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Latypova AA, Yaremenko AV, Pechnikova NA, Minin AS, Zubarev IV. Magnetogenetics as a promising tool for controlling cellular signaling pathways. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:327. [PMID: 38858689 PMCID: PMC11163773 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnetogenetics emerges as a transformative approach for modulating cellular signaling pathways through the strategic application of magnetic fields and nanoparticles. This technique leverages the unique properties of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to induce mechanical or thermal stimuli within cells, facilitating the activation of mechano- and thermosensitive proteins without the need for traditional ligand-receptor interactions. Unlike traditional modalities that often require invasive interventions and lack precision in targeting specific cellular functions, magnetogenetics offers a non-invasive alternative with the capacity for deep tissue penetration and the potential for targeting a broad spectrum of cellular processes. This review underscores magnetogenetics' broad applicability, from steering stem cell differentiation to manipulating neuronal activity and immune responses, highlighting its potential in regenerative medicine, neuroscience, and cancer therapy. Furthermore, the review explores the challenges and future directions of magnetogenetics, including the development of genetically programmed magnetic nanoparticles and the integration of magnetic field-sensitive cells for in vivo applications. Magnetogenetics stands at the forefront of cellular manipulation technologies, offering novel insights into cellular signaling and opening new avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia A Latypova
- Institute of Future Biophysics, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Russia
- Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, Moscow, 123592, Russia
| | - Alexey V Yaremenko
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
| | - Nadezhda A Pechnikova
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Artem S Minin
- M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, 620108, Russia
| | - Ilya V Zubarev
- Institute of Future Biophysics, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Russia.
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2
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Zhang R, Liu P, Wang Y, Roberts AP, Bai J, Liu Y, Zhu K, Du Z, Chen G, Pan Y, Li J. Phylogenetics and biomineralization of a novel magnetotactic Gammaproteobacterium from a freshwater lake in Beijing, China. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad150. [PMID: 37974050 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) have the remarkable capability of producing intracellularly membrane-enveloped magnetic nanocrystals (i.e. magnetosomes) and swimming along geomagnetic field lines. Despite more than 50 years of research, bacterial diversity and magnetosome biomineralization within MTB are relatively less known in the Gammaproteobacteria class than other groups. This is incompatible with the status of Gammaproteobacteria as the most diverse class of gram-negative bacteria with a number of ecologically important bacteria. Here, we identify a novel MTB strain YYHR-1 affiliated with the Gammaproteobacteria class of the Pseudomonadota phylum from a freshwater lake. In YYHR-1, most magnetosome crystals are organized into a long chain aligned along the cell long axis; unusually, a few small superparamagnetic crystals are located at the side of the chain, off the main chain axis. Micromagnetic simulations indicate that magnetostatic interactions among adjacent crystals within a chain reduce the Gibbs energy to enhance chain stability. Genomic analysis suggests that duplication of magnetosome gene clusters may result in off-chain magnetosomes formation. By integrating available genomic data from Gammaproteobacteria, the phylogenetic position of MTB in this class is reassigned here. Our new findings expand knowledge about MTB diversity and magnetosome biomineralization, and deepen understanding of the phylogenetics of the Gammaproteobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Peiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Andrew P Roberts
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jinling Bai
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kelei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zongjun Du
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Guanjun Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Yongxin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Ren G, Zhou X, Long R, Xie M, Kankala RK, Wang S, Zhang YS, Liu Y. Biomedical applications of magnetosomes: State of the art and perspectives. Bioact Mater 2023; 28:27-49. [PMID: 37223277 PMCID: PMC10200801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetosomes, synthesized by magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), have been used in nano- and biotechnological applications, owing to their unique properties such as superparamagnetism, uniform size distribution, excellent bioavailability, and easily modifiable functional groups. In this review, we first discuss the mechanisms of magnetosome formation and describe various modification methods. Subsequently, we focus on presenting the biomedical advancements of bacterial magnetosomes in biomedical imaging, drug delivery, anticancer therapy, biosensor. Finally, we discuss future applications and challenges. This review summarizes the application of magnetosomes in the biomedical field, highlighting the latest advancements and exploring the future development of magnetosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ren
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Ruimin Long
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Maobin Xie
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Shibin Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yuangang Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
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Tomoe R, Fujimoto K, Tanaka T, Arakaki A, Kisailus D, Yoshino T. Lipid membrane modulated control of magnetic nanoparticles within bacterial systems. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 136:253-260. [PMID: 37422334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial magnetosomes synthesized by the magnetotactic bacterium Magnetospirillum magneticum are suitable for biomedical and biotechnological applications because of their high level of chemical purity of mineral with well-defined morphological features and a biocompatible lipid bilayer coating. However, utilizations of native magnetosomes are not sufficient for maximum effectiveness in many applications as the appropriate particle size differs. In this study, a method to control magnetosome particle size is developed for integration into targeted technological applications. The size and morphology of magnetosome crystals are highly regulated by the complex interactions of magnetosome synthesis-related genes; however, these interactions have not been fully elucidated. In contrast, previous studies have shown a positive correlation between vesicle and crystal sizes. Therefore, control of the magnetosome vesicle size is tuned by modifying the membrane lipid composition. Exogenous phospholipid synthesis pathways have been genetically introduced into M. magneticum. The experimental results show that these phospholipids altered the properties of the magnetosome membrane vesicles, which yielded larger magnetite crystal sizes. The genetic engineering approach presented in this study is shown to be useful for controlling magnetite crystal size without involving complex interactions of magnetosome synthesis-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoto Tomoe
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kazushi Fujimoto
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Atsushi Arakaki
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - David Kisailus
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tomoko Yoshino
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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5
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Iron acquisition and mineral transformation by cyanobacteria living in extreme environments. Mater Today Bio 2022; 17:100493. [PMCID: PMC9682352 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for most living organisms, including cyanobacteria. These microorganisms have been found in Earth's driest polar and non-polar deserts, including the Atacama Desert, Chile. Iron-containing minerals were identified in colonized rock substrates from the Atacama Desert, however, the interactions between microorganisms and iron minerals remain unclear. In the current study, we determined that colonized gypsum rocks collected from the Atacama Desert contained both magnetite and hematite phases. A cyanobacteria isolate was cultured on substrates consisting of gypsum with embedded magnetite nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy imaging revealed a significant reduction in the size of magnetite nanoparticles due to their dissolution, which occurred around the microbial biofilms. Concurrently, hematite was detected, likely from the oxidation of the magnetite nanoparticles. Higher cell counts and production of siderophores were observed in cultures with magnetite nanoparticles suggesting that cyanobacteria were actively acquiring iron from the magnetite nanoparticles. Magnetite dissolution and iron acquisition by the cyanobacteria was further confirmed using large bulk magnetite crystals, uncovering a survival strategy of cyanobacteria in these extreme environments.
