1
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Wohlleben AM, Tabima JF, Meyer NP, Steinel NC. Population-level immunologic variation in wild threespine stickleback (Gasterosteusaculeatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109580. [PMID: 38663464 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Wild organisms are regularly exposed to a wide range of parasites, requiring the management of an effective immune response while avoiding immunopathology. Currently, our knowledge of immunoparasitology primarily derives from controlled laboratory studies, neglecting the genetic and environmental diversity that contribute to immune phenotypes observed in wild populations. To gain insight into the immunologic variability in natural settings, we examined differences in immune gene expression of two Alaskan stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) populations with varying susceptibility to infection by the cestode Schistocephalus solidus. Between these two populations, we found distinct immune gene expression patterns at the population level in response to infection with fish from the high-infection population displaying signs of parasite-driven immune manipulation. Further, we found significant differences in baseline immune gene profiles between the populations, with uninfected low-infection population fish showing signatures of inflammation compared to uninfected high-infection population fish. These results shed light on divergent responses of wild populations to the same parasite, providing valuable insights into host-parasite interactions in natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika M Wohlleben
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | | | - Néva P Meyer
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Natalie C Steinel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA; Center for Pathogen Research and Training, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
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2
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Hu J, Weber JN, Fuess LE, Steinel NC, Bolnick DI, Wang M. A spectral framework to map QTLs affecting joint differential networks of gene co-expression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.29.587398. [PMID: 38585912 PMCID: PMC10996691 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.29.587398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Studying the mechanisms underlying the genotype-phenotype association is crucial in genetics. Gene expression studies have deepened our understanding of the genotype → expression → phenotype mechanisms. However, traditional expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) methods often overlook the critical role of gene co-expression networks in translating genotype into phenotype. This gap highlights the need for more powerful statistical methods to analyze genotype → network → phenotype mechanism. Here, we develop a network-based method, called snQTL, to map quantitative trait loci affecting gene co-expression networks. Our approach tests the association between genotypes and joint differential networks of gene co-expression via a tensor-based spectral statistics, thereby overcoming the ubiquitous multiple testing challenges in existing methods. We demonstrate the effectiveness of snQTL in the analysis of three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) data. Compared to conventional methods, our method snQTL uncovers chromosomal regions affecting gene co-expression networks, including one strong candidate gene that would have been missed by traditional eQTL analyses. Our framework suggests the limitation of current approaches and offers a powerful network-based tool for functional loci discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Hu
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Jesse N. Weber
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | | | - Daniel I. Bolnick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut
| | - Miaoyan Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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3
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Rodgers ML, Bolnick DI. Opening a can of worms: a test of the co-infection facilitation hypothesis. Oecologia 2024; 204:317-325. [PMID: 37386196 PMCID: PMC10756930 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic infections are a global occurrence and impact the health of many species. Coinfections, where two or more species of parasite are present in a host, are a common phenomenon across species. Coinfecting parasites can interact directly or indirectly via their manipulation of (and susceptibility to) the immune system of their shared host. Helminths, such as the cestode Schistocephalus solidus, are well known to suppress immunity of their host (threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus), potentially facilitating other parasite species. Yet, hosts can evolve a more robust immune response (as seen in some stickleback populations), potentially turning facilitation into inhibition. Using wild-caught stickleback from 20 populations with non-zero S. solidus prevalence, we tested an a priori hypothesis that S. solidus infection facilitates infection by other parasites. Consistent with this hypothesis, individuals with S. solidus infections have 18.6% higher richness of other parasites compared to S. solidus-uninfected individuals from the same lakes. This facilitation-like trend is stronger in lakes where S. solidus is particularly successful but is reversed in lakes with sparse and smaller cestodes (indicative of stronger host immunity). These results suggest that a geographic mosaic of host-parasite co-evolution might lead to a mosaic of between-parasite facilitation/inhibition effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Rodgers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, 28557, USA.
