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Kshatriya K, Gershenzon J. Disarming the defenses: Insect detoxification of plant defense-related specialized metabolites. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 81:102577. [PMID: 38889616 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The ability of certain insects to feed on plants containing toxic specialized metabolites may be attributed to detoxification enzymes. Representatives of a few large families of detoxification enzymes are widespread in insect herbivores acting to functionalize toxins and conjugate them with polar substituents to decrease toxicity, increase water solubility and enhance excretion. Insects have also developed specific enzymes for coping with toxins that are activated upon plant damage. Another source of detoxification potential in insects lies in their microbiomes, which are being increasingly recognized for their role in processing plant toxins. The evolution of insect detoxification systems to resist toxic specialized metabolites in plants may in turn have selected for the great diversity of such metabolites found in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kshatriya
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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2
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Barber A, Friedrichs J, Müller C. Gregarines impact consumption and development but not glucosinolate metabolism in the mustard leaf beetle. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1394576. [PMID: 38751987 PMCID: PMC11094291 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1394576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Gregarines are usually classified as parasites, but recent studies suggest that they should be viewed on a parasitism-mutualism spectrum and may even be seen as part of the gut microbiota of host insects. As such, they may also impact the consumption of their hosts and/or be involved in the digestion or detoxification of the host's diet. To study such effects of a gregarine species on those traits in its host, the mustard leaf beetle (Phaedon cochleariae) was used. This beetle species feeds on Brassicaceae plants that contain glucosinolates, which form toxic compounds when hydrolyzed by myrosinases. We cleaned host eggs from gametocysts and spores and reinfected half of the larvae with gregarines, to obtain gregarine-free (G-) and gregarine-infected (G+) larvae. Growth and food consumption parameters of these larvae were assessed by rearing individuals on watercress (Nasturtium officinale, Brassicaceae). A potential involvement of gregarines in the glucosinolate metabolism of P. cochleariae larvae was investigated by offering G- and G+ larvae leaf discs of watercress (containing mainly the benzenic 2-phenylethyl glucosinolate and myrosinases) or pea (Pisum sativum, Fabaceae, lacking glucosinolates and myrosinases) treated with the aliphatic 4-pentenyl glucosinolate or the indole 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate. Larval and fecal samples were analyzed via UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS to search for breakdown metabolites. Larval development, body mass, growth rate and efficiency to convert food into body mass were negatively affected by gregarine infection while the pupal mass remained unaffected. The breakdown metabolites of benzenic and aliphatic glucosinolates were conjugated with aspartic acid, while those of the indole glucosinolate were conjugated with glutamic acid. Gregarine infection did not alter the larvae's ability to metabolize glucosinolates and was independent of plant myrosinases. In summary, some negative effects of gregarines on host performance could be shown, indicating parasitism. Future studies may further disentangle this gregarine-host relationship and investigate the microbiome potentially involved in the glucosinolate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessa Barber
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jeanne Friedrichs
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Joint Institute for Individualisation in a Changing Environment (JICE), University of Münster and Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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3
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Su C, Xie T, Jiang L, Wang Y, Wang Y, Nie R, Zhao Y, He B, Ma J, Yang Q, Hao J. Host genetics and larval host plant modulate microbiome structure and evolution underlying the intimate insect-microbe-plant interactions in Parnassius species on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11218. [PMID: 38606343 PMCID: PMC11007261 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects harbor a remarkable diversity of gut microbiomes critical for host survival, health, and fitness, but the mechanism of this structured symbiotic community remains poorly known, especially for the insect group consisting of many closely related species that inhabit the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Here, we firstly analyzed population-level 16S rRNA microbial dataset, comprising 11 Parnassius species covering 5 subgenera, from 14 populations mostly sampled in mountainous regions across northwestern-to-southeastern China, and meanwhile clarified the relative importance of multiple factors on gut microbial community structure and evolution. Our findings indicated that both host genetics and larval host plant modulated gut microbial diversity and community structure. Moreover, the effect analysis of host genetics and larval diet on gut microbiomes showed that host genetics played a critical role in governing the gut microbial beta diversity and the symbiotic community structure, while larval host plant remarkably influenced the functional evolution of gut microbiomes. These findings of the intimate insect-microbe-plant interactions jointly provide some new insights into the correlation among the host genetic background, larval host plant, the structure and evolution of gut microbiome, as well as the mechanisms of high-altitude adaptation in closely related species of this alpine butterfly group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyong Su
- College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Tingting Xie
- College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Lijun Jiang
- College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Yunliang Wang
- College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
- College of Physical EducationAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
- College of Physical EducationAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Ruie Nie
- College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Youjie Zhao
- College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Bo He
- College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Junye Ma
- Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Petroleum Stratigraphy, Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Nanjing Institute of Geology and PaleontologyChinese Academy of SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Qun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Petroleum Stratigraphy, Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Nanjing Institute of Geology and PaleontologyChinese Academy of SciencesNanjingChina
- Nanjing CollegeUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Jiasheng Hao
- College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
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4
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Li Z, Costamagna AC, Beran F, You M. Biology, Ecology, and Management of Flea Beetles in Brassica Crops. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:199-217. [PMID: 38270984 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-033023-015753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Brassica vegetable and oilseed crops are attacked by several different flea beetle species (Chrysomelidae: Alticini). Over the past decades, most research has focused on two Phyllotreta species, Phyllotreta striolata and Phyllotreta cruciferae, which are major pests of oilseed rape in North America. More recently, and especially after the ban of neonicotinoids in the European Union, the cabbage stem flea beetle, Psylliodes chrysocephala, has become greatly important and is now considered to be the major pest of winter oilseed rape in Europe. The major challenges to flea beetle control are the prediction of population dynamics in the field, differential susceptibility to insecticides, and the lack of resistant plant cultivars and other economically viable alternative management strategies. At the same time, many fundamental aspects of flea beetle biology and ecology, which may be relevant for the development of sustainable control strategies, are not well understood. This review focuses on the interactions between flea beetles and plants and summarizes the literature on current management strategies with an emphasis on the potential for biological control in flea beetle management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China;
| | | | - Franziska Beran
- Department of Population Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany,
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China;
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5