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6
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Liu P, Zheng Y, Zhang R, Bai J, Zhu K, Benzerara K, Menguy N, Zhao X, Roberts AP, Pan Y, Li J. Key gene networks that control magnetosome biomineralization in magnetotactic bacteria. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 10:nwac238. [PMID: 36654913 PMCID: PMC9840458 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of phylogenetically and morphologically diverse prokaryotes that have the capability of sensing Earth's magnetic field via nanocrystals of magnetic iron minerals. These crystals are enclosed within intracellular membranes or organelles known as magnetosomes and enable a sensing function known as magnetotaxis. Although MTB were discovered over half a century ago, the study of the magnetosome biogenesis and organization remains limited to a few cultured MTB strains. Here, we present an integrative genomic and phenomic analysis to investigate the genetic basis of magnetosome biomineralization in both cultured and uncultured strains from phylogenetically diverse MTB groups. The magnetosome gene contents/networks of strains are correlated with magnetic particle morphology and chain configuration. We propose a general model for gene networks that control/regulate magnetosome biogenesis and chain assembly in MTB systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rongrong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinling Bai
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kelei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Karim Benzerara
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MNHN, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Paris 75005, France
| | - Nicolas Menguy
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MNHN, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Paris 75005, France
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Andrew P Roberts
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yongxin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Riese CN, Wittchen M, Jérôme V, Freitag R, Busche T, Kalinowski J, Schüler D. The transcriptomic landscape of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense during magnetosome biomineralization. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:699. [PMID: 36217140 PMCID: PMC9549626 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most complex prokaryotic organelles are magnetosomes, which are formed by magnetotactic bacteria as sensors for navigation in the Earth's magnetic field. In the alphaproteobacterium Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense magnetosomes consist of chains of magnetite crystals (Fe3O4) that under microoxic to anoxic conditions are biomineralized within membrane vesicles. To form such an intricate structure, the transcription of > 30 specific structural genes clustered within the genomic magnetosome island (MAI) has to be coordinated with the expression of an as-yet unknown number of auxiliary genes encoding several generic metabolic functions. However, their global regulation and transcriptional organization in response to anoxic conditions most favorable for magnetite biomineralization are still unclear. RESULTS Here, we compared transcriptional profiles of anaerobically grown magnetosome forming cells with those in which magnetosome biosynthesis has been suppressed by aerobic condition. Using whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing, we found that transcription of about 300 of the > 4300 genes was significantly enhanced during magnetosome formation. About 40 of the top upregulated genes are directly or indirectly linked to aerobic and anaerobic respiration (denitrification) or unknown functions. The mam and mms gene clusters, specifically controlling magnetosome biosynthesis, were highly transcribed, but constitutively expressed irrespective of the growth condition. By Cappable-sequencing, we show that the transcriptional complexity of both the MAI and the entire genome decreased under anaerobic conditions optimal for magnetosome formation. In addition, predominant promoter structures were highly similar to sigma factor σ70 dependent promoters in other Alphaproteobacteria. CONCLUSIONS Our transcriptome-wide analysis revealed that magnetite biomineralization relies on a complex interplay between generic metabolic processes such as aerobic and anaerobic respiration, cellular redox control, and the biosynthesis of specific magnetosome structures. In addition, we provide insights into global regulatory features that have remained uncharacterized in the widely studied model organism M. gryphiswaldense, including a comprehensive dataset of newly annotated transcription start sites and genome-wide operon detection as a community resource (GEO Series accession number GSE197098).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius N Riese
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Manuel Wittchen
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Chair for Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Chair for Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dirk Schüler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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Biosensors and Drug Delivery in Oncotheranostics Using Inorganic Synthetic and Biogenic Magnetic Nanoparticles. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100789. [PMID: 36290927 PMCID: PMC9599632 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanocarriers have attracted attention in translational oncology due to their ability to be employed both for tumor diagnostics and therapy. This review summarizes data on applications of synthetic and biogenic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in oncological theranostics and related areas. The basics of both types of MNPs including synthesis approaches, structure, and physicochemical properties are discussed. The properties of synthetic MNPs and biogenic MNPs are compared with regard to their antitumor therapeutic efficiency, diagnostic potential, biocompatibility, and cellular toxicity. The comparative analysis demonstrates that both synthetic and biogenic MNPs could be efficiently used for cancer theranostics, including biosensorics and drug delivery. At the same time, reduced toxicity of biogenic particles was noted, which makes them advantageous for in vivo applications, such as drug delivery, or MRI imaging of tumors. Adaptability to surface modification based on natural biochemical processes is also noted, as well as good compatibility with tumor cells and proliferation in them. Advances in the bionanotechnology field should lead to the implementation of MNPs in clinical trials.
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The Magnetosome Protein, Mms6 from Magnetospirillum magneticum Strain AMB-1, Is a Lipid-Activated Ferric Reductase. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810305. [PMID: 36142217 PMCID: PMC9499114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetosomes of magnetotactic bacteria consist of magnetic nanocrystals with defined morphologies enclosed in vesicles originated from cytoplasmic membrane invaginations. Although many proteins are involved in creating magnetosomes, a single magnetosome protein, Mms6 from Magnetospirillum magneticum strain AMB-1, can direct the crystallization of magnetite nanoparticles in vitro. The in vivo role of Mms6 in magnetosome formation is debated, and the observation that Mms6 binds Fe3+ more tightly than Fe2+ raises the question of how, in a magnetosome environment dominated by Fe3+, Mms6 promotes the crystallization of magnetite, which contains both Fe3+ and Fe2+. Here we show that Mms6 is a ferric reductase that reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+ using NADH and FAD as electron donor and cofactor, respectively. Reductase activity is elevated when Mms6 is integrated into either liposomes or bicelles. Analysis of Mms6 mutants suggests that the C-terminal domain binds iron and the N-terminal domain contains the catalytic site. Although Mms6 forms multimers that involve C-terminal and N-terminal domain interactions, a fusion protein with ubiquitin remains a monomer and displays reductase activity, which suggests that the catalytic site is fully in the monomer. However, the quaternary structure of Mms6 appears to alter the iron binding characteristics of the C-terminal domain. These results are consistent with a hypothesis that Mms6, a membrane protein, promotes the formation of magnetite in vivo by a mechanism that involves reducing iron.