| | - Daniel I Bolnick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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4
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Kurland S, Saha A, Keehnen N, de la Paz Celorio-Mancera M, Díez-Del-Molino D, Ryman N, Laikre L. New indicators for monitoring genetic diversity applied to alpine brown trout populations using whole genome sequence data. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17213. [PMID: 38014725 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
International policy recently adopted commitments to maintain genetic diversity in wild populations to secure their adaptive potential, including metrics to monitor temporal trends in genetic diversity - so-called indicators. A national programme for assessing trends in genetic diversity was recently initiated in Sweden. Relating to this effort, we systematically assess contemporary genome-wide temporal trends (40 years) in wild populations using the newly adopted indicators and whole genome sequencing (WGS). We use pooled and individual WGS data from brown trout (Salmo trutta) in eight alpine lakes in protected areas. Observed temporal trends in diversity metrics (nucleotide diversity, Watterson's ϴ and heterozygosity) lie within proposed acceptable threshold values for six of the lakes, but with consistently low values in lakes above the tree line and declines observed in these northern-most lakes. Local effective population size is low in all lakes, highlighting the importance of continued protection of interconnected systems to allow genetic connectivity for long-term viability of these populations. Inbreeding (FROH ) spans 10%-30% and is mostly represented by ancient (<1 Mb) runs of homozygosity, with observations of little change in mutational load. We also investigate adaptive dynamics over evolutionarily short time frames (a few generations); identifying putative parallel selection across all lakes within a gene pertaining to skin pigmentation as well as candidates of selection unique to specific lakes and lake systems involved in reproduction and immunity. We demonstrate the utility of WGS for systematic monitoring of natural populations, a priority concern if genetic diversity is to be protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kurland
- Division of Population Genetics, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Atal Saha
- Division of Population Genetics, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Coastal Research, Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Naomi Keehnen
- Division of Population Genetics, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Ecology, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - David Díez-Del-Molino
- Division of Population Genetics, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nils Ryman
- Division of Population Genetics, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Laikre
- Division of Population Genetics, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Wiens GD, Marancik DP, Chadwick CC, Osbourn K, Reid RM, Leeds TD. Plasma proteomic profiling of bacterial cold water disease-resistant and -susceptible rainbow trout lines and biomarker discovery. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1265386. [PMID: 37928534 PMCID: PMC10623068 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1265386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation for disease resistance is present in salmonid fish; however, the molecular basis is poorly understood, and biomarkers of disease susceptibility/resistance are unavailable. Previously, we selected a line of rainbow trout for high survival following standardized challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum (Fp), the causative agent of bacterial cold water disease. The resistant line (ARS-Fp-R) exhibits over 60 percentage points higher survival compared to a reference susceptible line (ARS-Fp-S). To gain insight into the differential host response between genetic lines, we compared the plasma proteomes from day 6 after intramuscular challenge. Pooled plasma from unhandled, PBS-injected, and Fp-injected groups were simultaneously analyzed using a TMT 6-plex label, and the relative abundance of 513 proteins was determined. Data are available via ProteomeXchange, with identifier PXD041308, and the relative protein abundance values were compared to mRNA measured from a prior, whole-body RNA-seq dataset. Our results identified a subset of differentially abundant intracellular proteins was identified, including troponin and myosin, which were not transcriptionally regulated, suggesting that these proteins were released into plasma following pathogen-induced tissue damage. A separate subset of high-abundance, secreted proteins were transcriptionally regulated in infected fish. The highest differentially expressed protein was a C1q family member (designated complement C1q-like protein 3; C1q-LP3) that was upregulated over 20-fold in the infected susceptible line while only modestly upregulated, 1.8-fold, in the infected resistant line. Validation of biomarkers was performed using immunoassays and C1q-LP3, skeletal muscle troponin C, cathelcidin 2, haptoglobin, leptin, and growth and differentiation factor 15 exhibited elevated concentration in susceptible line plasma. Complement factor H-like 1 exhibited higher abundance in the resistant line compared to the susceptible line in both control and challenged fish and thus was a baseline differentiator between lines. C1q-LP3 and STNC were elevated in Atlantic salmon plasma following experimental challenge with Fp. In summary, these findings further the understanding of the differential host response to Fp and identifies salmonid biomarkers that may have use for genetic line evaluation and on-farm health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D. Wiens