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Caty SN, Alvarez-Buylla A, Vasek C, Tapia EE, Martin NA, McLaughlin T, Weber PK, Mayali X, Coloma LA, Morris MM, O'Connell LA. A toxic environment selects for specialist microbiome in poison frogs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.10.574901. [PMID: 38260330 PMCID: PMC10802471 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.10.574901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Shifts in microbiome community composition can have large effects on host health. It is therefore important to understand how perturbations, like those caused by the introduction of exogenous chemicals, modulate microbiome community composition. In poison frogs within the family Dendrobatidae, the skin microbiome is exposed to the alkaloids that the frogs sequester from their diet and use for defense. Given the demonstrated antimicrobial effects of these poison frog alkaloids, these compounds may be structuring the skin microbial community. To test this, we first characterized microbial communities from chemically defended and closely related non-defended frogs from Ecuador. Then we conducted a laboratory experiment to monitor the effect of the alkaloid decahydroquinoline (DHQ) on the microbiome of a single frog species. In both the field and lab experiments, we found that alkaloid-exposed microbiomes are more species rich and phylogenetically diverse, with an increase in rare taxa. To better understand the strain-specific behavior in response to alkaloids, we cultured microbial strains from poison frog skin and found the majority of strains exhibited either enhanced growth or were not impacted by the addition of DHQ. Additionally, stable isotope tracing coupled to nanoSIMS suggests that some of these strains are able to metabolize DHQ. Taken together, these data suggest that poison frog chemical defenses open new niches for skin-associated microbes with specific adaptations, including the likely metabolism of alkaloids, that enable their survival in this toxic environment. This work helps expand our understanding of how exposure to exogenous compounds like alkaloids can impact host microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cooper Vasek
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA
| | - Elicio E Tapia
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nora A Martin
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA
| | - Theresa McLaughlin
- Stanford University Mass Spectrometry, Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA
| | - Peter K Weber
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore CA, USA
| | - Xavier Mayali
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore CA, USA
| | - Luis A Coloma
- Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios, Fundación Jambatu, San Rafael, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Megan M Morris
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore CA, USA
| | - Lauren A O'Connell
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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6
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Rogowska-van der Molen MA, Berasategui-Lopez A, Coolen S, Jansen RS, Welte CU. Microbial degradation of plant toxins. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:2988-3010. [PMID: 37718389 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a variety of secondary metabolites in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Although they have many functions, a subclass of toxic secondary metabolites mainly serve plants as deterring agents against herbivores, insects, or pathogens. Microorganisms present in divergent ecological niches, such as soil, water, or insect and rumen gut systems have been found capable of detoxifying these metabolites. As a result of detoxification, microbes gain growth nutrients and benefit their herbivory host via detoxifying symbiosis. Here, we review current knowledge on microbial degradation of toxic alkaloids, glucosinolates, terpenes, and polyphenols with an emphasis on the genes and enzymes involved in breakdown pathways. We highlight that the insect-associated microbes might find application in biotechnology and become targets for an alternative microbial pest control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda A Rogowska-van der Molen
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aileen Berasategui-Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Coolen
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert S Jansen
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia U Welte
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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7
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Lange C, Boyer S, Bezemer TM, Lefort MC, Dhami MK, Biggs E, Groenteman R, Fowler SV, Paynter Q, Verdecia Mogena AM, Kaltenpoth M. Impact of intraspecific variation in insect microbiomes on host phenotype and evolution. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:1798-1807. [PMID: 37660231 PMCID: PMC10579242 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbes can be an important source of phenotypic plasticity in insects. Insect physiology, behaviour, and ecology are influenced by individual variation in the microbial communities held within the insect gut, reproductive organs, bacteriome, and other tissues. It is becoming increasingly clear how important the insect microbiome is for insect fitness, expansion into novel ecological niches, and novel environments. These investigations have garnered heightened interest recently, yet a comprehensive understanding of how intraspecific variation in the assembly and function of these insect-associated microbial communities can shape the plasticity of insects is still lacking. Most research focuses on the core microbiome associated with a species of interest and ignores intraspecific variation. We argue that microbiome variation among insects can be an important driver of evolution, and we provide examples showing how such variation can influence fitness and health of insects, insect invasions, their persistence in new environments, and their responses to global environmental changes. A and B are two stages of an individual or a population of the same species. The drivers lead to a shift in the insect associated microbial community, which has consequences for the host. The complex interplay of those consequences affects insect adaptation and evolution and influences insect population resilience or invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lange
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand.
| | - Stéphane Boyer
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - T Martijn Bezemer
- Above-Belowground Interactions Group, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Eva Biggs
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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8
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Zhang Y, Zhang S, Xu L. The pivotal roles of gut microbiota in insect plant interactions for sustainable pest management. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:66. [PMID: 37735530 PMCID: PMC10514296 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota serves as a critical "organ" in the life cycle of animals, particularly in the intricate interplay between herbivorous pests and plants. This review summarizes the pivotal functions of the gut microbiota in mediating the insect-plant interactions, encompassing their influence on host insects, modulation of plant physiology, and regulation of the third trophic level species within the ecological network. Given these significant functions, it is plausible to harness these interactions and their underlying mechanisms to develop novel eco-friendly pest control strategies. In this context, we also outline some emerging pest control methods based on the intestinal microbiota or bacteria-mediated interactions, such as symbiont-mediated RNAi and paratransgenesis, albeit these are still in their nascent stages and confront numerous challenges. Overall, both opportunities and challenges coexist in the exploration of the intestinal microbiota-mediated interactions between insect pests and plants, which will not only enrich the fundamental knowledge of plant-insect interactions but also facilitate the development of sustainable pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 430062, Wuhan, China
| | - Shouke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Letian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 430062, Wuhan, China.
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9
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Zhu B, Chen Y, Zhou C, Li H, Ali S, Wu J. Gut Bacterial Diversity of Insecticide-Susceptible and Insecticide-Resistant Megalurothrips usitatus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Elucidation of Their Putative Functional Roles. INSECTS 2023; 14:669. [PMID: 37623379 PMCID: PMC10455865 DOI: 10.3390/insects14080669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The gut bacterial microbiota of insects plays a crucial role in physiological, metabolic, and innate immune processes. In the current study, the gut bacterial communities of an insecticide-susceptible (IS), and a resistant (IR) population of a major legume pest, Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall), were evaluated. The 16S rDNA V3 + V4 regions of M. usitatus infected with Beauveria brongniartii along with the intestinal flora of both populations were sequenced based on a High-throughput sequencing platform. Toxicological bioassays revealed that the IR population exhibited resistance to acetamiprid and B. brongniartii isolate SB010 at levels of 138.0-fold and 55.6-fold higher, respectively, compared to the IS population. Through 16S High-throughput sequencing, the results indicate that both resistant populations, as well as B. brongniartii infestation, reduce the number of species of M. usitatus gut microbes. Using KEGG function prediction, it was found that most intestinal bacteria were involved in various metabolic activities, and the abundance of resistant populations was higher than that of sensitive populations. The bacteria in the gut of M. usitatus are mainly involved in various metabolic activities to achieve the degradation of B. brongniartii. This study provides valuable insights into the interaction between gut bacteria, insecticide resistance, and Beauveria. brongniartii infection in Megalurothrips usitatus, which can help inform future pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bifeng Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Yueyin Chen
- Meizhou Depot of Guangdong Grain Reserve Management Group Co., Ltd., Meizhou 514071, China;
| | - Chenyan Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Haolong Li
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Jianhui Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.L.)