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Arai K, Murata S, Wang T, Yoshimura W, Oda-Tokuhisa M, Matsunaga T, Kisailus D, Arakaki A. Adsorption of Biomineralization Protein Mms6 on Magnetite (Fe 3O 4) Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105554. [PMID: 35628364 PMCID: PMC9143127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is an elaborate process that controls the deposition of inorganic materials in living organisms with the aid of associated proteins. Magnetotactic bacteria mineralize magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with finely tuned morphologies in their cells. Mms6, a magnetosome membrane specific (Mms) protein isolated from the surfaces of bacterial magnetite nanoparticles, plays an important role in regulating the magnetite crystal morphology. Although the binding ability of Mms6 to magnetite nanoparticles has been speculated, the interactions between Mms6 and magnetite crystals have not been elucidated thus far. Here, we show a direct adsorption ability of Mms6 on magnetite nanoparticles in vitro. An adsorption isotherm indicates that Mms6 has a high adsorption affinity (Kd = 9.52 µM) to magnetite nanoparticles. In addition, Mms6 also demonstrated adsorption on other inorganic nanoparticles such as titanium oxide, zinc oxide, and hydroxyapatite. Therefore, Mms6 can potentially be utilized for the bioconjugation of functional proteins to inorganic material surfaces to modulate inorganic nanoparticles for biomedical and medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Arai
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (K.A.); (S.M.); (W.Y.); (M.O.-T.); (T.M.)
| | - Satoshi Murata
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (K.A.); (S.M.); (W.Y.); (M.O.-T.); (T.M.)
| | - Taifeng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (T.W.); (D.K.)
| | - Wataru Yoshimura
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (K.A.); (S.M.); (W.Y.); (M.O.-T.); (T.M.)
| | - Mayumi Oda-Tokuhisa
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (K.A.); (S.M.); (W.Y.); (M.O.-T.); (T.M.)
| | - Tadashi Matsunaga
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (K.A.); (S.M.); (W.Y.); (M.O.-T.); (T.M.)
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - David Kisailus
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (T.W.); (D.K.)
| | - Atsushi Arakaki
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (K.A.); (S.M.); (W.Y.); (M.O.-T.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Pohl A, Young SAE, Schmitz TC, Farhadi D, Zarivach R, Faivre D, Blank KG. Magnetite-binding proteins from the magnetotactic bacterium Desulfamplus magnetovallimortis BW-1. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:20396-20400. [PMID: 34860229 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04870h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetite-binding proteins are in high demand for the functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles. Binding analysis of six previously uncharacterized proteins from the magnetotactic Deltaproteobacterium Desulfamplus magnetovallimortis BW-1 identified two new magnetite-binding proteins (Mad10, Mad11). These proteins can be utilized as affinity tags for the immobilization of recombinant fusion proteins to magnetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pohl
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Mechano(bio)chemistry, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Sarah A E Young
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Mechano(bio)chemistry, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Tara C Schmitz
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Mechano(bio)chemistry, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Daniel Farhadi
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Mechano(bio)chemistry, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Damien Faivre
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, 13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Kerstin G Blank
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Mechano(bio)chemistry, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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12
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Ben-Shimon S, Stein D, Zarivach R. Current view of iron biomineralization in magnetotactic bacteria. JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY-X 2021; 5:100052. [PMID: 34723168 PMCID: PMC8536778 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2021.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Iron biomineralization into magnetic nanoparticles by Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB). Magnetosome formation mechanism presented in four main steps. Magnetosome-associated proteins (MAPs) regulate the biomineralization process. Chain arrangement and crystals morphology Variations exist between different MTB.
Biomineralization is the process of mineral formation by living organisms. One notable example of these organisms is magnetotactic bacteria (MTB). MTB are Gram-negative bacteria that can biomineralize iron into magnetic nanoparticles. This ability allows these aquatic microorganisms to orient themselves according to the geomagnetic field. The biomineralization process takes place in a specialized sub-cellular membranous organelle, the magnetosome. The magnetosome contains a defined set of magnetosome-associated proteins (MAPs) that controls the biomineralization environment, including iron concentration, redox, and pH. Magnetite formation is subjected to a tight regulation within the magnetosome that affects the nanoparticle nucleation, size, and shape, leading to well-defined magnetic properties. The formed magnetite nanoparticles have unique characteristics of a stable, single magnetic domain with narrow size distribution and high crystalline structures, which turned MTB into the subject of interest in multidisciplinary research. This graphical review provides a current overview of iron biomineralization in magnetotactic bacteria, focusing on Alphaproteobacteria. To better understand this complex mechanism, we present the four main steps and the main MAPs participating in the process of magnetosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirel Ben-Shimon
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Daniel Stein
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
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13
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Magnetosome membrane engineering to improve G protein-coupled receptor activities in the magnetosome display system. Metab Eng 2021; 67:125-132. [PMID: 34174423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacterium, Magnetospirillum magneticum, produces biogenic magnetic nanoparticles termed magnetosomes, which are primarily composed of a magnetite core and a surrounding lipid bilayer membrane. We have fabricated human transmembrane protein-magnetosome complexes by genetic engineering with embedding the transmembrane proteins of interest, in particular G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), in the magnetosome membrane. The magnetosomes provide a promising platform for high throughput ligand screening towards drug discovery, and this is a critical advantage of the magnetosome display system beyond conventional membrane platforms such as liposomes and lipid nano-discs. However, the human GPCRs expressed on the magnetosomes were not fully functionalized in bacterial membranes the most probably due to the lack of essential phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine (PC) for GPCR functionalization. To overcome this issue, we expressed two types of PC-producing enzymes, phosphatidylcholine synthase (PCS) and phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PMT) in M. magneticum. As a result, generation and incorporation of PC in cell- and magnetosome-membranes were demonstrated. To the best of our knowledge, M. magneticum is the second bacterial species which had the PC-incorporated lipid membrane by genetic engineering. Subsequently, a GPCR, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) and PCS were simultaneously expressed. We found that PC in the magnetosome membrane assisted the binding of TSHR and its ligand, indicating that the genetic approach demonstrated in this study is useful to enhance the function of the GPCRs displayed on the magnetosomes.
