chemical insecticides has led B. dorsalis to develop resistance to many insecticides in recent decades. New high-throughput-sequenced transcriptomes, as well as genomes, have revealed a large number of reference genes for functional target identification. Here, we performed digital gene expression profiling of ovary and testis of B. dorsalis adults. Various genes were identified to be highly expressed in B. dorsalis ovary. The genes encoding components of eggshell, vitelline membrane proteins (Vmps) and chorion-related proteins, were identified to be tissue-specifically expressed in ovary. Five cytochrome P450 genes were also identified to be highly expressed in ovary. Three of them were ecdysone synthesis pathway genes indicating the ovary as a potential synthesis site of female. The up-regulated expression of Vmps by exogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone implied the hormonal regulation of eggshell formation during ovarian development. Many other genes with potential functions in ovarian development were also identified, including vitellogenin receptor, insulin receptor, NASP protein, and odorant binding protein. These findings should promote our understanding of the regulation of vitellogenesis and eggshell formation and enable exploration of potentially novel pest control targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering of Chongqing, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Ying-Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering of Chongqing, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu-Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering of Chongqing, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering of Chongqing, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhi-Xian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering of Chongqing, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering of Chongqing, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering of Chongqing, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Birnbaum SSL, Rinker DC, Abbot P. Maintaining Biological Cultures and Measuring Gene Expression in Aphis nerii: A Non-model System for Plant-insect Interactions. J Vis Exp 2018:58044. [PMID: 30222148 PMCID: PMC6235080 DOI: 10.3791/58044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids are excellent experimental models for a variety of biological questions ranging from the evolution of symbioses and the development of polyphenisms to questions surrounding insect's interactions with their host plants. Genomic resources are available for several aphid species, and with advances in the next-generation sequencing, transcriptomic studies are being extended to non-model organisms that lack genomes. Furthermore, aphid cultures can be collected from the field and reared in the laboratory for the use in organismal and molecular experiments to bridge the gap between ecological and genetic studies. Last, many aphids can be maintained in the laboratory on their preferred host plants in perpetual, parthenogenic life cycles allowing for comparisons of asexually reproducing genotypes. Aphis nerii, the milkweed-oleander aphid, provides one such model to study insect interactions with toxic plants using both organismal and molecular experiments. Methods for the generation and maintenance of the plant and aphid cultures in the greenhouse and laboratory, DNA and RNA extractions, microsatellite analysis, de novo transcriptome assembly and annotation, transcriptome differential expression analysis, and qPCR verification of differentially expressed genes are outlined and discussed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick Abbot
- Biological Sciences Department, Vanderbilt University;
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Scully ED, Geib SM, Mason CJ, Carlson JE, Tien M, Chen HY, Harding S, Tsai CJ, Hoover K. Host-plant induced changes in microbial community structure and midgut gene expression in an invasive polyphage (Anoplophora glabripennis). Sci Rep 2018; 8:9620. [PMID: 29942001 PMCID: PMC6018227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphagous insect herbivores possess diverse mechanisms to overcome challenges of feeding in multiple plant species including, but not limited to, transcriptional plasticity and associations with obligate or facultative symbionts. The Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) is a polyphagous wood-feeder capable of developing on over 100 tree species and, like other polyphages, its genome contains amplifications of digestive and detoxification genes. This insect also possesses a diverse gut microbial community, which has the metabolic potential to augment digestive physiology. While the genomic repertoires of A. glabripennis and its microbial community have been studied previously, comparatively less is known about how the gut transcriptome and community change in response to feeding in different hosts. In this study, we show that feeding in two suitable hosts (Acer spp. and Populus nigra) altered the expression levels of multicopy genes linked to digestion and detoxification. However, feeding in a host with documented resistance (Populus tomentosa) induced changes in the transcriptome and community beyond what was observed in insects reared in P. nigra, including the downregulation of numerous β-glucosidases, odorant binding proteins, and juvenile hormone binding proteins, the upregulation of several cuticular genes, and the loss of one major bacterial family from the gut community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Scully
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, USDA-ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA.