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10
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Kim D, Pérez-Carrascal OM, DeSousa C, Jung DK, Bohley S, Wijaya L, Trang K, Khoury S, Shapira M. Microbiome remodeling through bacterial competition and host behavior enables rapid adaptation to environmental toxins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.21.545768. [PMID: 37646003 PMCID: PMC10462140 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.21.545768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Human activity is altering the environment in a rapid pace, challenging the adaptive capacities of genetic variation within animal populations. Animals also harbor extensive gut microbiomes, which play diverse roles in host health and fitness and may help expanding host capabilities. The unprecedented scale of human usage of xenobiotics and contamination with environmental toxins describes one challenge against which bacteria with their immense biochemical diversity would be useful, by increasing detoxification capacities. To explore the potential of bacteria-assisted rapid adaptation, we used Caenorhabditis elegans worms harboring a defined microbiome, and neomycin as a model toxin, harmful for the worm host and neutralized to different extents by some microbiome members. Worms raised in the presence of neomycin showed delayed development and decreased survival but were protected when colonized by neomycin-resistant members of the microbiome. Two distinct mechanisms facilitated this protection: gut enrichment driven by altered bacterial competition for the strain best capable of modifying neomycin; and host avoidance behavior, which depended on the conserved JNK homolog KGB-1, enabling preference and acquisition of neomycin-protective bacteria. We further tested the consequences of adaptation, considering that enrichment for protective strains may represent dysbiosis. We found that neomycin-adapted gut microbiomes caused increased susceptibility to infection as well as an increase in gut lipid storage, suggesting metabolic remodeling. Our proof-of-concept experiments support the feasibility of bacteria-assisted host adaptation and suggest that it may be prevalent. The results also highlight trade-offs between toxin adaptation and other traits of fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Catherin DeSousa
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Da Kyung Jung
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Seneca Bohley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lila Wijaya
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth Trang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Khoury
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael Shapira
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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11
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Liu J, Hua J, Wang Y, Guo X, Luo S. Caterpillars Detoxify Diterpenoid from Nepeta stewartiana by the Molting Hormone Gene CYP306A1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37331015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous insects are well known for detoxifying a broad range of the defense compounds produced by the plants that they feed on, but knowledge of the mechanisms of detoxification is still very limited. Here, we describe a system in which two species of lepidopteran caterpillars metabolize an abietane diterpene from the plants of Nepeta stewartiana Diels to an oxygenated derivative that is less active biologically. We found that this transformation could be catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 enzyme in caterpillars, which are associated with molting. Most interestingly, abietane diterpene targets the molting-associated gene CYP306A1 to alter the content of molting hormones in the insect at specific developmental stages and competitively inhibit molting hormone metabolism. These findings identify the mechanism by which caterpillars are able to detoxify abietane diterpenoid through hydroxylation at the C-19 position, which may be opening up exciting research questions into the mechanisms of interaction between plants and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Juan Hua
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xuanyue Guo
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shihong Luo
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, China
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12
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Luo M, Li B, Jander G, Zhou S. Non-volatile metabolites mediate plant interactions with insect herbivores. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:1164-1177. [PMID: 36891808 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Non-volatile metabolites constitute the bulk of plant biomass. From the perspective of plant-insect interactions, these structurally diverse compounds include nutritious core metabolites and defensive specialized metabolites. In this review, we synthesize the current literature on multiple scales of plant-insect interactions mediated by non-volatile metabolites. At the molecular level, functional genetics studies have revealed a large collection of receptors targeting plant non-volatile metabolites in model insect species and agricultural pests. By contrast, examples of plant receptors of insect-derived molecules remain sparse. For insect herbivores, plant non-volatile metabolites function beyond the dichotomy of core metabolites, classed as nutrients, and specialized metabolites, classed as defensive compounds. Insect feeding tends to elicit evolutionarily conserved changes in plant specialized metabolism, whereas its effect on plant core metabolism varies widely based the interacting species. Finally, several recent studies have demonstrated that non-volatile metabolites can mediate tripartite communication on the community scale, facilitated by physical connections established through direct root-to-root communication, parasitic plants, arbuscular mycorrhizae and the rhizosphere microbiome. Recent advances in both plant and insect molecular biology will facilitate further research on the role of non-volatile metabolites in mediating plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Luo
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100091, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Shaoqun Zhou
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
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13
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Ge SX, Li TF, Ren LL, Zong SX. Host-plant adaptation in xylophagous insect-microbiome systems: Contributionsof longicorns and gut symbionts revealed by parallel metatranscriptome. iScience 2023; 26:106680. [PMID: 37182102 PMCID: PMC10173737 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to host plants is of great significance in the ecology of xylophagous insects. The specific adaptation to woody tissues is made possible through microbial symbionts. We investigated the potential roles of detoxification, lignocellulose degradation, and nutrient supplementation of Monochamus saltuarius and its gut symbionts in host plant adaptation using metatranscriptome. The gut microbial community structure of M. saltuarius that fed on the two plant species were found to be different. Plant compound detoxification and lignocellulose degradation genes have been identified in both beetles and gut symbionts. Most differentially expressed genes associated with host plant adaptations were up-regulated in larvae fed on the less suitable host (Pinus tabuliformis) compared to larvae fed on the suitable host (Pinus koraiensis). Our findings indicated that M. saltuarius and its gut microbes respond to plant secondary substances through systematic transcriptome responses, allowing them to adapt to unsuitable host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Xun Ge
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R.China
| | - Tian-Feng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R.China
| | - Li-Li Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R.China
- IFOPE, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Invasive Forest Pests in Eurasia, Beijing Forestry University and INRAE URZF, Beijing 100083, P. R.China
- Corresponding author
| | - Shi-Xiang Zong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R.China
- IFOPE, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Invasive Forest Pests in Eurasia, Beijing Forestry University and INRAE URZF, Beijing 100083, P. R.China
- Corresponding author
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14
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Trabelcy B, Shteindel N, Lalzar M, Izhaki I, Gerchman Y. Bacterial detoxification of plant defence secondary metabolites mediates the interaction between a shrub and frugivorous birds. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1821. [PMID: 37002264 PMCID: PMC10066296 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many plants produce fleshy fruits, attracting fruit-eating animals that disperse the seeds in their droppings. Such seed dispersal results in a conflict between the plant and the animal, as digestion of seeds can be highly beneficial to the animal but reduces plant fitness. The plant Ochradenus baccatus uses the myrosinase-glucosinolates system to protect its seeds. We show that hydrolysis of the O. baccatus fruit glucosinolates by the myrosinase enzyme inhibited digestive enzymes and hampered digestion in naïve individuals of the bird Pycnonotus xanthopygos. However, digestion in birds regularly feeding on O. baccatus fruits was unaffected. We find that Pantoea bacteria, dominating the gut of these experienced birds as well as the fruits, thrive on glucosinolates hydrolysis products in culture. Augmentation of Pantoea protects both naïve birds and plant seedlings from the effects of glucosinolates hydrolysis products. Our findings demonstrate a tripartite interaction, where the plant-bird mutually beneficial interactions are mediated by a communal bacterial tenant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beny Trabelcy
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel.
| | - Nimrod Shteindel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Maya Lalzar
- Bioinformatic Unit, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ido Izhaki
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Yoram Gerchman
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel.
