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Saarman NP, Son JH, Zhao H, Cosme LV, Kong Y, Li M, Wang S, Weiss BL, Echodu R, Opiro R, Aksoy S, Caccone A. Genomic evidence of sex chromosome aneuploidy and infection-associated genotypes in the tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes, the major vector of African trypanosomiasis in Uganda. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 114:105501. [PMID: 37709241 PMCID: PMC10593118 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The primary vector of the trypanosome parasite causing human and animal African trypanosomiasis in Uganda is the riverine tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Gff). Our study improved the Gff genome assembly with whole genome 10× Chromium sequencing of a lab reared pupae, identified autosomal versus sex-chromosomal regions of the genome with ddRAD-seq data from 627 field caught Gff, and identified SNPs associated with trypanosome infection with genome-wide association (GWA) analysis in a subset of 351 flies. Results from 10× Chromium sequencing greatly improved Gff genome assembly metrics and assigned a full third of the genome to the sex chromosome. Results from ddRAD-seq suggested possible sex-chromosome aneuploidy in Gff and identified a single autosomal SNP to be highly associated with trypanosome infection. The top associated SNP was ∼1100 bp upstream of the gene lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), an important component of the molecular pathway that initiates trypanosome lysis and protection in mammals. Results suggest that there may be naturally occurring genetic variation in Gff in genomic regions in linkage disequilibrium with LCAT that can protect against trypanosome infection, thereby paving the way for targeted research into novel vector control strategies that can promote parasite resistance in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jae Hak Son
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Yong Kong
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Mo Li
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Serap Aksoy
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Gashururu RS, Githigia SM, Gasana MN, Habimana R, Maingi N, Cecchi G, Paone M, Zhao W, Masiga DK, Gashumba J. An update on the distribution of Glossina (tsetse flies) at the wildlife-human-livestock interface of Akagera National Park, Rwanda. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:294. [PMID: 34078446 PMCID: PMC8173956 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glossina (tsetse flies) biologically transmit trypanosomes that infect both humans and animals. Knowledge of their distribution patterns is a key element to better understand the transmission dynamics of trypanosomosis. Tsetse distribution in Rwanda has not been well enough documented, and little is known on their current distribution. This study determined the current spatial distribution, abundance, diversity, and seasonal variations of tsetse flies in and around the Akagera National Park. METHODS A longitudinal stratified sampling following the seasons was used. Biconical traps were deployed in 55 sites for 6 consecutive days of each study month from May 2018 to June 2019 and emptied every 48 h. Flies were identified using FAO keys, and the number of flies per trap day (FTD) was used to determine the apparent density. Pearson chi-square (χ2) and parametrical tests (t-test and ANOVA) were used to determine the variations between the variables. The significance (p < 0.05) at 95% confidence interval was considered. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between tsetse occurrence and the associated predictors. RESULTS A total of 39,516 tsetse flies were collected, of which 73.4 and 26.6% were from inside Akagera NP and the interface area, respectively. Female flies accounted for 61.3 while 38.7% were males. Two species were identified, i.e. G. pallidipes [n = 29,121, 7.4 flies/trap/day (FTD)] and G. morsitans centralis (n = 10,395; 2.6 FTD). The statistical difference in numbers was significant between the two species (p = 0.000). The flies were more abundant during the wet season (15.8 FTD) than the dry season (4.2 FTD). Large numbers of flies were trapped around the swamp areas (69.1 FTD) inside the park and in Nyagatare District (11.2 FTD) at the interface. Glossina morsitans was 0.218 times less likely to occur outside the park. The chance of co-existing between the two species reduced outside the protected area (0.021 times). CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of Glossina seems to be limited to the protected Akagera NP and a narrow band of its surrounding areas. This finding will be crucial to design appropriate control strategies. Glossina pallidipes was found in higher numbers and therefore is conceivably the most important vector of trypanosomosis. Regional coordinated control and regular monitoring of Glossina distribution are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Gashururu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 57, Nyagatare, Rwanda. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya. .,International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Samuel M Githigia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Methode N Gasana
- Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Board, PO. Box 5016, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Richard Habimana
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 57, Nyagatare, Rwanda
| | - Ndichu Maingi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Paone
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Weining Zhao