| | - Scott M Geib
- Tropical Crop and Commodity Protection Research Unit, USDA-ARS Daniel K. Inouye Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Charles J Mason
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - John E Carlson
- The Schatz Center for Tree Molecular Genetics, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology (World Class University), Chonnam National University, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea
| | - Ming Tien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Han-Yi Chen
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2152, USA
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Scott Harding
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2152, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7223, USA
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2152, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7223, USA
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Züst T, Mou S, Agrawal AA. What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger: The burdens and benefits of toxin sequestration in a milkweed aphid. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Züst
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Sophie Mou
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York
| | - Anurag A. Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li X, Shi L, Dai X, Chen Y, Xie H, Feng M, Chen Y, Wang H. Expression plasticity and evolutionary changes extensively shape the sugar-mimic alkaloid adaptation of nondigestive glucosidase in lepidopteran mulberry-specialist insects. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2858-2870. [PMID: 29752760 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
During the co-evolutionary arms race between plants and herbivores, insects evolved systematic adaptive plasticity to minimize the chemical defence effects of their host plants. Previous studies mainly focused on the expressional plasticity of enzymes in detoxification and digestion. However, the expressional response and adaptive evolution of other fundamental regulators against host phytochemicals are largely unknown. Glucosidase II (GII), which is composed of a catalytic GIIα subunit and a regulatory GIIβ subunit, is an evolutionarily conserved enzyme that regulates glycoprotein folding. In this study, we found that GIIα expression of the mulberry-specialist insect was significantly induced by mulberry leaf extract, 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ), whereas GIIβ transcripts were not significantly changed. Moreover, positive selection was detected in GIIα when the mulberry-specialist insects diverged from the lepidopteran order, whereas GIIβ was mainly subjected to purifying selection, thus indicating an asymmetrically selective pressure of GII subunits. In addition, positively selected sites were enriched in the GIIα of mulberry-specialist insects and located around the 1-DNJ-binding sites and in the C-terminal region, which could result in conformational changes that affect catalytic activity and substrate-binding efficiency. These results show that expression plasticity and evolutionary changes extensively shape sugar-mimic alkaloids adaptation of nondigestive glucosidase in lepidopteran mulberry-specialist insects. Our study provides novel insights into a deep understanding of the sequestration and adaptation of phytophagous specialists to host defensive compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangen Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Dai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajie Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongqing Xie
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Feng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuyin Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huabing Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Meier AR, Hunter MD. Mycorrhizae Alter Toxin Sequestration and Performance of Two Specialist Herbivores. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
28
|
Chemical Ecology and Sociality in Aphids: Opportunities and Directions. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:770-784. [PMID: 29637490 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Aphids have long been recognized as good phytochemists. They are small sap-feeding plant herbivores with complex life cycles that can involve cyclical parthenogenesis and seasonal host plant alternation, and most are plant specialists. Aphids have distinctive traits for identifying and exploiting their host plants, including the expression of polyphenisms, a form of discrete phenotypic plasticity characteristic of insects, but taken to extreme in aphids. In a relatively small number of species, a social polyphenism occurs, involving sub-adult "soldiers" that are behaviorally or morphologically specialized to defend their nestmates from predators. Soldiers are sterile in many species, constituting a form of eusociality and reproductive division of labor that bears striking resemblances with other social insects. Despite a wealth of knowledge about the chemical ecology of non-social aphids and their phytophagous lifestyles, the molecular and chemoecological mechanisms involved in social polyphenisms in aphids are poorly understood. We provide a brief primer on aspects of aphid life cycles and chemical ecology for the non-specialists, and an overview of the social biology of aphids, with special attention to chemoecological perspectives. We discuss some of our own efforts to characterize how host plant chemistry may shape social traits in aphids. As good phytochemists, social aphids provide a bridge between the study of insect social evolution sociality, and the chemical ecology of plant-insect interactions. Aphids provide many promising opportunities for the study of sociality in insects, and to understand both the convergent and novel traits that characterize complex sociality on plants.
Collapse
|
29
|
Dermauw W, Pym A, Bass C, Van Leeuwen T, Feyereisen R. Does host plant adaptation lead to pesticide resistance in generalist herbivores? CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 26:25-33. [PMID: 29764657 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Most herbivorous arthropods feed on one or a few closely related plant species; however, certain insect and mite species have a greatly expanded host range. Several of these generalists also show a remarkable propensity to evolve resistance to chemical pesticides. In this review, we ask if the evolution of mechanisms to tolerate the diversity of plant secondary metabolites that generalist herbivores encounter, has pre-adapted them to resist synthetic pesticides. Critical examination of the evidence suggests that a generalist life-style per se is not a predictor of rapid resistance evolution to pesticides. Rather the prevalence of pesticide resistance in generalist herbivores probably reflects their economic importance as pests and thus the strong selection imposed by intensive pesticide use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wannes Dermauw
- Department or Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Adam Pym
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Chris Bass
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department or Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Feyereisen
- Department or Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|