- Oranim College, Kiryat Tivon, 3600600, Israel.
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15
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Liu F, Ye F, Cheng C, Kang Z, Kou H, Sun J. Symbiotic microbes aid host adaptation by metabolizing a deterrent host pine carbohydrate d-pinitol in a beetle-fungus invasive complex. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd5051. [PMID: 36563163 PMCID: PMC9788770 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add5051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The red turpentine beetle (RTB) is one of the most destructive invasive pests in China and solely consumes pine phloem containing high amounts of d-pinitol. Previous studies reported that d-pinitol exhibits deterrent effects on insects. However, it remains unknown how insects overcome d-pinitol during their host plant adaptation. We found that d-pinitol had an antagonistic effect on RTB, which mainly relied on gallery microbes to degrade d-pinitol to enhance host adaptation with mutualistic Leptographium procerum and two symbiotic bacteria, Erwinia and Serratia, responsible for this degradation. Genomic, transcriptomic, and functional investigations revealed that all three microbes can metabolize d-pinitol via different branches of the inositol pathway. Our results collectively highlight the contributions of symbiotic microbes in RTB's adaptation to living on pine, thereby facilitating outbreaks of RTB in China. These findings further enrich our knowledge of symbiotic invasions and contribute to the further understanding of plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghua Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fangyuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chihang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, No. 759, East 2nd Road, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Zhiwei Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Hongru Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianghua Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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16
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Liu G, Cao L, Han R. Plant quercetin degradation by gut bacterium Raoultella terrigena of ghost moth Thitarodes xiaojinensis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1079550. [PMID: 36620066 PMCID: PMC9815537 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1079550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Associated microbes of several herbivorous insects can improve insect fitness. However, the contribution of specific insect gut bacterium to plant toxin toxification for its host fitness remains scarce. Here, a gut bacterium Raoultella terrigena from the ghost moth Thitarodes xiaojinensis larvae was identified. This bacterium grew unhindered in the presence of Polygonum viviparum, which is a natural food for ghost moth larvae but showed significant growth inhibition and toxicity against Spodoptera litura. S. litura reared on artificial diets containing 5, 15 and 25% P. viviparum powder after 7 days coculture with R. terrigena were found to have shorter larval and pupal durations than on the diets containing P. viviparum powder but without R. terrigena coculture. HPLC analysis revealed that the content of quercetin in mineral medium containing 15% P. viviparum powder after 7 days coculture with R. terrigena was significantly decreased (79.48%) as compared with that in P. viviparum powder without R. terrigena coculture. In vitro fermentation further verified that R. terrigena could degrade 85.56% quercetin in Lucia-Bertani medium. S. litura reared on artificial diets containing 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/g quercetin after 48 h coculture with R. terrigena were also found to have shorter larval, prepupal and pupal durations, as well as higher average pupal weight and adult emergence rate than on the diets containing quercetin, but without R. terrigena coculture. In addition, R. terrigena was detected in the bud and root tissues of the sterilized P. viviparum, indicating that T. xiaojinensis larvae might acquire this bacterium through feeding. These results demonstrate that the gut bacteria contribute to the degradation of plant toxic molecules to improve the development of herbivorous insects and provide fundamental knowledge for developing effective methods for beneficial insect rearing and pest control.
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17
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Gaudioso G, Weil T, Marzorati G, Solovyev P, Bontempo L, Franciosi E, Bertoldi L, Pedrolli C, Tuohy KM, Fava F. Microbial and metabolic characterization of organic artisanal sauerkraut fermentation and study of gut health-promoting properties of sauerkraut brine. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:929738. [PMID: 36312966 PMCID: PMC9606823 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.929738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sauerkraut is a traditionally fermented cabbage, and recent evidence suggests that it has beneficial properties for human health. In this work, a multi-disciplinary approach was employed to characterize the fermentation process and gut health-promoting properties of locally produced, organic sauerkraut from two distinct producers, SK1 and SK2. 16S rRNA metataxonomics showed that bacterial diversity gradually decreased as fermentation progressed. Differences in sauerkraut microbiota composition were observed between the two producers, especially at the start of fermentation. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) dominated the microbiota after 35 days, with Lactiplantibacillus being the dominant genus in both sauerkraut products, together with Leuconostoc and Paucilactobacillus in SK1, and with Pediococcus, Levilactibacillus, and Leuconostoc in SK2. LAB reached between 7 and 8 Log CFU/mL brine at the end of fermentation (35 days), while pH lowering happened within the first week of fermentation. A total of 220 LAB strains, corresponding to 133 RAPD-PCR biotypes, were successfully isolated. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactiplantibacillus pentosus accounted for 67% of all SK1 isolates, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum/paraplantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides represented 72% of all the isolates from SK2. 1H-NMR analysis revealed significant changes in microbial metabolite profiles during the fermentation process, with lactic and acetic acids, as well as amino acids, amines, and uracil, being the dominant metabolites quantified. Sauerkraut brine did not affect trans-epithelial electrical resistance through a Caco-2 cell monolayer as a measure of gut barrier function. However, significant modulation of inflammatory response after LPS stimulation was observed in PBMCs-Caco-2 co-culture. Sauerkraut brine supported a robust inflammatory response to endotoxin, by increasing TNF-α and IL-6 production while also stimulating the anti-inflammatory IL-10, therefore suggesting positive resolution of inflammation after 24 h and supporting the potential of sauerkraut brine to regulate intestinal immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Gaudioso
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO) – Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Tobias Weil
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Giulia Marzorati
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Pavel Solovyev
- Traceability Unit, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Traceability Unit, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Elena Franciosi
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertoldi
- Organic Agriculture Unit, Environmental Department, Technology Transfer Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Carlo Pedrolli
- Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Nutrition Department, S. Chiara Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per I Servizi Sanitari, Trento, Italy
| | - Kieran Michael Tuohy
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Fava
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- *Correspondence: Francesca Fava
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18
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Ochoa-Sánchez M, Cerqueda-García D, Moya A, Ibarra-Laclette E, Altúzar-Molina A, Desgarennes D, Aluja M. Bitter friends are not always toxic: The loss of acetic acid bacteria and the absence of Komagataeibacter in the gut microbiota of the polyphagous fly Anastrepha ludens could inhibit its development in Psidium guajava in contrast to A. striata and A. fraterculus that flourish in this host. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:979817. [PMID: 36246214 PMCID: PMC9554433 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.979817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is key for the homeostasis of many phytophagous insects, but there are few studies comparing its role on host use by stenophagous or polyphagous frugivores. Guava (Psidium guajava) is a fruit infested in nature by the tephritids Anastrepha striata and A. fraterculus. In contrast, the extremely polyphagous A. ludens infests guava only under artificial conditions, but unlike A. striata and the Mexican A. fraterculus, it infests bitter oranges (Citrus x aurantium). We used these models to analyze whether the gut microbiota could explain the differences in host use observed in these flies. We compared the gut microbiota of the larvae of the three species when they developed in guava and the microbiota of the fruit pulp larvae fed on. We also compared the gut microbiota of A. ludens developing in C. x aurantium with the pulp microbiota of this widely used host. The three flies modified the composition of the host pulp microbiota (i.e., pulp the larvae fed on). We observed a depletion of Acetic Acid Bacteria (AAB) associated with a deleterious phenotype in A. ludens when infesting P. guajava. In contrast, the ability of A. striata and A. fraterculus to infest this fruit is likely associated to a symbiotic interaction with species of the Komagataeibacter genus, which are known to degrade a wide spectrum of tannins and polyphenols. The three flies establish genera specific symbiotic associations with AABs. In the case of A. ludens, the association is with Gluconobacter and Acetobacter, but importantly, it cannot be colonized by Komagataeibacter, a factor likely inhibiting its development in guava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ochoa-Sánchez