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - David P. Marancik
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, True Blue, Grenada
| | | | - Keira Osbourn
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Ross M. Reid
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Timothy D. Leeds
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Kearneysville, WV, United States
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6
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Bhaskara GB, Haque T, Bonnette JE, Napier JD, Bauer D, Schmutz J, Juenger TE. Evolutionary Analyses of Gene Expression Divergence in Panicum hallii: Exploring Constitutive and Plastic Responses Using Reciprocal Transplants. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad210. [PMID: 37738160 PMCID: PMC10556983 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of gene expression is thought to be an important mechanism of local adaptation and ecological speciation. Gene expression divergence occurs through the evolution of cis- polymorphisms and through more widespread effects driven by trans-regulatory factors. Here, we explore expression and sequence divergence in a large sample of Panicum hallii accessions encompassing the species range using a reciprocal transplantation experiment. We observed widespread genotype and transplant site drivers of expression divergence, with a limited number of genes exhibiting genotype-by-site interactions. We used a modified FST-QST outlier approach (QPC analysis) to detect local adaptation. We identified 514 genes with constitutive expression divergence above and beyond the levels expected under neutral processes. However, no plastic expression responses met our multiple testing correction as QPC outliers. Constitutive QPC outlier genes were involved in a number of developmental processes and responses to abiotic environments. Leveraging earlier expression quantitative trait loci results, we found a strong enrichment of expression divergence, including for QPC outliers, in genes previously identified with cis and cis-environment interactions but found no patterns related to trans-factors. Population genetic analyses detected elevated sequence divergence of promoters and coding sequence of constitutive expression outliers but little evidence for positive selection on these proteins. Our results are consistent with a hypothesis of cis-regulatory divergence as a primary driver of expression divergence in P. hallii.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taslima Haque
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jason E Bonnette
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Joseph D Napier
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Diane Bauer
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Thomas E Juenger
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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7
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Sasaki M, Woods C, Dam HG. Parasitism does not reduce thermal limits in the intermediate host of a bopyrid isopod. J Therm Biol 2023; 117:103712. [PMID: 37714113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Parasitism has strong effects on community dynamics. Given the detrimental effects parasites have on host health, infection or infestation might be expected to reduce upper thermal limits, increasing the vulnerability of host species to future climate change. Copepods are integral components of aquatic food webs and biogeochemical cycles. They also serve as intermediate hosts in the life cycle of parasitic isopods in the family Bopyridae. As both copepods and isopod parasites play important roles in aquatic communities, it is important to understand how the interaction between parasite and host affects thermal limits in order to better predict how community dynamics may change in a warming climate. Here we examined the effect of infestation by larvae of a bopyrid isopod on the cosmopolitan copepod Acartia tonsa to test the hypothesis that infestation reduces thermal limits. To aid with this work, we developed an affordable, highly portable system for measuring critical thermal maxima of small ectotherms. We also used meta-analysis to summarize the effects of parasitism on critical thermal maxima in a wider range of taxa to help contextualize our findings. Contrary to both our hypothesis and the results of previous studies, we observed no reduction of thermal limits by parasitism in A. tonsa. These results suggest that life history of the host and parasite may interact to determine how parasite infestation affects environmental sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Sasaki
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, 06340, USA; Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA.