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel K Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Kadoić Balaško M, Mikac KM, Bažok R, Lemic D. Modern Techniques in Colorado Potato Beetle ( Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) Control and Resistance Management: History Review and Future Perspectives. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11090581. [PMID: 32882790 PMCID: PMC7563253 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The Colorado potato beetle (CPB) is one of the most important potato pest worldwide. It is native to U.S. but during the 20th century it has dispersed through Europe, Asia and western China. It continues to expand in an east and southeast direction. Damages are caused by larvae and adults. Their feeding on potato plant leaves can cause complete defoliation and lead to a large yield loss. After the long period of using only chemical control measures, the emergence of resistance increased and some new and different methods come to the fore. The main focus of this review is on new approaches to the old CPB control problem. We describe the use of Bacillus thuringiensis and RNA interference (RNAi) as possible solutions for the future in CPB management. RNAi has proven successful in controlling many pests and shows great potential for CPB control. Better understanding of the mechanisms that affect efficiency will enable the development of this technology and boost potential of RNAi to become part of integrated plant protection in the future. We described also the possibility of using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as a way to go deeper into our understanding of resistance and how it influences genotypes. Abstract Colorado potato beetle, CPB (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say), is one of the most important pests of the potato globally. Larvae and adults can cause complete defoliation of potato plant leaves and can lead to a large yield loss. The insect has been successfully suppressed by insecticides; however, over time, has developed resistance to insecticides from various chemical groups, and its once successful control has diminished. The number of available active chemical control substances is decreasing with the process of testing, and registering new products on the market are time-consuming and expensive, with the possibility of resistance ever present. All of these concerns have led to the search for new methods to control CPB and efficient tools to assist with the detection of resistant variants and monitoring of resistant populations. Current strategies that may aid in slowing resistance include gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi, besides providing an efficient tool for gene functional studies, represents a safe, efficient, and eco-friendly strategy for CPB control. Genetically modified (GM) crops that produce the toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have many advantages over agro-technical, mechanical, biological, and chemical measures. However, pest resistance that may occur and public acceptance of GM modified food crops are the main problems associated with Bt crops. Recent developments in the speed, cost, and accuracy of next generation sequencing are revolutionizing the discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and field of population genomics. There is a need for effective resistance monitoring programs that are capable of the early detection of resistance and successful implementation of integrated resistance management (IRM). The main focus of this review is on new technologies for CPB control (RNAi) and tools (SNPs) for detection of resistant CPB populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kadoić Balaško
- Department of Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (R.B.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-239-3654
| | - Katarina M. Mikac
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia;
| | - Renata Bažok
- Department of Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (R.B.); (D.L.)
| | - Darija Lemic
- Department of Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (R.B.); (D.L.)
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Bateta R, Saarman NP, Okeyo WA, Dion K, Johnson T, Mireji PO, Okoth S, Malele I, Murilla G, Aksoy S, Caccone A. Phylogeography and population structure of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes in Kenya and the Serengeti ecosystem. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007855. [PMID: 32092056 PMCID: PMC7058365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glossina pallidipes is the main vector of animal African trypanosomiasis and a potential vector of human African trypanosomiasis in eastern Africa where it poses a large economic burden and public health threat. Vector control efforts have succeeded in reducing infection rates, but recent resurgence in tsetse fly population density raises concerns that vector control programs require improved strategic planning over larger geographic and temporal scales. Detailed knowledge of population structure and dispersal patterns can provide the required information to improve planning. To this end, we investigated the phylogeography and population structure of G. pallidipes over a large spatial scale in Kenya and northern Tanzania using 11 microsatellite loci genotyped in 600 individuals. Our results indicate distinct genetic clusters east and west of the Great Rift Valley, and less distinct clustering of the northwest separate from the southwest (Serengeti ecosystem). Estimates of genetic differentiation and first-generation migration indicated high genetic connectivity within genetic clusters even across large geographic distances of more than 300 km in the east, but only occasional migration among clusters. Patterns of connectivity suggest isolation by distance across genetic breaks but not within genetic clusters, and imply a major role for river basins in facilitating gene flow in G. pallidipes. Effective population size (Ne) estimates and results from Approximate Bayesian Computation further support that there has been recent G. pallidipes population size fluctuations in the Serengeti ecosystem and the northwest during the last century, but also suggest that the full extent of differences in genetic diversity and population dynamics between the east and the west was established over evolutionary time periods (tentatively on the order of millions of years). Findings provide further support that the Serengeti ecosystem and northwestern Kenya represent independent tsetse populations. Additionally, we present evidence that three previously recognized populations (the Mbeere-Meru, Central Kenya and Coastal "fly belts") act as a single population and should be considered as a single unit in vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Bateta