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico Biomimic, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Daniel Cerqueda-García
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico Biomimic, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Daniel Cerqueda-García,
| | - Andrés Moya
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), Universidad de Valencia and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico Biomimic, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Alma Altúzar-Molina
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico Biomimic, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Damaris Desgarennes
- Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico Biomimic, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Martín Aluja
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico Biomimic, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Mexico
- Martín Aluja,
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19
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Jeckel AM, Beran F, Züst T, Younkin G, Petschenka G, Pokharel P, Dreisbach D, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Robert CAM. Metabolization and sequestration of plant specialized metabolites in insect herbivores: Current and emerging approaches. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1001032. [PMID: 36237530 PMCID: PMC9552321 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivorous insects encounter diverse plant specialized metabolites (PSMs) in their diet, that have deterrent, anti-nutritional, or toxic properties. Understanding how they cope with PSMs is crucial to understand their biology, population dynamics, and evolution. This review summarizes current and emerging cutting-edge methods that can be used to characterize the metabolic fate of PSMs, from ingestion to excretion or sequestration. It further emphasizes a workflow that enables not only to study PSM metabolism at different scales, but also to tackle and validate the genetic and biochemical mechanisms involved in PSM resistance by herbivores. This review thus aims at facilitating research on PSM-mediated plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Moriguchi Jeckel
- Laboratory of Chemical Ecology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Beran
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Züst
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gordon Younkin
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Georg Petschenka
- Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Prayan Pokharel
- Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Domenic Dreisbach
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Christine Ganal-Vonarburg
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Aurélie Maud Robert
- Laboratory of Chemical Ecology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christelle Aurélie Maud Robert,
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20
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Dearing MD, Kaltenpoth M, Gershenzon J. Demonstrating the role of symbionts in mediating detoxification in herbivores. Symbiosis 2022; 87:59-66. [PMID: 36164313 PMCID: PMC9499882 DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00863-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPlant toxins constitute an effective defense against herbivorous animals. However, many herbivores have evolved adaptations to cope with dietary toxins through detoxification, excretion, sequestration, target site insensitivity and/or via behavioral avoidance. While these adaptations are often directly encoded in herbivore genomes, evidence is accumulating that microbial symbionts can reduce the dose of plant toxins by metabolizing or sequestering them prior to absorption by the herbivore. Here, we describe a few well-studied examples to assess such symbiont-mediated detoxification and showcase different approaches that have been used for their analyses. These include: (i) a host phenotypic route in which the symbiotic association is manipulated to reveal host fitness costs upon toxin exposure in the presence/absence of detoxifying symbionts, including function restoration after symbiont re-infection, (ii) a molecular microbiological approach that focuses on the identification and characterization of microbial genes involved in plant toxin metabolism, and (iii) an analytical chemical route that aims to characterize the conversion of the toxin to less harmful metabolites in vivo and link conversion to the activities of a detoxifying symbiont. The advantages and challenges of each approach are discussed, and it is argued that a multi-pronged strategy combining phenotypic, molecular, and chemical evidence is needed to unambiguously demonstrate microbial contributions to plant toxin reduction and the importance of these processes for host fitness. Given the interdisciplinary nature of the topic, we aim to provide a guideline to researchers interested in symbiont-mediated detoxification and hope to encourage future studies that contribute to a more comprehensive and mechanistic understanding of detoxification in herbivores and their symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Denise Dearing
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str.8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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21
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Antonelli P, Duval P, Luis P, Minard G, Valiente Moro C. Reciprocal interactions between anthropogenic stressors and insect microbiota. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:64469-64488. [PMID: 35864395 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21857-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Insects play many important roles in nature due to their diversity, ecological role, and impact on agriculture or human health. They are directly influenced by environmental changes and in particular anthropic activities that constitute an important driver of change in the environmental characteristics. Insects face numerous anthropogenic stressors and have evolved various detoxication mechanisms to survive and/or resist to these compounds. Recent studies highligted the pressure exerted by xenobiotics on insect life-cycle and the important role of insect-associated bacterial microbiota in the insect responses to environmental changes. Stressor exposure can have various impacts on the composition and structure of insect microbiota that in turn may influence insect biology. Moreover, bacterial communities associated with insects can be directly or indirectly involved in detoxification processes with the selection of certain microorganisms capable of degrading xenobiotics. Further studies are needed to assess the role of insect-associated microbiota as key contributor to the xenobiotic metabolism and thus as a driver for insect adaptation to polluted habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Antonelli
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pénélope Duval
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patricia Luis
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Guillaume Minard
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claire Valiente Moro
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
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22
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Unique metabolism of different glucosinolates in larvae and adults of a leaf beetle specialised on Brassicaceae. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10905. [PMID: 35764778 PMCID: PMC9240079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassicaceae plants contain glucosinolates, which are hydrolysed by myrosinases to toxic products such as isothiocyanates and nitriles, acting as defences. Herbivores have evolved various detoxification strategies, which are reviewed here. Larvae of Phaedon cochleariae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) metabolise hydrolysis products of benzenic glucosinolates by conjugation with aspartic acid. In this study, we investigated whether P. cochleariae uses the same metabolic pathway for structurally different glucosinolates, whether the metabolism differs between adults and larvae and which hydrolysis products are formed as intermediates. Feeding experiments were performed with leaves of watercress (Nasturtium officinale, Brassicaceae) and pea (Pisum sativum, non-Brassicaceae), to which glucosinolates with structurally different side chains (benzenic, indole or aliphatic) or their hydrolysis products were applied. Samples were analysed by UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS or TD–GC–MS. The same aspartic acid conjugates as previously identified in larvae were also detected as major metabolites of benzenic glucosinolates in adults. Indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate was mainly metabolised to N-(1H-indol-3-ylcarbonyl) glutamic acid in adults and larvae, while the metabolism of 2-propenyl glucosinolate remains unclear. The metabolism may thus proceed primarily via isothiocyanates rather than via nitriles, while the hydrolysis occurs independently of plant myrosinases. A detoxification by conjugation with these amino acids is not yet known from other Brassicaceae-feeders.