| | - Charles Woods
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Hans G Dam
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
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8
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Qiao D, Zhao Y, Pei C, Zhao X, Jiang X, Zhu L, Zhang J, Li L, Kong X. Two CcCCL19bs orchestrate an antibacterial immune response in Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:108987. [PMID: 37541636 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are a group of chemotactic cytokines with an essential role in homeostasis as well as immunity via specific G protein-coupled receptors and atypical receptors. In our study, two Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) CCL19b genes (CcCCL19bs), tentatively named CcCCL19b_a and CcCCL19b_b, were cloned. The open reading frames (ORFs) of CcCCL19b_a and CcCCL19b_b were both 333 bp that encoded a 12 kDa protein with 110 amino acid residues. CcCCL19bs contained a signal peptide and a SCY domain with four typical conserved cysteine residues. The two CcCCL19b proteins shared high similarities with each other in both secondary and three-dimensional structure. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CcCCL19bs and other CCL19bs from tetraploid cyprinid fish were clustered into one clade. CcCCL19bs were highly expressed in gill and intestine in healthy fish, and a significant up-regulation of gene expression after Aeromonas hydrophila infection and poly(I:C) stimulation was observed in gill, liver, and head kidney. Furthermore, chemotaxis and antibacterial activity of CcCCL19bs were studied. The results indicated that recombinant CcCCL19b_a and CcCCL19b_b protein (rCcCCL19b_a and rCcCCL19b_b) exhibited significant attraction to primary head kidney leukocytes (HKLs). Meanwhile, both of rCcCCL19bs could promote the proliferation of HKLs, and significantly up-regulate the expressions of IL-1β, CCR7, and IL-6, and down-regulate the expression of IL-10 in primary HKLs. In vitro, rCcCCL19bs could bind and aggregate A. hydrophila and Staphylococcus aureus. The rCcCCL19bs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against A. hydrophila, but not S. aureus. Moreover, they inhibited the growth of A. hydrophila and S. aureus. In vivo, overexpression of CcCCL19bs contributed to the bacterial clearance. These studies suggested that CcCCL19bs orchestrate an antibacterial immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Qiao
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Yanjing Zhao
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Chao Pei
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Xianliang Zhao
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China.
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9
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Vinkler M, Fiddaman SR, Těšický M, O'Connor EA, Savage AE, Lenz TL, Smith AL, Kaufman J, Bolnick DI, Davies CS, Dedić N, Flies AS, Samblás MMG, Henschen AE, Novák K, Palomar G, Raven N, Samaké K, Slade J, Veetil NK, Voukali E, Höglund J, Richardson DS, Westerdahl H. Understanding the evolution of immune genes in jawed vertebrates. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:847-873. [PMID: 37255207 PMCID: PMC10247546 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Driven by co-evolution with pathogens, host immunity continuously adapts to optimize defence against pathogens within a given environment. Recent advances in genetics, genomics and transcriptomics have enabled a more detailed investigation into how immunogenetic variation shapes the diversity of immune responses seen across domestic and wild animal species. However, a deeper understanding of the diverse molecular mechanisms that shape immunity within and among species is still needed to gain insight into-and generate evolutionary hypotheses on-the ultimate drivers of immunological differences. Here, we discuss current advances in our understanding of molecular evolution underpinning jawed vertebrate immunity. First, we introduce the immunome concept, a framework for characterizing genes involved in immune defence from a comparative perspective, then we outline how immune genes of interest can be identified. Second, we focus on how different selection modes are observed acting across groups of immune genes and propose hypotheses to explain these differences. We then provide an overview of the approaches used so far to study the evolutionary heterogeneity of immune genes on macro and microevolutionary scales. Finally, we discuss some of the current evidence as to how specific pathogens affect the evolution of different groups of immune genes. This review results from the collective discussion on the current key challenges in evolutionary immunology conducted at the ESEB 2021 Online Satellite Symposium: Molecular evolution of the vertebrate immune system, from the lab to natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Vinkler
- Department of ZoologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | | | - Martin Těšický
- Department of ZoologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | | | - Anna E. Savage
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Central FloridaFloridaOrlandoUSA
| | - Tobias L. Lenz
- Research Unit for Evolutionary ImmunogenomicsDepartment of BiologyUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | | | - Jim Kaufman
- Institute for Immunology and Infection ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Daniel I. Bolnick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticutUSA
| | | | - Neira Dedić
- Department of Botany and ZoologyMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Andrew S. Flies
- Menzies Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - M. Mercedes Gómez Samblás
- Department of ZoologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- Department of ParasitologyUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | | | - Karel Novák
- Department of Genetics and BreedingInstitute of Animal SciencePragueUhříněvesCzech Republic
| | - Gemma Palomar
- Faculty of BiologyInstitute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Nynke Raven
- Department of ScienceEngineering and Build EnvironmentDeakin UniversityVictoriaWaurn PondsAustralia
| | - Kalifa Samaké
- Department of Genetics and MicrobiologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Joel Slade
- Department of BiologyCalifornia State UniversityFresnoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Eleni Voukali
- Department of ZoologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jacob Höglund
- Department of Ecology and GeneticsUppsala UniversitetUppsalaSweden
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10
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Rodgers ML, Bolnick DI. Opening a can of worms: a test of the coinfection facilitation hypothesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.18.541347. [PMID: 37292793 PMCID: PMC10245757 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.18.541347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic infections are a global occurrence and impact the health of many species. Coinfections, where two or more species of parasite are present in a host, are a common phenomenon across species. Coinfecting parasites can interact directly, or indirectly via their manipulation of (and susceptibility to) the immune system of their shared host. Helminths, such as the cestode Schistocephalus solidus , are well known to suppress immunity of their host (threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus ), potentially facilitating other parasite species. Yet, hosts can evolve a more robust immune response (as seen in some stickleback populations), potentially turning facilitation into inhibition. Using wild-caught stickleback from 21 populations with non-zero S. solidus prevalence, we tested an a priori hypothesis that S. solidus infection facilitates infection by other parasites. Consistent with this hypothesis, individuals with S. solidus infections have 18.6% higher richness of other parasites, compared to S. solidus -uninfected individuals from the same lakes. This facilitation-like trend is stronger in lakes where S. solidus is particularly successful but is reversed in lakes with sparse and smaller cestodes (indicative of stronger host immunity). These results suggest that a geographic mosaic of host-parasite coevolution might lead to a mosaic of between-parasite facilitation/inhibition effects.