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Norah P. Saarman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Winnie A. Okeyo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Kirstin Dion
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Thomas Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Paul O. Mireji
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Sylvance Okoth
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Imna Malele
- Vector and Vector Borne Diseases Research Institute, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Grace Murilla
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, Connecticut, United States of America
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Pest Management Challenges and Control Practices in Codling Moth: A Review. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11010038. [PMID: 31947812 PMCID: PMC7023282 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., is a serious insect pest in pome fruit production worldwide with a preference for apple. The pest is known for having developed resistance to several chemical groups of insecticides, making its control difficult. The control and management of the codling moth is often hindered by a lack of understanding about its biology and ecology, including aspects of its population genetics. This review summarizes the information about the origin and biology of the codling moth, describes the mechanisms of resistance in this pest, and provides an overview of current research of resistant pest populations and genetic research both in Europe and globally. The main focus of this review is on non-pesticide control measures and anti-resistance strategies which help to reduce the number of chemical pesticides used and their residues on food and the local environment. Regular monitoring for insecticide resistance is essential for proactive management to mitigate potential insecticide resistance. Here we describe techniques for the detection of resistant variants and possibilities for monitoring resistance populations. Also, we present our present work on developing new methods to maintain effective control using appropriate integrated resistance management (IRM) strategies for this economically important perennial pest.
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Schneider DI, Saarman N, Onyango MG, Hyseni C, Opiro R, Echodu R, O’Neill M, Bloch D, Vigneron A, Johnson TJ, Dion K, Weiss BL, Opiyo E, Caccone A, Aksoy S. Spatio-temporal distribution of Spiroplasma infections in the tsetse fly (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) in northern Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007340. [PMID: 31369548 PMCID: PMC6692048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) are vectors of parasitic trypanosomes, which cause human (HAT) and animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) in sub-Saharan Africa. In Uganda, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Gff) is the main vector of HAT, where it transmits Gambiense disease in the northwest and Rhodesiense disease in central, southeast and western regions. Endosymbionts can influence transmission efficiency of parasites through their insect vectors via conferring a protective effect against the parasite. It is known that the bacterium Spiroplasma is capable of protecting its Drosophila host from infection with a parasitic nematode. This endosymbiont can also impact its host's population structure via altering host reproductive traits. Here, we used field collections across 26 different Gff sampling sites in northern and western Uganda to investigate the association of Spiroplasma with geographic origin, seasonal conditions, Gff genetic background and sex, and trypanosome infection status. We also investigated the influence of Spiroplasma on Gff vector competence to trypanosome infections under laboratory conditions. Generalized linear models (GLM) showed that Spiroplasma probability was correlated with the geographic origin of Gff host and with the season of collection, with higher prevalence found in flies within the Albert Nile (0.42 vs 0.16) and Achwa River (0.36 vs 0.08) watersheds and with higher prevalence detected in flies collected in the intermediate than wet season. In contrast, there was no significant correlation of Spiroplasma prevalence with Gff host genetic background or sex once geographic origin was accounted for in generalized linear models. Additionally, we found a potential negative correlation of Spiroplasma with trypanosome infection, with only 2% of Spiroplasma infected flies harboring trypanosome co-infections. We also found that in a laboratory line of Gff, parasitic trypanosomes are less likely to colonize the midgut in individuals that harbor Spiroplasma infection. These results indicate that Spiroplasma infections in tsetse may be maintained by not only maternal but also via horizontal transmission routes, and Spiroplasma infections may also have important effects on trypanosome transmission efficiency of the host tsetse. Potential functional effects of Spiroplasma infection in Gff could have impacts on vector control approaches to reduce trypanosome infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela I. Schneider