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Pekarsky A, Spadiut O. Intrinsically Magnetic Cells: A Review on Their Natural Occurrence and Synthetic Generation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:573183. [PMID: 33195134 PMCID: PMC7604359 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.573183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnetization of non-magnetic cells has great potential to aid various processes in medicine, but also in bioprocess engineering. Current approaches to magnetize cells with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) require cellular uptake or adsorption through in vitro manipulation of cells. A relatively new field of research is "magnetogenetics" which focuses on in vivo production and accumulation of magnetic material. Natural intrinsically magnetic cells (IMCs) produce intracellular, MNPs, and are called magnetotactic bacteria (MTB). In recent years, researchers have unraveled function and structure of numerous proteins from MTB. Furthermore, protein engineering studies on such MTB proteins and other potentially magnetic proteins, like ferritins, highlight that in vivo magnetization of non-magnetic hosts is a thriving field of research. This review summarizes current knowledge on recombinant IMC generation and highlights future steps that can be taken to succeed in transforming non-magnetic cells to IMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Arakaki A, Goto M, Maruyama M, Yoda T, Tanaka M, Yamagishi A, Yoshikuni Y, Matsunaga T. Restoration and Modification of Magnetosome Biosynthesis by Internal Gene Acquisition in a Magnetotactic Bacterium. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e2000278. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Arakaki
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science Institute of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2‐24‐16 Naka‐cho Koganei Tokyo 184‐8588 Japan
| | - Mayu Goto
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science Institute of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2‐24‐16 Naka‐cho Koganei Tokyo 184‐8588 Japan
| | - Mina Maruyama
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science Institute of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2‐24‐16 Naka‐cho Koganei Tokyo 184‐8588 Japan
| | - Takuto Yoda
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science Institute of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2‐24‐16 Naka‐cho Koganei Tokyo 184‐8588 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2‐12‐1 O‐okayama Meguro‐ku Tokyo 152‐8550 Japan
| | - Ayana Yamagishi
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science Institute of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2‐24‐16 Naka‐cho Koganei Tokyo 184‐8588 Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshikuni
- DNA Synthesis Science Program Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory The U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Tadashi Matsunaga
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science Institute of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2‐24‐16 Naka‐cho Koganei Tokyo 184‐8588 Japan
- Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) 2‐15, Natsushima‐cho Yokosuka Kanagawa 237‐0061 Japan
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Abstract
Many species of bacteria can manufacture materials on a finer scale than those that are synthetically made. These products are often produced within intracellular compartments that bear many hallmarks of eukaryotic organelles. One unique and elegant group of organisms is at the forefront of studies into the mechanisms of organelle formation and biomineralization. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) produce organelles called magnetosomes that contain nanocrystals of magnetic material, and understanding the molecular mechanisms behind magnetosome formation and biomineralization is a rich area of study. In this Review, we focus on the genetics behind the formation of magnetosomes and biomineralization. We cover the history of genetic discoveries in MTB and key insights that have been found in recent years and provide a perspective on the future of genetic studies in MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley C. McCausland
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Arash Komeili
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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17
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Bell AM, Robinson JT. The rotating magnetocaloric effect as a potential mechanism for natural magnetic senses. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222401. [PMID: 31574085 PMCID: PMC6773214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animals are able to sense the earth’s magnetic field, including varieties of arthropods and members of all major vertebrate groups. While the existence of this magnetic sense is widely accepted, the mechanism of action remains unknown. Building from recent work on synthetic magnetoreceptors, we propose a new model for natural magnetosensation based on the rotating magnetocaloric effect (RME), which predicts that heat generated by magnetic nanoparticles may allow animals to detect features of the earth’s magnetic field. Using this model, we identify the conditions for the RME to produce physiological signals in response to the earth’s magnetic field and suggest experiments to distinguish between candidate mechanisms of magnetoreception.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Martin Bell
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jacob T. Robinson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of a molecular mechanism of radular teeth biomineralization in Cryptochiton stelleri. Sci Rep 2019; 9:856. [PMID: 30696920 PMCID: PMC6351634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species of chiton are known to deposit magnetite (Fe3O4) within the cusps of their heavily mineralized and ultrahard radular teeth. Recently, much attention has been paid to the ultrastructural design and superior mechanical properties of these radular teeth, providing a promising model for the development of novel abrasion resistant materials. Here, we constructed de novo assembled transcripts from the radular tissue of C. stelleri that were used for transcriptome and proteome analysis. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the top 20 most highly expressed transcripts in the non-mineralized teeth region include the transcripts encoding ferritin, while those in the mineralized teeth region contain a high proportion of mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins. Proteomic analysis identified 22 proteins that were specifically expressed in the mineralized cusp. These specific proteins include a novel protein that we term radular teeth matrix protein1 (RTMP1), globins, peroxidasins, antioxidant enzymes and a ferroxidase protein. This study reports the first de novo transcriptome assembly from C. stelleri, providing a broad overview of radular teeth mineralization. This new transcriptomic resource and the proteomic profiles of mineralized cusp are valuable for further investigation of the molecular mechanisms of radular teeth mineralization in chitons.
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19
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Nudelman H, Lee YZ, Hung YL, Kolusheva S, Upcher A, Chen YC, Chen JY, Sue SC, Zarivach R. Understanding the Biomineralization Role of Magnetite-Interacting Components (MICs) From Magnetotactic Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2480. [PMID: 30405554 PMCID: PMC6206293 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is a process that takes place in all domains of life and which usually helps organisms to harden soft tissues by creating inorganic structures that facilitate their biological functions. It was shown that biominerals are under tight biological control via proteins that are involved in nucleation initiation and/or which act as structural skeletons. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) use iron biomineralization to create nano-magnetic particles in a specialized organelle, the magnetosome, to align to the geomagnetic field. A specific set of magnetite-associated proteins (MAPs) is involved in regulating magnetite nucleation, size, and shape. These MAPs are all predicted to contain specific 17–22 residue-long sequences involved in magnetite formation. To understand the mechanism of magnetite formation, we focused on three different MAPs, MamC, Mms6 and Mms7, and studied the predicted iron-binding sequences. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), we differentiated the recognition mode of each MAP based on ion specificity, affinity, and binding residues. The significance of critical residues in each peptide was evaluated by mutation followed by an iron co-precipitation assay. Among the peptides, MamC showed weak ion binding but created the most significant effect in enhancing magnetite particle size, indicating the potency in controlling magnetite particle shape and size. Alternatively, Mms6 and Mms7 had strong binding affinities but less effect in modulating magnetite particle size, representing their major role potentially in initiating nucleation by increasing local metal concentration. Overall, our results explain how different MAPs affect magnetite synthesis, interact with Fe2+ ions and which residues are important for the MAPs functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Nudelman
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yi-Zong Lee
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Instrumentation Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Hung
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Instrumentation Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Sofiya Kolusheva
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Alexander Upcher
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Ying Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Che Sue
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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20