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11
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Fuess LE, Bolnick DI. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Microevolution of the Stickleback Immune System. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad053. [PMID: 37039516 PMCID: PMC10116603 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk and severity of pathogen infections in humans, livestock, or wild organisms depend on host immune function, which can vary between closely related host populations or even among individuals. This immune variation can entail between-population differences in immune gene coding sequences, copy number, or expression. In recent years, many studies have focused on population divergence in immunity using whole-tissue transcriptomics. But, whole-tissue transcriptomics cannot distinguish between evolved differences in gene regulation within cells, versus changes in cell composition within the focal tissue. Here, we leverage single-cell transcriptomic approaches to document signatures of microevolution of immune system structure in a natural system, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We sampled nine adult fish from three populations with variability in resistance to a cestode parasite, Schistocephalus solidus, to create the first comprehensive immune cell atlas for G. aculeatus. Eight broad immune cell types, corresponding to major vertebrate immune cells, were identified. We were also able to document significant variation in both abundance and expression profiles of the individual immune cell types among the three populations of fish. Furthermore, we demonstrate that identified cell type markers can be used to reinterpret traditional transcriptomic data: we reevaluate previously published whole-tissue transcriptome data from a quantitative genetic experimental infection study to gain better resolution relating infection outcomes to inferred cell type variation. Our combined study demonstrates the power of single-cell sequencing to not only document evolutionary phenomena (i.e., microevolution of immune cells) but also increase the power of traditional transcriptomic data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Fuess
- Department of Biology, Texas State University
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut
| | - Daniel I Bolnick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut
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12
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Ramesh A, Hall SR. Niche theory for within-host parasite dynamics: Analogies to food web modules via feedback loops. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:351-368. [PMID: 36632705 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Why do parasites exhibit a wide dynamical range within their hosts? For instance, why does infecting dose either lead to infection or immune clearance? Why do some parasites exhibit boom-bust, oscillatory dynamics? What maintains parasite diversity, that is coinfection v single infection due to exclusion or priority effects? For insights on parasite dose, dynamics and diversity governing within-host infection, we turn to niche models. An omnivory food web model (IGP) blueprints one parasite competing with immune cells for host energy (PIE). Similarly, a competition model (keystone predation, KP) mirrors a new coinfection model (2PIE). We then drew analogies between models using feedback loops. The following three points arise: first, like in IGP, parasites oscillate when longer loops through parasites, immune cells and resource regulate parasite growth. Shorter, self-limitation loops (involving resources and enemies) stabilise those oscillations. Second, IGP can produce priority effects that resemble immune clearance. But, despite comparable loop structure, PIE cannot due to constraints imposed by production of immune cells. Third, despite somewhat different loop structure, KP and 2PIE share apparent and resource competition mechanisms that produce coexistence (coinfection) or priority effects of prey or parasites. Together, this mechanistic niche framework for within-host dynamics offers new perspective to improve individual health.