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Norah Saarman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Maria G. Onyango
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Chaz Hyseni
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States of America
| | - Robert Opiro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, Uganda
| | - Richard Echodu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, Uganda
| | - Michelle O’Neill
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Danielle Bloch
- Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York City, NY, United States of America
| | - Aurélien Vigneron
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - T. J. Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Kirstin Dion
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Brian L. Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Opiyo
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States of America
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
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Riquet F, Liautard-Haag C, Woodall L, Bouza C, Louisy P, Hamer B, Otero-Ferrer F, Aublanc P, Béduneau V, Briard O, El Ayari T, Hochscheid S, Belkhir K, Arnaud-Haond S, Gagnaire PA, Bierne N. Parallel pattern of differentiation at a genomic island shared between clinal and mosaic hybrid zones in a complex of cryptic seahorse lineages. Evolution 2019; 73:817-835. [PMID: 30854632 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diverging semi-isolated lineages either meet in narrow clinal hybrid zones, or have a mosaic distribution associated with environmental variation. Intrinsic reproductive isolation is often emphasized in the former and local adaptation in the latter, although both reduce gene flow between groups. Rarely are these two patterns of spatial distribution reported in the same study system. Here, we report that the long-snouted seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus is subdivided into discrete panmictic entities by both types of hybrid zones. Along the European Atlantic coasts, a northern and a southern lineage meet in the southwest of France where they coexist in sympatry-i.e., in the same geographical zone-with little hybridization. In the Mediterranean Sea, two lineages have a mosaic distribution, associated with lagoon-like and marine habitats. A fifth lineage was identified in the Black Sea. Genetic homogeneity over large spatial scales contrasts with isolation maintained in sympatry or close parapatry at a fine scale. A high variation in locus-specific introgression rates provides additional evidence that partial reproductive isolation must be maintaining the divergence. We find that fixed differences between lagoon and marine populations in the Mediterranean Sea belong to the most differentiated SNPs between the two Atlantic lineages, against the genome-wide pattern of structure that mostly follow geography. These parallel outlier SNPs cluster on a single chromosome-wide island of differentiation. Since Atlantic lineages do not map to lagoon-sea habitat variation, genetic parallelism at the genomic island suggests a shared genetic barrier contributes to reproductive isolation in contrasting contexts-i.e., spatial versus ecological. We discuss how a genomic hotspot of parallel differentiation could have evolved and become associated both with space and with a patchy environment in a single study system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentine Riquet
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CNRS Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR5554 UM-CNRS-IRD-EPHE, Sète, France
| | - Cathy Liautard-Haag
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CNRS Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR5554 UM-CNRS-IRD-EPHE, Sète, France
| | - Lucy Woodall
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Wytham, OX2 8QJ, United Kingdom.,Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Bouza
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Patrick Louisy
- ECOMERS Laboratory, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculty of Sciences, Parc Valrose, Nice, France.,Association Peau-Bleue, 46 rue des Escais, Agde, France
| | - Bojan Hamer
- Center for Marine Research, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Giordano Paliaga 5, 52210, Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Francisco Otero-Ferrer
- Grupo en Biodiversidad y Conservación, IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214, Telde, Spain
| | - Philippe Aublanc
- Institut océanographique Paul Ricard, Ile des Embiez, Six-Fours-les-Plages, France
| | - Vickie Béduneau
- Océarium du Croisic, Avenue de Saint Goustan, Le Croisic, France
| | - Olivier Briard
- Aquarium de Biarritz, Biarritz Océan, Plateau de l'Atalaye, Biarritz, France
| | - Tahani El Ayari
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CNRS Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR5554 UM-CNRS-IRD-EPHE, Sète, France
| | - Sandra Hochscheid
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Aquarium Unit, Napoli, Italy
| | - Khalid Belkhir
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CNRS Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR5554 UM-CNRS-IRD-EPHE, Sète, France
| | - Sophie Arnaud-Haond
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Ifremer-MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation, UMR 9190 IRD-IFREMER-UM-CNRS, Sète, France
| | - Pierre-Alexandre Gagnaire
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CNRS Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR5554 UM-CNRS-IRD-EPHE, Sète, France
| | - Nicolas Bierne
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CNRS Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR5554 UM-CNRS-IRD-EPHE, Sète, France
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