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Kerans FFA, Lungaro L, Azfer A, Salter DM. The Potential of Intrinsically Magnetic Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3159. [PMID: 30322202 PMCID: PMC6214112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnetization of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) has the potential to aid tissue engineering approaches by allowing tracking, targeting, and local retention of cells at the site of tissue damage. Commonly used methods for magnetizing cells include optimizing uptake and retention of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). These appear to have minimal detrimental effects on the use of MSC function as assessed by in vitro assays. The cellular content of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) will, however, decrease with cell proliferation and the longer-term effects on MSC function are not entirely clear. An alternative approach to magnetizing MSCs involves genetic modification by transfection with one or more genes derived from Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1, a magnetotactic bacterium that synthesizes single-magnetic domain crystals which are incorporated into magnetosomes. MSCs with either or mms6 and mmsF genes are followed by bio-assimilated synthesis of intracytoplasmic magnetic nanoparticles which can be imaged by magnetic resonance (MR) and which have no deleterious effects on MSC proliferation, migration, or differentiation. The stable transfection of magnetosome-associated genes in MSCs promotes assimilation of magnetic nanoparticle synthesis into mammalian cells with the potential to allow MR-based cell tracking and, through external or internal magnetic targeting approaches, enhanced site-specific retention of cells for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fransiscus F A Kerans
- Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Lisa Lungaro
- Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Asim Azfer
- Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Donald M Salter
- Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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21
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Tanaka M, Suwatthanarak T, Arakaki A, Johnson BRG, Evans SD, Okochi M, Staniland SS, Matsunaga T. Enhanced Tubulation of Liposome Containing Cardiolipin by MamY Protein from Magnetotactic Bacteria. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1800087. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2‐12‐1, O‐okayama, Meguro‐kuTokyo 152‐8552Japan
| | - Thanawat Suwatthanarak
- Department of Chemical Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2‐12‐1, O‐okayama, Meguro‐kuTokyo 152‐8552Japan
| | - Atsushi Arakaki
- Division of Biotechnology and Life ScienceInstitute of EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology2‐24‐16 Naka‐cho, KoganeiTokyo 184‐8588Japan
| | | | - Stephen D. Evans
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of LeedsLeeds LS2 9JTUK
| | - Mina Okochi
- Department of Chemical Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2‐12‐1, O‐okayama, Meguro‐kuTokyo 152‐8552Japan
| | | | - Tadashi Matsunaga
- Division of Biotechnology and Life ScienceInstitute of EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology2‐24‐16 Naka‐cho, KoganeiTokyo 184‐8588Japan
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringWaseda University3‐4‐1, Okubo, Shinjuku‐kuTokyo 169‐8555Japan
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22
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Islam T, Peng C, Ali I. Morphological and cellular diversity of magnetotactic bacteria: A review. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 58:378-389. [PMID: 29112284 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are getting much attention in the recent years due to the biomineralization in their magnetosomes (MS). MS are unique organelles that are bio-mineralized due to MTB. MS contains nanosized crystal minerals of magnetite or greigite covered by bilayer lipid membrane, which are originated from cytoplasmic membrane (CM). MS are organized as an ordered chain into the cell which acts as a miniature compass needle. Furthermore, the biodiversity of MTB and their distribution is principally linked with the characteristics and growths of the MS. MTB are often considered as a part of the bacterial biomass from all of the aquatic environments. There have been a lot of genes that control the functions of MTB by accumulating as clusters of genomes such as magnetosomes genomic island (MAI). Therefore, in the present review, the function of the genes and proteins has been highlighted, which are mainly associated with the construction and formation of MS. In addition, the biodiversity, morphology and cell biology of MTB is discussed in greater detail to understand the formation of MS crystals by MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariqul Islam
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Changsheng Peng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Imran Ali
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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23
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Kutralam-Muniasamy G, Perez-Guevara F. Recombinant surface engineering to enhance and expand the potential of biologically produced nanoparticles: A review. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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24
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Crystallizing the function of the magnetosome membrane mineralization protein Mms6. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:883-90. [PMID: 27284056 PMCID: PMC4900750 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The literature on the magnetosome membrane (MM) protein, magnetosome membrane specific6 (Mms6), is reviewed. Mms6 is native to magnetotactic bacteria (MTB). These bacteria take up iron from solution and biomineralize magnetite nanoparticles within organelles called magnetosomes. Mms6 is a small protein embedded on the interior of the MM and was discovered tightly associated with the formed mineral. It has been the subject of intensive research as it is seen to control the formation of particles both in vivo and in vitro. Here, we compile, review and discuss the research detailing Mms6’s activity within the cell and in a range of chemical in vitro methods where Mms6 has a marked effect on the composition, size and distribution of synthetic particles, with approximately 21 nm in size for solution precipitations and approximately 90 nm for those formed on surfaces. Furthermore, we review and discuss recent work detailing the structure and function of Mms6. From the evidence, we propose a mechanism for its function as a specific magnetite nucleation protein and summaries the key features for this action: namely, self-assembly to display a charged surface for specific iron binding, with the curvature of the surfaces determining the particle size. We suggest these may aid design of biomimetic additives for future green nanoparticle production.
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25
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Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria derive their magnetic orientation from magnetosomes, which are unique organelles that contain nanometre-sized crystals of magnetic iron minerals. Although these organelles have evident potential for exciting biotechnological applications, a lack of genetically tractable magnetotactic bacteria had hampered the development of such tools; however, in the past decade, genetic studies using two model Magnetospirillum species have revealed much about the mechanisms of magnetosome biogenesis. In this Review, we highlight these new insights and place the molecular mechanisms of magnetosome biogenesis in the context of the complex cell biology of Magnetospirillum spp. Furthermore, we discuss the diverse properties of magnetosome biogenesis in other species of magnetotactic bacteria and consider the value of genetically 'magnetizing' non-magnetotactic bacteria. Finally, we discuss future prospects for this highly interdisciplinary and rapidly advancing field.
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26
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Tanaka M, Hikiba S, Yamashita K, Muto M, Okochi M. Array-based functional peptide screening and characterization of gold nanoparticle synthesis. Acta Biomater 2017; 49:495-506. [PMID: 27865964 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Based on inorganic material production through biomineralization in organisms, the use of biological molecules in nanomaterial production has received increasing attention as a vehicle to synthesize inorganic materials with selected properties in ambient conditions. Among various biological molecules that interact with metallic surfaces, short peptides are putative ligand molecules as they exhibit potential to control the synthesis of nanoscale materials with tailored functions. Herein, using a spot synthesis-based peptide array, the gold nanoparticle (AuNP) binding activities of approximately 1800 peptides were evaluated and revealed various activities ranging from positive (high-affinity binding peptides) to negative (weak- or null-affinity binding peptides). Among 50 peptides showing the highest AuNP binding activity, 46 sequences showed the presence of tryptophan-based motifs including W[Xn]W, H[Xn]W, and W[Xn]H (W: tryptophan, X: any amino acid, n: 1-8 amino acid residues), whereas none of these motifs was found in the WORST50 peptides. Notably, three peptides showing the highest binding affinities possessed bi-functionality in AuNP binding and Au(III) reduction in solution and on solid surfaces. In addition, the characterization of truncated peptide derivatives revealed unique peptide motifs for their function expressions that also supported the importance of tryptophan-based motifs for peptide-AuNP binding. These findings open the door for peptide-mediated precise regulation of AuNP synthesis in ambient condition and for site dependent controlled AuNP integration onto nanotechnological devices. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The development of a technique for functionally regulated nanosized material production in ambient condition is broadly required according to the expansion of nanomaterial based applications. Short peptides, which bind to metallic surfaces, have great potential for the technique development, but the realization remains a difficult challenge due to the lack of metal binding peptide varieties. Herein, approximately 1800 peptides with the gold nanoparticle (AuNP) binding activity are reported and characterized. Furthermore, by three highest binding peptides, the expression of bi-functionality in AuNP binding and Au(III) reduction was serendipitously discovered in solution and on solid surfaces. These findings will be attributed to new technique development of functional nanoparticle synthesis in mild condition, and for site-dependent AuNP integration in various nanotechnological devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan; JST ImPACT, Japan
| | - Shun Hikiba
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Yamashita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Masaki Muto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan; JST ImPACT, Japan
| | - Mina Okochi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan; JST ImPACT, Japan.