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13
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Weber JN, Steinel NC, Peng F, Shim KC, Lohman BK, Fuess LE, Subramanian S, Lisle SPD, Bolnick DI. Evolutionary gain and loss of a pathological immune response to parasitism. Science 2022; 377:1206-1211. [PMID: 36074841 PMCID: PMC9869647 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo3411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Parasites impose fitness costs on their hosts. Biologists often assume that natural selection favors infection-resistant hosts. Yet, when the immune response itself is costly, theory suggests that selection may sometimes favor loss of resistance, which may result in alternative stable states where some populations are resistant and others are tolerant. Intraspecific variation in immune costs is rarely surveyed in a manner that tests evolutionary patterns, and there are few examples of adaptive loss of resistance. Here, we show that when marine threespine stickleback colonized freshwater lakes, they gained resistance to the freshwater-associated cestode Schistocephalus solidus. Extensive peritoneal fibrosis and inflammation are a commonly observed phenotype that contributes to suppression of cestode growth and viability but also imposes a substantial cost on fecundity. Combining genetic mapping and population genomics, we find that opposing selection generates immune system differences between tolerant and resistant populations, consistent with divergent optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse N Weber
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Natalie C Steinel
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Foen Peng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kum Chuan Shim
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Brian K Lohman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Lauren E Fuess
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Swapna Subramanian
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Stephen P De Lisle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Daniel I Bolnick
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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14
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Beck EA, Bassham S, Cresko WA. Extreme intraspecific divergence in mitochondrial haplotypes makes the threespine stickleback fish an emerging evolutionary mutant model for mito-nuclear interactions. Front Genet 2022; 13:925786. [PMID: 36159975 PMCID: PMC9499175 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.925786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA is primarily maternally inherited in most animals and evolves about 10 times faster than biparentally inherited nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial dysfunction (mt-dys) arises when interactions between the co-evolving mitochondrial and nuclear genomes are perturbed in essential processes like oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Over time mt-dys can lead to mitochondrial diseases (mt-diseases), which are surprisingly prevalent and include common diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and diabetes. Unfortunately, the strong impact that intraspecific mitochondrial and nuclear genetic variation has on mt-disease complicates its study and the development of effective treatments. Animal models have advanced our understanding of mt-disease but their relevance to human conditions is often limited by their relatively low nuclear genetic diversity. Many traditional laboratory models also typically have a single mitochondrial haplotype (mitotype), in stark contrast to over 5,000 mitotypes in humans worldwide. The threespine stickleback fish has an evolutionary history that has made it a favorable evolutionary mutant model (EMM) for studying mito-nuclear interactions and possibly mt-diseases. EMMs are species with naturally evolved states that mimic maladaptive human diseases. In threespine stickleback, a period of isolation followed by introgression of the mitochondrial genome from a sister species resulted in the maintenance of two distinct mitochondrial haplotypes which continue to segregate within many populations of wild stickleback. The existence of two mitogenomes segregating in numerous genetically diverse populations provides a unique system for exploring complex mito-nuclear dynamics. Here we provide the first complete coding region analysis of the two threespine stickleback mitotypes, whose mitogenomic divergence exceeds that of other mammalian models for mitochondrial disease and even that between ancient and modern humans. We find that divergence is not uniform across the mitogenome, but primarily impacts protein coding genes, and significantly impacts proteins in Complex I of OXPHOS. The full characterization of these highly divergent intraspecific mitotypes provides a foundation for the development of threespine stickleback as an EMM for mito-nuclear interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Beck
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
- Presidential Initiative in Data Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Susan Bassham
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - William A. Cresko
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
- Presidential Initiative in Data Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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15
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The timing and development of infections in a fish-cestode host-parasite system. Parasitology 2022; 149:1173-1178. [PMID: 35570667 PMCID: PMC10090619 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The cestode Schistocephalus solidus is a common parasite in freshwater threespine stickleback populations, imposing strong fitness costs on their hosts. Given this, it is surprising how little is known about the timing and development of infections in natural stickleback populations. Previous work showed that young-of-year stickleback can get infected shortly after hatching. We extended this observation by comparing infection prevalence of young-of-year stickleback from 3 Alaskan populations (Walby, Cornelius and Wolf lakes) over 2 successive cohorts (2018/19 and 2019/20). We observed strong variation between sampling years (2018 vs 2019 vs 2020), stickleback age groups (young-of-year vs 1-year-old) and sampling populations.