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23
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Zhao M, Lin X, Guo X. The Role of Insect Symbiotic Bacteria in Metabolizing Phytochemicals and Agrochemicals. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070583. [PMID: 35886759 PMCID: PMC9319143 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary To counter plant chemical defenses and exposure to agrochemicals, herbivorous insects have developed several adaptive strategies to guard against the ingested detrimental substances, including enhancing detoxifying enzyme activities, avoidance behavior, amino acid mutation of target sites, and lower penetration through a thicker cuticle. Insect microbiota play important roles in many aspects of insect biology and physiology. To better understand the role of insect symbiotic bacteria in metabolizing these detrimental substances, we summarize the research progress on the function of insect bacteria in metabolizing phytochemicals and agrochemicals, and describe their future potential application in pest management and protection of beneficial insects. Abstract The diversity and high adaptability of insects are heavily associated with their symbiotic microbes, which include bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and archaea. These microbes play important roles in many aspects of the biology and physiology of insects, such as helping the host insects with food digestion, nutrition absorption, strengthening immunity and confronting plant defenses. To maintain normal development and population reproduction, herbivorous insects have developed strategies to detoxify the substances to which they may be exposed in the living habitat, such as the detoxifying enzymes carboxylesterase, glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s). Additionally, insect symbiotic bacteria can act as an important factor to modulate the adaptability of insects to the exposed detrimental substances. This review summarizes the current research progress on the role of insect symbiotic bacteria in metabolizing phytochemicals and agrochemicals (insecticides and herbicides). Given the importance of insect microbiota, more functional symbiotic bacteria that modulate the adaptability of insects to the detrimental substances to which they are exposed should be identified, and the underlying mechanisms should also be further studied, facilitating the development of microbial-resource-based pest control approaches or protective methods for beneficial insects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xianru Guo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0371-63558170
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Zhang S, Li Z, Shu J, Xue H, Guo K, Zhou X. Soil-derived bacteria endow Camellia weevil with more ability to resist plant chemical defense. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:97. [PMID: 35752840 PMCID: PMC9233397 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbivorous insects acquire their gut microbiota from diverse sources, and these microorganisms play significant roles in insect hosts' tolerance to plant secondary defensive compounds. Camellia weevil (Curculio chinensis) (CW) is an obligate seed parasite of Camellia oleifera plants. Our previous study linked the CW's gut microbiome to the tolerance of the tea saponin (TS) in C. oleifera seeds. However, the source of these gut microbiomes, the key bacteria involved in TS tolerance, and the degradation functions of these bacteria remain unresolved. RESULTS Our study indicated that CW gut microbiome was more affected by the microbiome from soil than that from fruits. The soil-derived Acinetobacter served as the core bacterial genus, and Acinetobacter sp. was putatively regarded responsible for the saponin-degradation in CW guts. Subsequent experiments using fluorescently labeled cultures verified that the isolate Acinetobacter sp. AS23 can migrate into CW larval guts, and ultimately endow its host with the ability to degrade saponin, thereby allowing CW to subsist as a pest within plant fruits resisting to higher concentration of defensive chemical. CONCLUSIONS The systematic studies of the sources of gut microorganisms, the screening of taxa involved in plant secondary metabolite degradation, and the investigation of bacteria responsible for CW toxicity mitigation provide clarified evidence that the intestinal microorganisms can mediate the tolerance of herbivorous insects against plant toxins. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Zikun Li
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinping Shu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 311400, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huaijun Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China.
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Wei J, Yang XK, Zhang SK, Segraves KA, Xue HJ. Parallel meta-transcriptome analysis reveals degradation of plant secondary metabolites by beetles and their gut symbionts. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3999-4016. [PMID: 35665559 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Switching to a new host plant is a driving force for divergence and speciation in herbivorous insects. This process of incorporating a novel host plant into the diet may require a number of adaptations in the insect herbivores that allow them to consume host plant tissue that may contain toxic secondary chemicals. As a result, herbivorous insects are predicted to have evolved efficient ways to detoxify major plant defenses and increase fitness by either relying on their own genomes or by recruiting other organisms such as microbial gut symbionts. In the present study we used parallel meta-transcriptomic analyses of Altica flea beetles and their gut symbionts to explore the contributions of beetle detoxification mechanisms versus detoxification by their gut consortium. We compared the gut meta-transcriptomes of two sympatric Altica species that feed exclusively on different host plant species as well as their F1 hybrids that were fed one of the two host plant species. These comparisons revealed that gene expression patterns of Altica are dependent on both beetle species identity and diet. The community structure of gut symbionts was also dependent on the identity of the beetle species, and the gene expression patterns of the gut symbionts were significantly correlated with beetle species and plant diet. Some of the enriched genes identified in the beetles and gut symbionts are involved in the degradation of secondary metabolites produced by plants, suggesting that Altica flea beetles may use their gut microbiota to help them feed on and adapt to their host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.,Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing-Ke Yang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shou-Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.,School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Kari A Segraves
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.,Archbold Biological Station, 123 Main Drive, Venus, FL 33960, USA
| | - Huai-Jun Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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26
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Zhao A, Jeffery EH, Miller MJ. Is Bitterness Only a Taste? The Expanding Area of Health Benefits of Brassica Vegetables and Potential for Bitter Taste Receptors to Support Health Benefits. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071434. [PMID: 35406047 PMCID: PMC9002472 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The list of known health benefits from inclusion of brassica vegetables in the diet is long and growing. Once limited to cancer prevention, a role for brassica in prevention of oxidative stress and anti-inflammation has aided in our understanding that brassica provide far broader benefits. These include prevention and treatment of chronic diseases of aging such as diabetes, neurological deterioration, and heart disease. Although animal and cell culture studies are consistent, clinical studies often show too great a variation to confirm these benefits in humans. In this review, we discuss causes of variation in clinical studies, focusing on the impact of the wide variation across humans in commensal bacterial composition, which potentially result in variations in microbial metabolism of glucosinolates. In addition, as research into host-microbiome interactions develops, a role for bitter-tasting receptors, termed T2Rs, in the gastrointestinal tract and their role in entero-endocrine hormone regulation is developing. Here, we summarize the growing literature on mechanisms of health benefits by brassica-derived isothiocyanates and the potential for extra-oral T2Rs as a novel mechanism that may in part describe the variability in response to brassica among free-living humans, not seen in research animal and cell culture studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Zhao
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Elizabeth H. Jeffery
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Michael J. Miller