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27
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Barber-Zucker S, Zarivach R. A Look into the Biochemistry of Magnetosome Biosynthesis in Magnetotactic Bacteria. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:13-22. [PMID: 27930882 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Magnetosomes are protein-rich membrane organelles that encapsulate magnetite or greigite and whose chain alignment enables magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) to sense the geomagnetic field. As these bacteria synthesize uniform magnetic particles, their biomineralization mechanism is of great interest among researchers from different fields, from material engineering to medicine. Both magnetosome formation and magnetic particle synthesis are highly controlled processes that can be divided into several crucial steps: membrane invagination from the inner-cell membrane, protein sorting, the magnetosomes' arrangement into chains, iron transport, chemical environment regulation of the magnetosome lumen, magnetic particle nucleation, and finally crystal growth, size, and morphology control. This complex system involves an ensemble of unique proteins that participate in different stages during magnetosome formation, some of which were extensively studied in recent years. Here, we present the current knowledge on magnetosome biosynthesis with a focus on the different proteins and the main biochemical pathways along this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Barber-Zucker
- Department of Life
Sciences,
the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Ilse Katz
Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life
Sciences,
the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Ilse Katz
Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
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28
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Elfick A, Rischitor G, Mouras R, Azfer A, Lungaro L, Uhlarz M, Herrmannsdörfer T, Lucocq J, Gamal W, Bagnaninchi P, Semple S, Salter DM. Biosynthesis of magnetic nanoparticles by human mesenchymal stem cells following transfection with the magnetotactic bacterial gene mms6. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39755. [PMID: 28051139 PMCID: PMC5209691 DOI: 10.1038/srep39755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of stem cells to support tissue repair is facilitated by loading of the therapeutic cells with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) enabling magnetic tracking and targeting. Current methods for magnetizing cells use artificial MNPs and have disadvantages of variable uptake, cellular cytotoxicity and loss of nanoparticles on cell division. Here we demonstrate a transgenic approach to magnetize human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are genetically modified by transfection with the mms6 gene derived from Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1, a magnetotactic bacterium that synthesises single-magnetic domain crystals which are incorporated into magnetosomes. Following transfection of MSCs with the mms6 gene there is bio-assimilated synthesis of intracytoplasmic magnetic nanoparticles which can be imaged by MR and which have no deleterious effects on cell proliferation, migration or differentiation. The assimilation of magnetic nanoparticle synthesis into mammalian cells creates a real and compelling, cytocompatible, alternative to exogenous administration of MNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Elfick
- University of Edinburgh, Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK
- University of Edinburgh, UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK
| | - Grigore Rischitor
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Rabah Mouras
- University of Edinburgh, Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK
| | - Asim Azfer
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Lisa Lungaro
- University of Edinburgh, Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Marc Uhlarz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD-EMFL), Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | - Thomas Herrmannsdörfer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD-EMFL), Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | - John Lucocq
- University of St Andrews, School of Medicine, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK
| | - Wesam Gamal
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Pierre Bagnaninchi
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Scott Semple
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Donald M Salter
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
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29
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Ma K, Zhao H, Zheng X, Sun H, Hu L, Zhu L, Shen Y, Luo T, Dai H, Wang J. NMR studies of the interactions between AMB-1 Mms6 protein and magnetosome Fe3O4 nanoparticles. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:2888-2895. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00570a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
NMR studies demonstrate that, the C-terminal Mms6 undergo conformation change upon magnetosome Fe3O4 crystals binding. The N-terminal hydrophobic packing arranges the DEEVE motifs into a correct assembly and orientation for magnetite crystal recognition.
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30
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Wu W, Jiang CZ, Roy VAL. Designed synthesis and surface engineering strategies of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:19421-19474. [PMID: 27812592 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07542h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) hold great promise for future biomedical applications because of their magnetic properties as well as other intrinsic properties such as low toxicity, colloidal stability, and surface engineering capability. Numerous related studies on iron oxide NPs have been conducted. Recent progress in nanochemistry has enabled fine control over the size, crystallinity, uniformity, and surface properties of iron oxide NPs. This review examines various synthetic approaches and surface engineering strategies for preparing naked and functional iron oxide NPs with different physicochemical properties. Growing interest in designed and surface-engineered iron oxide NPs with multifunctionalities was explored in in vitro/in vivo biomedical applications, focusing on their combined roles in bioseparation, as a biosensor, targeted-drug delivery, MR contrast agents, and magnetic fluid hyperthermia. This review outlines the limitations of extant surface engineering strategies and several developing strategies that may overcome these limitations. This study also details the promising future directions of this active research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Nanomaterials and Printed Electronics, School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China. and Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.
| | - Chang Zhong Jiang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.
| | - Vellaisamy A L Roy
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.
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31
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Core Amino Acid Residues in the Morphology-Regulating Protein, Mms6, for Intracellular Magnetite Biomineralization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35670. [PMID: 27759096 PMCID: PMC5069546 DOI: 10.1038/srep35670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Living organisms produce finely tuned biomineral architectures with the aid of biomineral-associated proteins. The functional amino acid residues in these proteins have been previously identified using in vitro and in silico experimentation in different biomineralization systems. However, the investigation in living organisms is limited owing to the difficulty in establishing appropriate genetic techniques. Mms6 protein, isolated from the surface of magnetite crystals synthesized in magnetotactic bacteria, was shown to play a key role in the regulation of crystal morphology. In this study, we have demonstrated a defect in the specific region or substituted acidic amino acid residues in the Mms6 protein for observing their effect on magnetite biomineralization in vivo. Analysis of the gene deletion mutants and transformants of Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 expressing partially truncated Mms6 protein revealed that deletions in the N-terminal or C-terminal regions disrupted proper protein localization to the magnetite surface, resulting in a change in the crystal morphology. Moreover, single amino acid substitutions at Asp123, Glu124, or Glu125 in the C-terminal region of Mms6 clearly indicated that these amino acid residues had a direct impact on magnetite crystal morphology. Thus, these consecutive acidic amino acid residues were found to be core residues regulating magnetite crystal morphology.