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16
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Hund AK, Fuess LE, Kenney ML, Maciejewski MF, Marini JM, Shim KC, Bolnick DI. Population-level variation in parasite resistance due to differences in immune initiation and rate of response. Evol Lett 2022; 6:162-177. [PMID: 35386836 PMCID: PMC8966477 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Closely related populations often differ in resistance to a given parasite, as measured by infection success or failure. Yet, the immunological mechanisms of these evolved differences are rarely specified. Does resistance evolve via changes to the host's ability to recognize that an infection exists, actuate an effective immune response, or attenuate that response? We tested whether each of these phases of the host response contributed to threespine sticklebacks' recently evolved resistance to their tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus. Although marine stickleback and some susceptible lake fish permit fast-growing tapeworms, other lake populations are resistant and suppress tapeworm growth via a fibrosis response. We subjected lab-raised fish from three populations (susceptible marine "ancestors," a susceptible lake population, and a resistant lake population) to a novel immune challenge using an injection of (1) a saline control, (2) alum, a generalized pro-inflammatory adjuvant that causes fibrosis, (3) a tapeworm protein extract, or (4) a combination of alum and tapeworm protein. With enough time, all three populations generated a robust fibrosis response to the alum treatments. Yet, only the resistant population exhibited a fibrosis response to the tapeworm protein alone. Thus, these populations differed in their ability to respond to the tapeworm protein but shared an intact fibrosis pathway. The resistant population also initiated fibrosis faster in response to alum, and was able to attenuate fibrosis, unlike the susceptible populations' slow but longer lasting response to alum. As fibrosis has pathological side effects that reduce fecundity, the faster recovery by the resistant population may reflect an adaptation to mitigate the costs of immunity. Broadly, our results confirm that parasite detection and immune initiation, activation speed, and immune attenuation simultaneously contribute to the evolution of parasite resistance and adaptations to infection in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Hund
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota55123
| | - Lauren E. Fuess
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut06269
- Current Address: Department of BiologyTexas State UniversitySan MarcosTexas78666
| | - Mariah L. Kenney
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut06269
| | - Meghan F. Maciejewski
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut06269
| | - Joseph M. Marini
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut06269
| | - Kum Chuan Shim
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTexas78712
| | - Daniel I. Bolnick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut06269
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17
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De Lisle SP, Bolnick DI, Brodie ED, Moore AJ, McGlothlin JW. Interacting phenotypes and the coevolutionary process: Interspecific indirect genetic effects alter coevolutionary dynamics. Evolution 2022; 76:429-444. [PMID: 34997942 PMCID: PMC9385155 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coevolution occurs when species interact to influence one another's fitness, resulting in reciprocal evolutionary change. In many coevolving lineages, trait expression in one species is modified by the genotypes and phenotypes of the other, forming feedback loops reminiscent of models of intraspecific social evolution. Here, we adapt the theory of within-species social evolution, characterized by indirect genetic effects and social selection imposed by interacting individuals, to the case of interspecific interactions. In a trait-based model, we derive general expressions for multivariate evolutionary change in two species and the expected between-species covariance in evolutionary change when selection varies across space. We show that reciprocal interspecific indirect genetic effects can dominate the coevolutionary process and drive patterns of correlated evolution beyond what is expected from direct selection alone. In extreme cases, interspecific indirect genetic effects can lead to coevolution when selection does not covary between species or even when one species lacks genetic variance. Moreover, our model indicates that interspecific indirect genetic effects may interact in complex ways with cross-species selection to determine the course of coevolution. Importantly, our model makes empirically testable predictions for how different forms of reciprocal interactions contribute to the coevolutionary process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. De Lisle
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut, USA 06269
- Present address: Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, Solvegatan 37, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel I. Bolnick
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut, USA 06269
| | - Edmund D. Brodie
- Department of Biology and Mountain Lake Biological Station, University of Virginia, 485 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA
| | - Allen J. Moore
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Joel W. McGlothlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 2125 Derring Hall, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA 24060
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