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Beetles are hosts to a remarkable diversity of bacterial symbionts. In this article, we review the role of these partnerships in promoting beetle fitness following a surge of recent studies characterizing symbiont localization and function across the Coleoptera. Symbiont contributions range from the supplementation of essential nutrients and digestive or detoxifying enzymes to the production of bioactive compounds providing defense against natural enemies. Insights on this functional diversity highlight how symbiosis can expand the host's ecological niche, but also constrain its evolutionary potential by promoting specialization. As bacterial localization can differ within and between beetle clades, we discuss how it corresponds to the microbe's beneficial role and outline the molecular and behavioral mechanisms underlying symbiont translocation and transmission by its holometabolous host. In reviewing this literature, we emphasize how the study of symbiosis can inform our understanding of the phenotypic innovations behind the evolutionary success of beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Salem
- Mutualisms Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tübingen 72076, Germany;
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany;
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
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28
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Brunetti M, Magoga G, Gionechetti F, De Biase A, Montagna M. Does diet breadth affect the complexity of the phytophagous insect microbiota? The case study of Chrysomelidae. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:3565-3579. [PMID: 34850518 PMCID: PMC9543054 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chrysomelidae is a family of phytophagous insects with a highly variable degree of trophic specialization. The aim of this study is to test whether species feeding on different plants (generalists) harbour more complex microbiotas than those feeding on a few or a single plant species (specialists). The microbiota of representative leaf beetle species was characterized with a metabarcoding approach targeting V1–V2 and V4 regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA. Almost all the analysed species harbour at least one reproductive manipulator bacteria (e.g., Wolbachia, Rickettsia). Two putative primary symbionts, previously isolated only from a single species (Bromius obscurus), have been detected in two species of the same subfamily, suggesting a widespread symbiosis in Eumolpinae. Surprisingly, the well‐known aphid symbiont Buchnera is well represented in the microbiota of Orsodacne humeralis. Moreover, in this study, using Hill numbers to dissect the components of the microbiota diversity (abundant and rare bacteria), it has been demonstrated that generalist insect species harbour a more diversified microbiota than specialists. The higher microbiota diversity associated with a wider host‐plant spectrum could be seen as an adaptive trait, conferring new metabolic potential useful to expand the diet breath, or as a result of environmental stochastic acquisition conveyed by diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Brunetti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Giulia Magoga
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | | | - Alessio De Biase
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 32, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Matteo Montagna
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy.,BAT Center - Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Napoli "Federico II", Portici, Italy
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29
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Teng Z, Zheng W, Yu Y, Hong SB, Zhu Z, Zang Y. Effects of BrMYC2/3/4 on Plant Development, Glucosinolate Metabolism, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Resistance in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:707054. [PMID: 34539701 PMCID: PMC8446384 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.707054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
MYC2/3/4, known as a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, directly activate the genes involved in diverse plant development and secondary metabolites biosynthesis. In this study, we identified and cloned five MYC paralogs (BrMYC2/3-1/3-2/4-1/4-2) from Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis). In-silico analyses for the physicochemical properties suggested that BrMYC2/3-1/3-2/4-2/4-3 are unstable hydrophobic and acidic proteins, while BrMYC4-1 is an unstable hydrophobic and basic protein. BrMYC2/3/4 belong to the bHLH superfamily and are closely related to AthMYC2/3/4 orthologs that mediate the regulation of various secondary metabolites. It was demonstrated that BrMYC2/3/4-GFP fusion protein localized in the nucleus and expression levels of five BrMYC2/3/4 homologous genes all elevated relative to control (Ctrl). When expressed in Arabidopsis under the control of 35S promoter, each of the BrMYC2/3-1/3-2/4-1/4-2 transgenes differentially influenced root and shoot elongation, vegetative phase change, flowering time, plant height and tiller number after flowering, and seed production. Despite the variation of phenotypes between the transgenic lines, all the lines except for BrMYC4-2 exhibited shorter seed length, less seed weight, higher accumulation of glucosinolates (GSs), and resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum than Ctrl. Notably, BrMYC2 overexpression (OE) line significantly reduced the lengths of root and hypocotyl, seed length, and weight, along with faster bolting time and strikingly higher accumulation of total GSs. Accumulation of GSs at the highest levels in the BrMYC2 OE line conferred the highest resistance to S. sclerotiorum. Unlike BrMYC3 OE and BrMYC4 OE , BrMYC2 OE stimulated the growth of plant height after fluorescence. The results of this study point to the BrMYC2 overexpression that may provide a beneficial effect on plant growth and development via plant resistance to the fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Teng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youjian Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Seung-Beom Hong
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Houston Clear Lake, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zhujun Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunxiang Zang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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Aluja M, Zamora-Briseño JA, Pérez-Brocal V, Altúzar-Molina A, Guillén L, Desgarennes D, Vázquez-Rosas-Landa M, Ibarra-Laclette E, Alonso-Sánchez AG, Moya A. Metagenomic Survey of the Highly Polyphagous Anastrepha ludens Developing in Ancestral and Exotic Hosts Reveals the Lack of a Stable Microbiota in Larvae and the Strong Influence of Metamorphosis on Adult Gut Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:685937. [PMID: 34413837 PMCID: PMC8367737 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.685937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the microbiota of a highly polyphagous insect, Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae), developing in six of its hosts, including two ancestral (Casimiroa edulis and C. greggii), three exotic (Mangifera indica cv. Ataulfo, Prunus persica cv. Criollo, and Citrus x aurantium) and one occasional host (Capsicum pubescens cv. Manzano), that is only used when extreme drought conditions limit fruiting by the common hosts. One of the exotic hosts (“criollo” peach) is rife with polyphenols and the occasional host with capsaicinoids exerting high fitness costs on the larvae. We pursued the following questions: (1) How is the microbial composition of the larval food related to the composition of the larval and adult microbiota, and what does this tell us about transience and stability of this species’ gut microbiota? (2) How does metamorphosis affect the adult microbiota? We surveyed the microbiota of the pulp of each host fruit, as well as the gut microbiota of larvae and adult flies and found that the gut of A. ludens larvae lacks a stable microbiota, since it was invariably associated with the composition of the pulp microbiota of the host plant species studied and was also different from the microbiota of adult flies indicating that metamorphosis filters out much of the microbiota present in larvae. The microbiota of adult males and females was similar between them, independent of host plant and was dominated by bacteria within the Enterobacteriaceae. We found that in the case of the “toxic” occasional host C. pubescens the microbiota is enriched in potentially deleterious genera that were much less abundant in the other hosts. In contrast, the pulp of the ancestral host C. edulis is enriched in several bacterial groups that can be beneficial for larval development. We also report for the first time the presence of bacteria within the Arcobacteraceae family in the gut microbiota of A. ludens stemming from C. edulis. Based on our findings, we conclude that changes in the food-associated microbiota dictate major changes in the larval microbiota, suggesting that most larval gut microbiota is originated from the food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Aluja