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32
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Comparative Subcellular Localization Analysis of Magnetosome Proteins Reveals a Unique Localization Behavior of Mms6 Protein onto Magnetite Crystals. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:2794-802. [PMID: 27481925 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00280-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The magnetosome is an organelle specialized for inorganic magnetite crystal synthesis in magnetotactic bacteria. The complex mechanism of magnetosome formation is regulated by magnetosome proteins in a stepwise manner. Protein localization is a key step for magnetosome development; however, a global study of magnetosome protein localization remains to be conducted. Here, we comparatively analyzed the subcellular localization of a series of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged magnetosome proteins. The protein localizations were categorized into 5 groups (short-length linear, middle-length linear, long-length linear, cell membrane, and intracellular dispersing), which were related to the protein functions. Mms6, which regulates magnetite crystal growth, localized along magnetosome chain structures under magnetite-forming (microaerobic) conditions but was dispersed in the cell under nonforming (aerobic) conditions. Correlative fluorescence and electron microscopy analyses revealed that Mms6 preferentially localized to magnetosomes enclosing magnetite crystals. We suggest that a highly organized spatial regulation mechanism controls magnetosome protein localization during magnetosome formation in magnetotactic bacteria. IMPORTANCE Magnetotactic bacteria synthesize magnetite (Fe3O4) nanocrystals in a prokaryotic organelle called the magnetosome. This organelle is formed using various magnetosome proteins in multiple steps, including vesicle formation, magnetosome alignment, and magnetite crystal formation, to provide compartmentalized nanospaces for the regulation of iron concentrations and redox conditions, enabling the synthesis of a morphologically controlled magnetite crystal. Thus, to rationalize the complex organelle development, the localization of magnetosome proteins is considered to be highly regulated; however, the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we performed comparative localization analysis of magnetosome proteins that revealed the presence of a spatial regulation mechanism within the linear structure of magnetosomes. This discovery provides evidence of a highly regulated protein localization mechanism for this bacterial organelle development.
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33
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Yamagishi A, Tanaka M, Lenders JJM, Thiesbrummel J, Sommerdijk NAJM, Matsunaga T, Arakaki A. Control of magnetite nanocrystal morphology in magnetotactic bacteria by regulation of mms7 gene expression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29785. [PMID: 27417732 PMCID: PMC4945951 DOI: 10.1038/srep29785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms can produce inorganic materials with unique structure and properties. The biomineralization process is of great interest as it forms a source of inspiration for the development of methods for production of diverse inorganic materials under mild conditions. Nonetheless, regulation of biomineralization is still a challenging task. Magnetotactic bacteria produce chains of a prokaryotic organelle comprising a membrane-enveloped single-crystal magnetite with species-specific morphology. Here, we describe regulation of magnetite biomineralization through controlled expression of the mms7 gene, which plays key roles in the control of crystal growth and morphology of magnetite crystals in magnetotactic bacteria. Regulation of the expression level of Mms7 in bacterial cells enables switching of the crystal shape from dumbbell-like to spherical. The successful regulation of magnetite biomineralization opens the door to production of magnetite nanocrystals of desired size and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana Yamagishi
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tanaka
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jos J M Lenders
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and TU/e Center of Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jarla Thiesbrummel
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and TU/e Center of Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Nico A J M Sommerdijk
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and TU/e Center of Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Tadashi Matsunaga
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Arakaki
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Mirabello G, Lenders JJM, Sommerdijk NAJM. Bioinspired synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:5085-106. [PMID: 27385627 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00432f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetite (Fe3O4) is a widespread magnetic iron oxide encountered in many biological and geological systems, and also in many technological applications. The magnetic properties of magnetite crystals depend strongly on the size and shape of its crystals. Hence, engineering magnetite nanoparticles with specific shapes and sizes allows tuning their properties to specific applications in a wide variety of fields, including catalysis, magnetic storage, targeted drug delivery, cancer diagnostics and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, synthesis of magnetite with a specific size, shape and a narrow crystal size distribution is notoriously difficult without using high temperatures and non-aqueous media. Nevertheless, living organisms such as chitons and magnetotactic bacteria are able to form magnetite crystals with well controlled sizes and shapes under ambient conditions and in aqueous media. In these biomineralization processes the organisms use a twofold strategy to control magnetite formation: the mineral is formed from a poorly crystalline precursor phase, and nucleation and growth are controlled through the interaction of the mineral with biomolecular templates and additives. Taking inspiration from this biological strategy is a promising route to achieve control over the kinetics of magnetite crystallization under ambient conditions and in aqueous media. In this review we first summarize the main characteristics of magnetite and what is known about the mechanisms of magnetite biomineralization. We then describe the most common routes to synthesize magnetite and subsequently will introduce recent efforts in bioinspired magnetite synthesis. We describe how the use of poorly ordered, more soluble precursors such as ferrihydrite (FeH) or white rust (Fe(OH)2) can be employed to control the solution supersaturation, setting the conditions for continued growth. Further, we show how the use of various organic additives such as proteins, peptides and polymers allows for either the promotion or inhibition of magnetite nucleation and growth processes. At last we discuss how the formation of magnetite-based organic-inorganic hybrids leads to new functional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mirabello
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry & Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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35
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Peigneux A, Valverde-Tercedor C, López-Moreno R, Pérez-González T, Fernández-Vivas MA, Jiménez-López C. Learning from magnetotactic bacteria: A review on the synthesis of biomimetic nanoparticles mediated by magnetosome-associated proteins. J Struct Biol 2016; 196:75-84. [PMID: 27378728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Much interest has gained the biomineralization process carried out by magnetotactic bacteria. These bacteria are ubiquitous in natural environments and share the ability to passively align along the magnetic field lines and actively swim along them. This ability is due to their magnetosome chain, each magnetosome consisting on a magnetic crystal enveloped by a lipid bilayer membrane to which very unique proteins are associated. Magnetotactic bacteria exquisitely control magnetosome formation, making the magnetosomes the ideal magnetic nanoparticle of potential use in many technological applications. The difficulty to scale up magnetosome production has triggered the research on the in vitro production of biomimetic (magnetosome-like) magnetite nanoparticles. In this context, magnetosome proteins are being used to mediate such in vitro magnetite precipitation experiments. The present work reviews the knowledgement on the magnetosome proteins thought to have a role on the in vivo formation of magnetite crystals in the magnetosome, and the recombinant magnetosome proteins used in vitro to form biomimetic magnetite. It also summarizes the data provided in the literature on the biomimetic magnetite nanoparticles obtained from those in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Peigneux
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Valverde-Tercedor
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael López-Moreno
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Teresa Pérez-González
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - M A Fernández-Vivas
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción Jiménez-López
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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36
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Nguyen HV, Suzuki E, Oestreicher Z, Minamide H, Endoh H, Fukumori Y, Taoka A. A protein-protein interaction in magnetosomes: TPR protein MamA interacts with an Mms6 protein. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:39-44. [PMID: 28955887 PMCID: PMC5613248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetosomes are membrane-enveloped bacterial organelles containing nano-sized magnetic particles, and function as a cellular magnetic sensor, which assist the cells to navigate and swim along the geomagnetic field. Localized with each magnetosome is a suite of proteins involved in the synthesis, maintenance and functionalization of the organelle, however the detailed molecular organization of the proteins in magnetosomes is unresolved. MamA is one of the most abundant magnetosome-associated proteins and is anchored to the magnetosome vesicles through protein-protein interactions, but the identity of the protein that interacts with MamA is undetermined. In this study, we found that MamA binds to a magnetosome membrane protein Mms6. Two different molecular masses of Mms6, 14.5-kDa and 6.0-kDa, were associated with the magnetosomes. Using affinity chromatography, we identified that the 14.5-kDa Mms6 interacts with MamA, and the interaction was further confirmed by pull-down, immunoprecipitation and size-exclusion chromatography assays. Prior to this, Mms6 was assumed to be strictly involved with biomineralizing magnetite; however, these results suggest that Mms6 has an additional responsibility, binding to MamA. New advance in the 20-year history of MamA. Two types of Mms6 exist in the magnetosome membrane, 14.5-kDa and 6.0-kDa versions. Mms6 is the binding partner of a TPR protein (MamA) in magnetosome. Describes a new role for Mms6 in magnetotactic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Viet Nguyen
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Emi Suzuki
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Zachery Oestreicher
- School of Natural System, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Minamide
- School of Natural System, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Endoh
- School of Natural System, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Fukumori
- School of Natural System, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Azuma Taoka
- School of Natural System, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan.,Bio-AFM Frontier Research Center, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
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37
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Maeda Y, Wei Z, Ikezoe Y, Tam E, Matsui H. Biomimetic Crystallization of MnFe 2O 4 Mediated by Peptide-Catalyzed Esterification at Low Temperature. CHEMNANOMAT : CHEMISTRY OF NANOMATERIALS FOR ENERGY, BIOLOGY AND MORE 2016; 2:419-422. [PMID: 31632896 PMCID: PMC6801106 DOI: 10.1002/cnma.201500181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are some of the most efficient catalysts in nature. If small catalytic peptides mimic enzymes, there is potential for broad applications from catalysis for new material synthesis to drug development, due to the ease of molecular design. Recently a hydrogel-based combinatory phage display library was developed and protease-mimicking peptides were identified. Here we advanced the previous discovery to apply one of these catalytic peptides for the synthesis of bimetal oxide nanocrystals through the catalytic ester-elimination pathway. Conventional bimetal oxide crystallization usually requires high temperatures above several hundred °C; however, this catalytic peptide could grow superparamagnetic MnFe2O4 nanocrystals at 4°C. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) analysis revealed that MnFe2O4 nano-crystals grown by the catalytic peptide exhibit superpara-magnetism. This study demonstrates the usefulness of protease-mimicking catalytic peptides in the field of material synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Maeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City University of New York-Hunter College, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY 10065 (USA),
| | - Zengyan Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City University of New York-Hunter College, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY 10065 (USA),
| | - Yasuhiro Ikezoe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City University of New York-Hunter College, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY 10065 (USA),
| | - Edmund Tam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City University of New York-Hunter College, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY 10065 (USA),
| | - Hiroshi Matsui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City University of New York-Hunter College, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY 10065 (USA),
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 413 E. 69th Street, New York, NY 10021 (USA)
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38
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Hershey DM, Ren X, Melnyk RA, Browne PJ, Ozyamak E, Jones SR, Chang MCY, Hurley JH, Komeili A. MamO Is a Repurposed Serine Protease that Promotes Magnetite Biomineralization through Direct Transition Metal Binding in Magnetotactic Bacteria. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002402. [PMID: 26981620 PMCID: PMC4794232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many living organisms transform inorganic atoms into highly ordered crystalline materials. An elegant example of such biomineralization processes is the production of nano-scale magnetic crystals in magnetotactic bacteria. Previous studies implicated the involvement of two putative serine proteases, MamE and MamO, during the early stages of magnetite formation in Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1. Here, using genetic analysis and X-ray crystallography, we show that MamO has a degenerate active site, rendering it incapable of protease activity. Instead, MamO promotes magnetosome formation through two genetically distinct, noncatalytic activities: activation of MamE-dependent proteolysis of biomineralization factors and direct binding to transition metal ions. By solving the structure of the protease domain bound to a metal ion, we identify a surface-exposed di-histidine motif in MamO that contributes to metal binding and show that it is required to initiate biomineralization in vivo. Finally, we find that pseudoproteases are widespread in magnetotactic bacteria and that they have evolved independently in three separate taxa. Our results highlight the versatility of protein scaffolds in accommodating new biochemical activities and provide unprecedented insight into the earliest stages of biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Hershey
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Ryan A. Melnyk
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Browne
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Ertan Ozyamak
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie R. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle C. Y. Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - James H. Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Arash Komeili
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Matsunaga T. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016; 84:743-746. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.84.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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Barber-Zucker S, Keren-Khadmy N, Zarivach R. From invagination to navigation: The story of magnetosome-associated proteins in magnetotactic bacteria. Protein Sci 2015; 25:338-51. [PMID: 26457474 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of Gram-negative microorganisms that are able to sense and change their orientation in accordance with the geomagnetic field. This unique capability is due to the presence of a special suborganelle called the magnetosome, composed of either a magnetite or gregite crystal surrounded by a lipid membrane. MTB were first detected in 1975 and since then numerous efforts have been made to clarify the special mechanism of magnetosome formation at the molecular level. Magnetosome formation can be divided into several steps, beginning with vesicle invagination from the cell membrane, through protein sorting, followed by the combined steps of iron transportation, biomineralization, and the alignment of magnetosomes into a chain. The magnetosome-chain enables the sensing of the magnetic field, and thus, allows the MTB to navigate. It is known that magnetosome formation is tightly controlled by a distinctive set of magnetosome-associated proteins that are encoded mainly in a genomically conserved region within MTB called the magnetosome island (MAI). Most of these proteins were shown to have an impact on the magnetism of MTB. Here, we describe the process in which the magnetosome is formed with an emphasis on the different proteins that participate in each stage of the magnetosome formation scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Barber-Zucker
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Noa Keren-Khadmy
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
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Arakaki A, Shimizu K, Oda M, Sakamoto T, Nishimura T, Kato T. Biomineralization-inspired synthesis of functional organic/inorganic hybrid materials: organic molecular control of self-organization of hybrids. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:974-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01796j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization-inspired synthesis of functional organic/inorganic hybrid materials. Molecularly controlled mechanisms of biomineralization and application of the processes towards future material synthesis are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Arakaki
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science
- Institute of Engineering
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shimizu
- Organization for Regional Industrial Academic Cooperation
- Tottori University
- Tottori 680-8550
- Japan
| | - Mayumi Oda
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science
- Institute of Engineering
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
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