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Instituto de Ecología, AC-INECOL, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Jesús Alejandro Zamora-Briseño
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Instituto de Ecología, AC-INECOL, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Vicente Pérez-Brocal
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Alma Altúzar-Molina
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Instituto de Ecología, AC-INECOL, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Larissa Guillén
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Instituto de Ecología, AC-INECOL, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Damaris Desgarennes
- Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología, AC-INECOL, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Mirna Vázquez-Rosas-Landa
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Instituto de Ecología, AC-INECOL, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología, AC-INECOL, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Alexandro G Alonso-Sánchez
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología, AC-INECOL, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Andrés Moya
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2Sysbio), Universidad de Valencia-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
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31
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The Metabolism of Glucosinolates by Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082750. [PMID: 34444909 PMCID: PMC8401010 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GLS) and their derivatives are secondary plant metabolites abundant in Brassicaceae. Due to the enzymatic reaction between GLS and myrosinase enzyme, characteristic compounds with a pungent taste are formed, used by plants to defend themselves against insect herbivores. These GLS derivatives have an important impact on human health, including anti-inflammation and anti-cancer effects. However, GLS derivatives' formation needs previous enzymatic reactions catalyzed by myrosinase enzyme. Many of the brassica-based foods are processed at a high temperature that inactivates enzymes, hindering its bioavailability. In the last decade, several studies showed that the human gut microbiome can provide myrosinase activity that potentially can raise the beneficial effects of consumption of vegetables rich in GLS. The variability of the human gut microbiome (HGM) in human populations and the diverse intake of GLS through the diet may lead to greater variability of the real dose of pro-healthy compounds absorbed by the human body. The exploitation of the genetic and biochemical potential of HGM and correct ecological studies of both isolated strains and mixed population are of great interest. This review focuses on the most recent advances in this field.
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32
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Sporer T, Körnig J, Wielsch N, Gebauer-Jung S, Reichelt M, Hupfer Y, Beran F. Hijacking the Mustard-Oil Bomb: How a Glucosinolate-Sequestering Flea Beetle Copes With Plant Myrosinases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:645030. [PMID: 34093609 PMCID: PMC8173161 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.645030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Myrosinase enzymes play a key role in the chemical defense of plants of the order Brassicales. Upon herbivory, myrosinases hydrolyze the β-S-linked glucose moiety of glucosinolates, the characteristic secondary metabolites of brassicaceous plants, which leads to the formation of different toxic hydrolysis products. The specialist flea beetle, Phyllotreta armoraciae, is capable of accumulating high levels of glucosinolates in the body and can thus at least partially avoid plant myrosinase activity. In feeding experiments with the myrosinase-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana tgg1 × tgg2 (tgg) mutant and the corresponding Arabidopsis Col-0 wild type, we investigated the influence of plant myrosinase activity on the metabolic fate of ingested glucosinolates in adult P. armoraciae beetles. Arabidopsis myrosinases hydrolyzed a fraction of ingested glucosinolates and thereby reduced the glucosinolate sequestration rate by up to 50% in adult beetles. These results show that P. armoraciae cannot fully prevent glucosinolate hydrolysis; however, the exposure of adult beetles to glucosinolate hydrolysis products had no impact on the beetle's energy budget under our experimental conditions. To understand how P. armoraciae can partially prevent glucosinolate hydrolysis, we analyzed the short-term fate of ingested glucosinolates and found them to be rapidly absorbed from the gut. In addition, we determined the fate of ingested Arabidopsis myrosinase enzymes in P. armoraciae. Although we detected Arabidopsis myrosinase protein in the feces, we found only traces of myrosinase activity, suggesting that P. armoraciae can inactivate plant myrosinases in the gut. Based on our findings, we propose that the ability to tolerate plant myrosinase activity and a fast glucosinolate uptake mechanism represent key adaptations of P. armoraciae to their brassicaceous host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Sporer
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Körnig
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Natalie Wielsch
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Steffi Gebauer-Jung
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yvonne Hupfer
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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33
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Paddock KJ, Robert CAM, Erb M, Hibbard BE. Western Corn Rootworm, Plant and Microbe Interactions: A Review and Prospects for New Management Tools. INSECTS 2021; 12:171. [PMID: 33671118 PMCID: PMC7922318 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is resistant to four separate classes of traditional insecticides, all Bacillius thuringiensis (Bt) toxins currently registered for commercial use, crop rotation, innate plant resistance factors, and even double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting essential genes via environmental RNA interference (RNAi), which has not been sold commercially to date. Clearly, additional tools are needed as management options. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art knowledge about biotic factors influencing herbivore success, including host location and recognition, plant defensive traits, plant-microbe interactions, and herbivore-pathogens/predator interactions. We then translate this knowledge into potential new management tools and improved biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Paddock
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Christelle A. M. Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland; (C.A.M.R.); (M.E.)
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland; (C.A.M.R.); (M.E.)
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bruce E. Hibbard
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Glucosinolate induces transcriptomic and metabolic reprogramming in Helicoverpa armigera. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:26. [PMID: 33442524 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates protect plants from herbivory. Lepidopteran insects have developed resistance to glucosinolates which is well studied. However, the molecular effects of glucosinolate intake on insects are unexplored. To elucidate this, we performed transcriptomics and metabolomics of sinigrin-fed Helicoverpa armigera. Transcriptomics exhibits significant dysregulation of 2375 transcripts, of which 1575 are upregulated and 800 downregulated. Gene Ontology analysis of differentially expressed genes reveals that key hydrolases, oxidoreductases, and transferases are majorly affected. The negative impact of sinigrin is significant and localized in the endomembrane system and mitochondria. It also disturbs various biological processes such as regulation of protein metabolism and cytoskeletal organization. Furthermore, H. armigera putative myrosinase-like enzymes may catalyze the breakdown of sinigrin to allyl isothiocyanate (AITC). AITC targets the electron transport chain causing oxidative stress. KEGG pathway enrichment shows significant upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation, glutathione metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Activation of these pathways induces glutathione synthesis for sinigrin detoxification. Differential gene expression indicates upregulation of glutathione S-transferase and succinate dehydrogenase suggesting mitochondrial impact. Transcriptomics data correlated with metabolomics show changes in serine, methionine, ornithine, and other metabolite levels. It corroborates well with the transcript alterations supporting the increased glutathione production. Thus, our data suggest that sinigrin generates oxidative stress in H. armigera and insects alter their metabolic wiring to overcome sinigrin-mediated deleterious effects. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02596-5.
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